Exercises 47

E x a m p l e 2.22:1 How many different letter arrangements can be m a d e from the letters in the word
of STATISTICS?
Solution: Using the same argument as of discussion for T h e o r e m 2.8, in this example we can
actually apply Theorem 2.7 to obtain

10 10!
= 50.400.
3.3,2,1, 1 3! 3! 2! 1! 1!

Here we have t o t a l 10 letters, while 2 letters ( S , T) appear 3 times each, letter /

appears twice, and letters A and C appear once each. J!

Exercises

2.21 Registrants at a large convention are offered 6 (b) If the person never drinks and always eats break-
sightseeing tours on each of 3 days. In how many- fast?
ways can a person arrange to go on a sightseeing tour
planned by this convention? 2.27 A developer of a new subdivision offers a
prospective home buyer a choice of 4 designs, 3 differ-
2.22 In a medical study patients are classified in 8 ent heating systems, a garage or carport, and a patio or
ways according to whether they have blood type AB+, screened porch. How many different, plans are available
AB~, A+, A~, B+, B~, 0+, or 0~, and also accord- to this buyer?
ing to whether their blood pressure is low, normal, or
high. Find the number of ways in which a patient can 2.28 A drug for the relief of asthma can be purchased
be classified. from 5 different, manufacturers in liquid, tablet, or
capsule form, all of which come in regular and extra
2 . 2 3 If an experiment consists of throwing a die and strength. How many different ways can a doctor pre-
then drawing a letter at random from the English scribe the drug for a patient suffering from asthma?
alphabet, how many points are there in the sample
space? 2.29 In a fuel economy study, each of 3 race cars is
tested using 5 different brands of gasoline at 7 test sites
2.24 Students at a private liberal arts college are clas- located in different regions of the country. If 2 drivers
sified as being freshmen, sophomores, juniors, or se- are used in the study, and test runs are made once un-
niors, and also according to whether they are male or der each distinct set of conditions, how many tost, runs
female. Find the total number of possible classifica- are needed?
tions for the students of that college.
2.30 In how many different ways can a true-false test
2.25 A certain shoe conies in 5 different styles with consisting of 9 questions be answered?
each style available in 4 distinct colors. If the store
wishes to display pairs of these shoes showing all of 2.31 If a multiple-choice test consists of 5 questions
its various styles and colors, how many different pairs each with 4 possible answers of which only 1 is correct,
would the store have on display? (a) In how many different ways can a student check off
one answer to each question?
2.26 A California study concluded that by following
7 simple health rules a man's life can be extended by (b) In how many ways can a student, check off one
11 years on the average and a woman's life by 7 years. answer to each question and get all the answers
These 7 rules are as follows: no smoking, regular exer- wrong ?
cise, use alcohol moderately, get, 7 to 8 hours of sleep,
maintain proper weight, eat. breakfast, and do not eat 2.32 (a) How many distinct permutations can be
between meals. In how many ways can a person adopt lade from the letters of the word columns?
made
five of these rules to follow (b) How many of these permutations start with the let-
(a) If the person presently violates all 7 rules? ter mi
48 Chapter 2 Probability

2.33 A witness to a hit-and-run accident told the po- (b) the first 3 positions.
lice that the license number contained the letters RLH
followed by 3 digits, the first of which is a 5. If the wit- 2.40 In how many ways can 5 starting positions on a
ness cannot recall the last 2 digits, but is certain that basketball team be filled with 8 men who can play any
all 3 digits are different, find the maximum number of of the positions?
automobile registrations that the police may have to
check. 2.41 Find the number of ways that 6 teachers can
be assigned to 4 sections of an introductory psychol-
2.34 (a) In how many ways can 6 people be lined up ogy course if no teacher is assigned to more than one
to get on a bus? section.
(b) If 3 specific persons, among 6, insist on following
each other, how many ways are possible? 2.42 Three lottery tickets for first, second, and third
(c) If 2 specific persons, among 6, refuse to follow each prizes are drawn from a group of 40 tickets. Find the
other, how many ways are possible? number of sample points in S for awarding the 3 prizes
if each contestant holds only 1 ticket.
2.35 A contractor wishes to build 9 houses, each dif-
ferent in design. In how many ways can he place these 2.43 In how many ways can 5 different trees be
houses on a street if 6 lots are on one side of the street planted in a circle?
and 3 lots are on the opposite side?
2.44 In how many ways can a caravan of 8 covered
2.36 (a) How many three-digit numbers can be wagons from Arizona be arranged in a circle?
formed from the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, if
2.45 How many distinct permutations can be made
each digit can be used only once?
from the letters of the word infinity?
(b) How many of these are odd numbers?
(c) How many are greater than 330? 2.46 In how many ways can 3 oaks, 4 pines, and 2
maples be arranged along a property line if one does
2.37 In how many ways can 4 boys and 5 girls sit in not distinguish among trees of the same kind?
a row if the boys and girls must alternate?
2.47 A college plays 12 football games during a sea-
2.38 Four married couples have bought 8 scats in the son. In how many ways can the team end the season
same row for a concert. In how many different ways with 7 wins, 3 losses, and 2 ties?
can they be seated
(a) With no restrictions? 2.48 Nine people are going on a skiing trip in 3 cars
(b) If each couple is to sit together? that hold 2, 4, and 5 passengers, respectively. In how
many ways is it possible to transport the 9 people to
(c) If all the men sit together to the right of all the the ski lodge, using all cars?
women?
2.49 How many ways are there to select 3 candidates
2.39 In a regional spelling bee, the 8 finalists consist from 8 equally qualified recent graduates for openings
of 3 boys and 5 girls. Find the number of sample points in an accounting firm?
in the sample space S for the number of possible orders
at the conclusion of the contest for 2.50 How many ways are there that no two students
(a) all 8 finalists; will have the same birth date in a size of 60 class?

2.4 Probability of an Event

Perhaps it was humankind's unquenchable thirst for gambling t h a t led to the early
development of probability theory. In an effort to increase their winnings, gam-
blers called upon mathematicians to provide o p t i m u m strategies for various games
of chance. Some of the mathematicians providing these strategies were Pascal,
Leibniz, Fermat, and James Bernoulli. As a result of this development of prob-
ability theory, statistical inference, with all its predictions and generalizations,
has branched out far beyond games of chance to encompass many other fields as-