UKM argUMent

Handbook II for argUMenter

“Keep Learning and

Conquer Your World”
November 2019

Writers:

Neyla Vista Maramy

Nurhidayatul Aini

Sulastri Anggraini R.

Wulan Purnama

Endang Wahyuni Sahera

Erma Zuriatun

Muhammad Yani

Pande Putu Sita Ayu Savitri

Editors:

Sahrul Pani Isman

Esty Oktavia, S. Pd

Nirwana Langkawi
Content

CHAPTER 1 SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT...................................... 3

CHAPTER 2 TENSES........................................................8

CHAPTER 3 MODAL VERBS................................................. 10

CHAPTER 4 DEGREE OF COMPARISON....................................... 18

CHAPTER 5 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH................................. 24

CHAPTER 6 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE....................................26

CHAPTER 7 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.........................................

 CHAPTER I
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Subject-verb agreement means that the subject and the verb must agree in case and in
number. When a writer uses a singular noun, he must use a verb that is conjugated to
match singular nouns. When a writer uses a plural noun, he must use a verb that is
conjugated to match plural nouns.

No Contoh Kalimat Subject-Verb Agreement

1 The sun rises.

(Matahari terbit.) singular subject, singular verb

2 The stars shine.

(Bintang bersinar.) plural subject, plural verb

3 Leo rarely eats white bread.

(Leo jarang makan roti putih.) singular subject, plural subject

4 You go straight ahead then turn left.

(Kamu jalan lurus ke depan lalu belok kiri.) singular/plural subject, plural verb

5 My boss always comes on time.

(Bos saya selalu datang tepat waktu.) singular subject, singular verb

6 They like eating out.

(Mereka suka makan diluar.) plural subject, plural verb

7 Ricky is smart.

(Ricky pintar.) verb to be

8 The children are naughty.

(Anak-anak itu nakal.) verb to be

9 I am hungry. Acer
[COMPANY NAME]
(Saya lapar.) verb to be

10 You are gorgeous.

(Kamu sangat menarik.) verb to be

11 She drove fast.

(Dia mengebut.) TIDAK BERLAKU

12 I was there yesterday.

(Saya di sana kemarin.) verb to be

13 You were always busy.

(Kamu dulu selalu sibuk.) verb to be

1.Septina and I … baking sponge cakes at this time yesterday.

A. were

B. was

2. Whether to buy or rent a house … an important financial question.

A. is

B. are

3. … Tika or her co-workers sleep at work?

A. does

B. do

4. Physics … been my favorite subject since I was 15 years old.

A. have

B. has

5. Mumps usually … through saliva.

A. spread

B. spreads

6. My shears … sharp enough.

A. aren’t

B. isn’t

7. Eighty percentage of his furniture … old.

A. is

B. are

8. There … many ways to say “thank you”.

A. is

B. are

9. One of her cats … like tuna.

A. doesn’t

B. don’t

10. The central office manager, along with his two assistant, … left the room.

A. have

B. has
 CHAPTER II
TENSES
PERFECT & FUTURE

NO TENSES TYPES FUNCTION PATTERN EXAMPLE

1 PERFECT Present To express (a) an Subject + have/has + 1. I have lived
TENSE perfect activity occurs in V3 in Mataram
tense the past but still since 1984.
happen now or (adverb of time: 2. They have
may be in the since....,for.....,already, studied
future/unfinished not ......... yet.) English for
activity; (b) an three
activity in the months.
past but the 3. She has
result is felt now; cleaned the
repitition of an shoes.
activity before 4. She has
now. already
submitted
the
assignment.
Present To express the Subject + have/has + 1. I have been
perfect duration of an been + -ing-form waiting for
continous activity that the bus since
tense began in the past (adverb of time: seven
and continous to since, for, all o’clock.
the present. morning, all day, all 2. You have
week,...) been
studying in
the library
for five
hours.
3. She has been
living here
since ten
years.
Past To express an Subject + had + V3 1. Until
perfect activity that was yesterday I
tense completed before (adverb of time: have never
another activity before, after...) heard about
or time in the him.
 past. 2. Jeff had
already gone
when we got
there.
3. Sandy had
already left
before we
arrived.
Past To express the Subject + had + been 1. The police
perfect duration of an + ing-form had been
continous activity that was looking for
tense in progress (before, after....with a the robber
before another particular time) for one year
activity or time in before they
the past. caught him.
2. Her ayes
were red
because she
had been
crying for
hours.
3. Her hair was
wet because
she had been
swimming.
2 FUTURE Present To express a Subject + is/am/are 1. I am goint to
TENSE future future plan, + going + V1 visit my
tense willingness, mother ext
prediction Subject + will + V1 week.
2. She is going
(adverb of time: next, to finish this
tomorrow, tonight) work this
afternoon.
3. They will be
doctors.
4. He will take
holidays
next year.
Present To indicate Subject + will + have 1. I will have
future duration of an + been + ing-form been
perfect activity that will studying for
continous be in progress (adverb of time: for, three hours
before another by the time) before they
time or event in arrive.
the future. 2. Prof. Butt
 will have
been
working for
45 hours
when he
retires next
year.
Past Subject + would + V1 1. I would go if
future you asked.
tense 2. She would
be a teacher
if she
continued
her study.
3. I would take
the job.
Past Subject + would + 1. She would
future have + V3 have been an
perfect actress if her
tense husband had
allowed her
to.
2. She would
have gone,
but she did
not.
IRREGULAR VERB
 CHAPTER III
MODAL VERBS
(AUXILIARY VERBS or HELPING VERBS)

