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Block 2 Part3

The document contains self-assessment activities related to digital signal processing concepts. Activity 3.3 asks about the sampling frequency required to digitize a speech signal with bandwidth from 500Hz to 3500Hz. The sampling frequency must be at least 6000Hz. Activity 3.4 asks about the number of bits required for CD quality music with a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 96dB. 16 bits are required. Activity 3.5 asks about calculating the number of bits required to transmit a signal sample sequence using PCM and DPCM coding. DPCM compression ratio relative to PCM is calculated to be 1.77.

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Christina Fington
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65 views4 pages

Block 2 Part3

The document contains self-assessment activities related to digital signal processing concepts. Activity 3.3 asks about the sampling frequency required to digitize a speech signal with bandwidth from 500Hz to 3500Hz. The sampling frequency must be at least 6000Hz. Activity 3.4 asks about the number of bits required for CD quality music with a minimum signal-to-noise ratio of 96dB. 16 bits are required. Activity 3.5 asks about calculating the number of bits required to transmit a signal sample sequence using PCM and DPCM coding. DPCM compression ratio relative to PCM is calculated to be 1.77.

Uploaded by

Christina Fington
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Block 2 Part (3) Self-Assessments

Activity [3.3]
A human speech signal has a bandwidth extending from 500 Hz to 3500 Hz. If this signal is to
be digitised, what will be the sampling frequency?
Bandwidth f max = 3500 – 500 = 3000 Hz.
f s = 2f max  2 × 3000 Hz =6000= 6 kHz
==============================================================================

Activity [3.4]
How many bits of quantization will be required for CD-quality music, which sets a minimum
S/N ratio of 96 dB?

 Each bit adds 6 dB to the S/N ratio.  96 / 6 = 16 bits


 Quantization levels = 2n  n = number of bit  216 = 65536 quantization levels
==============================================================================
Activity [3.5]
As an introduction to DPCM, consider the following sequence:
220, 221, 225, 229, 232, 236, 238, 233.
If PCM (pulse-code modulation) coding with eight bits per sample is used for the original
sequence, answer the following questions:
a. Determine the total number of bits to be transmitted using PCM.
b. If DPCM is now applied to this sequence, how many bits per sample are required for
the sequence of differences?
c. Calculate the total number of bits required for DPCM.
d. Calculate the overall compression ratio achieved relative to the use of PCM

a. Total number of bits to be transmitted = 8 sample × 8 bits per sample = 64 bit


b. Difference values = +1, +4, +4, +3, +4, +2, −5.

The range of differences [−5, 4] = -5,-4,-3,-2,-1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Log2 (10) = 3.3 ≈ 4 bit.

c. Total number of bits required for DPCM = 8 + ( 4 × 7 ) = 36 bits


d. The DPCM compression ratio = number to be transmitted / number of bits required for
DPCM  64 / 36 = 1.77 compared with PCM.
8 ‫ نعد القيم كلها ونضربها في‬PCM ‫ الرسالها باستخدام‬bits ‫في الفقرة االولى لما يطلب تحديد مجموع‬ 
8 bits ‫ هيرسل بـ‬Sample ‫ اول‬bits per Samples ‫في الفقرة التانية لما نحدد فرق عدد‬ 
‫بعد كده هنقارن القيمة التانية باالولى ونكتب الفرق ونقارن جميع القيم باللي قبلها ونكتب الفرق‬ 
‫ وهو مش مطلوب منك بالسؤال بس هنستخدمها في الفقرة التالته‬range ‫الزم نحسب‬ 
Log2 ‫نشوف اصغر قيمة بالفرق واكبر قيمة بالفرق ونعد االرقام اللي بينهم ونعمل‬ range 
range ‫ الباقي نعد قيم الفرق ونضربها في قيمة‬8 bit ‫ اول رقم بيترسل ب‬bit ‫في الفقرة التالته طالب مجموع عدد‬ 

Activity [3.6]
The following sequence is received by a DPCM decoder:
+4, +2, +3, −8, +3, −5, −6, +9, −4.
a. The decoder has been initialised with a value of +130. Reconstruct the source signal.
b. Assuming the decoder is correctly initialised, how many bits must be allocated to this
DPCM sequence?

a. 130, 134, 136, 139, 131, 134, 129, 123, 132, 128.

‫ واحنا نكمل بناء على قيم الفرق‬130 ‫في السؤال طلب منا االرقام وكتب اول قيمة هتكون‬ 
b.

The range of differences [−8, 9] = -8,-7,-6,-5,-4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

= Log2 (18) = 4.17 ≈ 5 bit.

Total number of bits required for DPCM = 8 + (9 × 5) = 53 bits

Activity [3.7]
Table 3.3 represents the DCT coefficients for an 8 × 8 pixel macroblock after quantising and
thresholding in a JPEG encoder.
Determine the following:
a. the d.c. value for this macroblock
b. the exact output sequence that the JPEG encoder will generate (Hint: refer to the zig-zag
scan in Figure 3.20)
c. The approximate level of compression achieved for this macroblock.

‫ هتكون اول قيمة بالجدول‬d.c. value ‫في الفقرة االولى من السؤال لما يطلب‬ 
a. The d.c. value = 77.
b. The output sequence is 77, −4, 3, 2, −1, 2, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0… [a run of 52 more 0s] … 0.
c.
 There are 7 non-zero a.c. coefficients
 There are 56 zero coefficients
 Total number = 7 + 56 = 63
 Approximate level of compression = Total number / non-zero = 63 / 7 = 9

Activity [3.9]
Given the M = 3, N = 12 GOP arrangement in Figure 3.29, what is the most efficient order for
the actual MPEG frame sequence?

 I1, P4, B2, B3, P7, B5, B6, P10, B8, B9, I13, B11, B12.

I P  B, B ‫ نرتب بالشكل‬MPEG frame sequence ‫هنا لما نكتب‬ 


P  B, B ‫ نرتب بالشكل‬I ‫في حالة ال يوجد‬ 
I  B, B ‫ نرتب بالشكل‬P ‫في حالة ال يوجد‬ 
Activity [3.11]
You wish to store 60 seconds of music on your hard disk. You want CD-quality stereo (left and
right channels) at 44 100 samples per second, and each sample has 16-bit resolution. How
much memory is required?

 16-bit resolution = 16 / 8 = 2 bytes


 44 100 × 2 (channels) × 2 × 60= 10584000 Bytes ≈ 11 MB.

Activity [3.13]
A tenth-order LPC model uses a frame analysis length of 25 ms. Following quantising and
coding, an average of five bits per frame is allocated for the transmission of each predictor
coefficient.

Assume five bits and four bits respectively are allotted to the pitch period (1/F) and gain (G)
information, and a single bit to the U/V decision. If there is no overlap between frames, estimate
the output bit rate.

 Number of frame per second = 1 / 25 ×10-3 = 40 frames per second

 10 coefficients × 5 bits = 50 bits

 Total number of bits per frame = 50 + 5 + 4 + 1 = 60

 Bit rate = frames per second × Total number of bits per frame
 Bit rate = 40 × 60 bits = 2400 bit/s = 2.4 kbit/s.

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