Modals dapat digunakan sebagai kata kerja bantu (Auxiliary verb). Modals selalu
diikuti oleh infinitive verb.

Perhatikan contoh berikut.

She must be a brave girl. She can ride a horse.

Everyday, she has to feed her horse.

They may think it easy.

But many times they cannot control the horse.

They should practice harder.

Ruby ought to be more patient too.

Berikut beberapa jenis modals yang biasa digunakan dalam bahasa inggris.

1. Can/could/be able to : digunakan untukmenyatakankemampuan dan meminta izin.

Example :

 she is able pass the final

 can/could you help me lift this box?

2. May/might : digunakan untuk menyatakan kemungkinan sesuatu terjadi saat ini,

masa lalu, dan masa depan.
Example :
 it is cloudy right now. It may rain tonight

3. Must : digunakanuntukmenyatakan keharusan atau kepastian.

Example :
 We must repair this computer because we need it soon.
 Hida gets up at 7 a.m. she must be late again.

4. Have/has to : digunakan untuk menyatakan keharusan.

Example :
 I have to pay right now, if I do not want Elma to take it.
 Wulan has to clean his room because it is dirty.

5. Will/would : digunakan untuk meminta atau berjanji .

Example :
 Don’t worry. I will help you.
 Would you like to pass me the ball, please?
 6. Shall/should digunakan untuk mengungkapkan penawan atausaran untuk
melakukan sesuatu.
Example :
 Shall I turn on the TV?
 You look tired. You should go to bed room.

Bentuk negative.

Modals bias langsung ditambah dengan kata ‘not’untuk menyatakan bentuk negatif.

Example :

 Wulan should not go to work if she got sick.

 Yan has not to report it soon.

Bentuk interrogative.

Modals ditempatkan di depan subjek untuk menyatakan bentuk interrogative (Tanya).

Example :

 Should wulan go to work if she got flu?

 Has hida to report it soon?

Axercise.

Multiply choice. Choose the correct answer.

1. That Englishman was speaking so fast that I ……….. to understand him.

a. Couldn’t
b. Not be able to
c. Didn’t manage
d. Didn’t allow
2. I would like ………….. ride a motorbike.
a. To can
b. To be able to
c. Being able to
d. To could
3. ………… to invite a few people to the party?
a. Will you
 b. Can to
c. Will you allow
d. Will you be able
4. I’m sure Jagad is home at this hour. He……….. working so long.
a. Can’t be
b. Can’t
c. Couldn’t
d. Can’t have
5. We ……… to come to the party on Tuesday.
a. Can’t
b. Will not
c. Won’t be able
d. Won’t be allowed
6. You ……….. go there at all. I don’t agree.
a. Can
b. Can’t
c. Are able to
d. Are allowed to
7. Vista ………. be outside. It is possible!
a. Is able to
b. Is allowed to
c. Could
d. Might
8. …… find a better job?
a. He couldn’t
b. Couldn’t he
c. Didn’t he manage
d. Wasn’t he allowed to
9. I had so much luggage, so I …….. take a taxi.
a. Have to
b. Must
c. Should
d. Had to
10. Although I like spicy food, I think you …….use less chilly when you cooking.
a. Need
b. Mustn’t
c. Must
d. Should
 CHAPTER IV
DEGREE OF COMPARISON

ADJECTIVES : Degree of Comparison

Adjective change in form when they show comparison.
Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no
comparison.
Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparitive degree when it is used to
compare two nouns/pronouns.
Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more
than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Big Bigger Biggest

Bright Brighter Brightest
Clever Cleverer Cleverest
Tall Taller Tallest
Large Larger Largest
Nice Nicer Nicest
Simple Simpler Simplest
Difficult More difficult Most difficult
Famous More famous Most famous
Important More important Most important
Popular More popular Most popular
Bad Worse Worst
Good Better Best
Little Less Least
Much More Most
Near Nearer Nearest
Old Older Oldest
Old Elder Eldest

Fill in the blanks with an adjective of the appropriate degree of comparison.

1. James is as ………………… as his brother.(Tall/taller/tall than)

2. Alexander was one of ……………………. kings who ever lived. (Great/the greatest/the
greater)
3. Martin is …………………….. than any other boy in the class. (more industrious/the more
industrious/the most industrious)
4. Chennai is ……………………. than Mumbai. (Hot/hotter/hottest)
5. Very few cities in Asia are as ……………………. as Hong Kong. (Big/bigger/biggest)
6. An airplane flies …………………….. than birds. (more fast/more faster/faster)
7. Kitchen appliances have made cooking ………………….. (more easy/more easier/easier)
8. Very few countries are as rich …………………… America. (Than/as/so)
9. Some beans are at least …………………….. as meat. (more nutritious/as
nutritious/nutritious)
 CHAPTER V
Direct and Indirect Speech

Direct Speech

When we want to describe what someone said, one option is to use direct speech. We use
direct speech when we simply repeat what someone says, putting the phrase between
speech marks:

Paul came in and said, “I’m really hungry.”

Indirect Speech

When we want to report what someone said without speech marks and without
necessarily using exactly the same words, we can use indirect speech (also called
reported speech). For example:

Direct speech: “We’re quite cold in here.”

Indirect speech: They say (that) they’re cold.

All the other tenses follow a similar change in indirect speech. Here is an example for all
the main tenses:
Other Examples

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She says that she eats an apple a

She says, “I eat an apple a day.”
day.

He will say, “My brother will help He will say that his brother will
her.” help her.

We said, “We go for a walk every We said that we went for a walk
day.” every day.

You say, “I went to London You say that you went to London
yesterday.” the previous day.

He said, “My father is playing He said that his father was playing
cricket with me.” cricket with him.

Exercise

Change in Indirect sentence !!!

1. Rahul asked me, ‘Did you see the cricket match on TV last night?’
2. James said to his mother, ‘I am leaving for New York tomorrow.’
3. I said to him, ‘Why don’t you work hard?’
4. He said to her, ‘What a hot day!’
5. The priest said, ‘Be quiet and listen to my words.’
 CHAPTER VI

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

In an active sentence, the subject does an action and in a passive sentence, the
subject receives the action.

Example:

Tenses Active Passive

Simple They discuss the book. The book is discussed (by them)
Present
Tense
Simple Past They discussed the book yesterday. The book was discussed
Tense yesterday.
 Simple They will discuss the book tomorrow. The book will be discussed
Future tomorrow.
Tense
Present They are discussing the book when The book is being discussed
Continuous you come in. when you come in.
Tense
Past They were discussing the book when The book was being discussed
Continuous you came in. when you came in.
Tense
Future They will be discussing the book The book will being discussed
Continuous tomorrow. tomorrow.
Tense
Present They have already discussed the The book has already been
Perfect book. discussed.
Tense
Past Perfect They had discussed the book by the The book had been discussed by
Tense time the author arrived. the time the author arrived.
Future They will have discussed the book by The book will have been
Perfect the end of meeting. discussed by the end of meeting.
Tense

Exercise I

Rewrite the following sentences into passive voice.

1. The man is washing the car.________________________________________________

2. The police stopped us. ____________________________________________________
3. The committee has changed the date of the meeting._____________________________
4. The people in the village don’t use this main road very
often.__________________________________________________________________
5. Mr. Edward will attend the class tomorrow.___________________________________

Exercise II
Complete the following sentences with one of the following verbs. Change the verbs
into passive forms.

Check Imitate Play Held

Invite Create Make Report
Help Give Resign Fix

1. Siska’s car is_____________ by him.

2. The kites will _____________ Selly’s uncle, next week.
3. According to the schedule, the midterm test had______________ last week.
4. His mother said that Arman was___________ by the doctor when I visited him.
5. My friends are_________ punishment, because they are late to submit their task.

Note:

No Vocabulary Meaning
.
1. Blame Menyalahkan
2. Backbite Memfitnah
3. Entrust Menitipkan
4. Hopeless Putus Asa
5. Pretend Pura-pura
6. Spend a night Menginap
7. Supply Menyediakan
8. Survey Meninjau
9. Punish Menghukum
10. Excite Menggairahkan
 CHAPTER VII
Conditional Sentences
Conditional sentence (kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang
diharapkan.

Conditional sentence terdiri dari dua klausa yaitu main clause (induk kalimat) dan if
clause. Letak main clause bisa di depan maupun di belakang if clause. Perbedaan letak ini
tidak mempengaruhi arti.

Ada tiga tipe conditional sentence :

1. Type I : Future conditional

2. Type II : Present conditional
3. Type III : Past conditional

1. Type I : Future conditional

Kalimat ini mendeskripsikan situasi yang memungkinkan untuk terjadi di masa sekarang
atau masa depan.

If + S + Verb (present), S + will + Verb 1

If clasue main clause
Pengganti IF :
Example
 Unless
a. If he know the answer, he will tell her.  But for
( Fact: He may know the answer, he may tell her)  Otherwise
b. If I go to England, I will go to London first.  Supposing
(Fact: Perhaps, I go to London first when I go to England.)  Provided that
c. If I am in England, I will visit Buckingham Palace.
(Fact : Perhaps, I visit Buckingham Palace, I am in England.)
d. I will rent a car if I go to Sweden.
(Fact : Perhaps I rent a car, I go to sweden)
e. I will spend at least a week in Paris if I go to France.
(Fact : Perhaps, I spend at least a week in Paris when I go to Frence)

2. Type II : Present conditional

Kalimat ini mendeskripsikan situasi yang diharapkan terjdi sekarang tetapi tidak terjadi.

If + S + Verb 2/ were, S + would + Verb 1

If clause main clause
Example :
a. If he knew the answer, he would tell her.
(Fact : He doesn’t know the answer , so he doesn’t tell her.)
b. If I were sick, I would go to a doctor.
(Fact : I am not sick, so I don’t go to a doctor.)
c. If I were rich, I would travel around the world.
(Fact : I am not rich, so I don’t travel around the world.)
d. If someone stole my car, I would tell the police.
(Fact : Someone don’t steal my car, so I don’t tell the police.)
e. I would stop in Germany if I traveled to Italy.
(Fact : I don’t travel to Italy, so I don’t stop in Germany.)

Note :
Untuk Type 2, to be untuk semua subjek pada if clause adalah were.

3. Type III : Past conditional

Kalimat ini mendeskripsikan pristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi di waktu lampau,
tetapi tidak terjadi.

If + S +had + Verb 3, S + would have + Verb 3

If clause main clause

Examples :
a. If he had known the answer, he would have told her.
(Fact : He didn’t know the answer, so he didn’t tell her.)
b. If I had had a car, I would have gone to Mataram.
(Fact : I didn’t have a car, so I didn’t go to Mataram.
c. I would have gone to the museum if it had stayed open in the evening.
(Fact : I didn’t go to the museum because it didn’t stay open in the evening.)
d. I would have worn my raincoat if it had been cloudy.
( Fact : I didn’t wear my raincoat because it was not cloudy.)
e. If you had come to my house, you would have met me.
(Fact : You didn’t come to my house, so you didn’t meet me.)
EXERCISE :

1. What is the type of these conditional sentence ?

a. I would have brought a paper bag if I had known the plastic bag was forbiden.
(____________)
b. I would buy a toothbrush if I needed one. (____________)
c. I would visit John if he were home. (______________)
d. If I were a president, I would build my country. (____________)
e. If I study hard, I will be a champion. (_____________)

2. Give complete answers to the followng questions

a) What would you have done if you had found money Rp 100.000,- on the street
yesterday?
b) What would you have done if you had been born in 1400?
c) What would you have done if you had been Soekarno?
d) What would you do if you were a millionaire?
e) What would you do if you were a king or queen?
REFERENCES

Sujana.M.I.2012.English Grammar 2. Mataram, Lombok: Arga Puji Press.

Anonymous. 2019. Learning English grammar, vocabulary, conversation.

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