Work Norms

for Bio-engineering Works of Rural Roads

For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area

S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
61. 18-1 Collection and preparation of seeds

a. Collection of grass seeds from sources within 1 km of the road, 1 kg 1.50 1.50 Sealed bag = 1 no. Khukuri
including separating and preparing seed for storage, and drying
seed in the sun.

b. Collection of large shrub seeds (e.g. bhujetro) from sources within 1 kg 0.45 0.45 Khukuri
1 km of the road including seed preparation for storage after drying.

c. Collection of medium-sized shrub seeds (e.g. keraukose) from

sources within 1 km of the road, including seed preparation for 1 kg 0.75 0.75 Sealed bag = 1 no. Nanglo
storage after drying.

d. Collection of medium-sized shrub and tree seeds (e.g. areri,

khayer, ghobre and rani salla, sisau) from sources within 1 km of 1 kg 0.95 0.95 Sealed bag = 1 no. Nanglo
the road, including seed preparation for storage after drying.

e. Collection of small shrub and tree seeds (e.g. dhanyero, dhusun,

tilka, utis) from sources within 1 km of the road, including seed 1 kg 2.50 2.50 Sealed bag = 1 no. Nanglo
preparation for storage after drying.

62. 18-2 Collection of grass and hardwood cuttings for vegetative

propagation

a. Collection of grass clumps (e.g. amliso, kans, khar) from sources 1000 1.50 1.50 Adequate supply of Kodalo
within 1 km of the road, to make slips for multiplication in the slips appropriate clumps.
nursery. Hessian jute = 5 m2

b. Collection of cuttings of small bamboos (e.g. padang bans, tite 1000 3.00 3.00 Adequate supply of Kodalo
nigalo bans), suitable for traditional planting, from sources within 1 nos. appropriate bamboos. Khukuri
km of the road. Material minimum 10 cm of rooted rhizome and 90 Hessian jute = 10 m2
cm of culm.

c. Collection of hardwood cuttings (e.g. assuro, bains, kanda phul, 1000 0.85 0.85 Adequate supply of Khukuri
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
namdi phul, saruwa, simali) from sources within 1 km of the road. nos. appropriate bushes.
Material minimum 30 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter. Hessian jute = 5 m2

63. 18-3 Nursery operation and management (bed preparation)

a. Construction of seed beds for tree seedlings, including materials for 5 m2 2.00 1.50 2.00 1.50 Bamboo = 9 nos. Khanti
beds and shades. Bed is 1 m wide x 17 cm high and made up of: 5 Polythene = 9 m2 Shovel
cm of washed gravel, 5 cm of unsieved forest soil, 5 cm of 1:3 mix Bricks = 96 nos. Pick axe
of sieved forest soil and washed sand, 2 cm of washed, sieved and Gravel = 0.25 m3 Screen mesh
sterilised sand. Unsieved soil = 0.10 m3
Line string = 13 m
Binding wire = 3 kg
5 m2
b. Construction of stand out beds for tree seedlings in polypots, 6.00 6.00 Bamboo = 15 nos. Khanti
including materials for beds and shades. Bed is 100 cm wide x 15 Bricks = 96 nos. Shovel
cm high, with a 5 cm layer of gravel placed above the compacted Gravel = 0.25 m3 Pick axe
ground. Line string = 13 m
Binding wire = 3 kg
5 m2
c. Construction of beds for grass seeds, grass slips (i.e. vegetative 1.50 1.00 1.50 1.00 Gravel = 0.38 m3 Shovel
propagation) and tree stool cuttings, including materials and Forest soil = 1.46 m3 Pick axe
hessian cover. Bed is 100 cm wide x 25 cm high and made up of: Compost = 0.38 m3
5 cm of washed gravel placed above the ground, 5 cm of 1:1 mix of Washed sand= 0.46 m3
sieved soil and compost, and topped with 15 cm of 3:1 mix of Hessian cover = 10 m2
sieved forest topsoil and washed sand.
5 m2
d. Construction of beds for propagation of bamboo culm cuttings, 2.00 2.00 Gravel = 0.38 m3 Shovel
including materials and hessian cover. Bed is 100 cm wide x 30 Forest soil = 1.46 m3 Pick axe
cm high. The ground below the bed is dug to a depth of 30 cm. Compost = 0.38 m3 Khukuri
Bed is made with 10 cm unsieved soil and 20 cm sieved soil. A Bamboo = 6 nos. Log saw
bund 10 cm high is formed around the edge. Hessian cover = 25 m2

64. 18-4 Nursery operation and management (seed sowing and

transplanting; planting hardwood cuttings)

a. Tree seed sowing @ 10 g per m 2 (medium-sized seeds) or 2 g per 5 m2 0.04 0.04 Seed = 50 g Bowl
m2 (very fine seeds) into seed beds including pre-sowing seed Trowel
treatment.

b. Preparing potting mix and filling polypots, including all material for 1000 10.00 10.00 Polypot = 1050 nos. Sieve
container seedlings. [Note 1 kg of 200 gauge polypots (4” x 7” laid nos. Sand = 0.46 m3 Shovel

flat) = 464 bags; 200 gauge black polythene is preferred.] Soil = 0.70 m3
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
Compost = 0.23 m3

c. Direct sowing of tree seeds into polypots including seed treatment, 1000 0.62 0.62 Seed = 1500 nos.
by sowing one seed in half the pots and two seeds in the other half. nos. Wooden peg = 1 no.

d. Pricking out young seedlings and transplanting into polypots. 100 0.18 0.18 Wooden peg = 1 no. Tray
nos.

e. Pricking out tree seedlings and transplanting into beds. 1000 0.12 0.12 Wooden peg = 1 no.
nos.

f. Transplanting grass slips into beds, from clumps. Slips are planted m2 0.12 0.12 Hessian jute = 0.30 m2 Khukuri
at 10 cm centres in rows 25 cm apart. Shovel
1000
g. Planting of hardwood cuttings of minimum 30 cm length to 20 cm nos. 0.60 0.60 Hardwood cuttings Khanti
depth into prepared beds. Cuttings spaced at 5 cm centres within = 1000 nos.
rows, with 20 cm between rows.

65. 18-4.5 Preparation of raised materials for extraction from the

nursery
1000 0.70 0.70 Hessian jute = 2.70 m2 Khukuri
a. Grass culm cutting production from nursery stock; single or double nos.
node (e.g. napier).
1000 0.63 0.63 Hessian jute = 1.35 m2 Fork
b. Uprooting and preparing grass slips ready for site planting from nos. Pickaxe
nursery seedlings Khukuri

1000 0.33 0.33 Hessian jute = 4.20 m2 Shovel

c. Uprooting and preparing grass slips ready for site planting from nos. Khanti
nursery grass clumps raised from slips by vegetative propagation.

66. 18-4.6 Compost and mulch production

a. Mulch production by collection and cutting of weeds and other 1 m3 1.20 1.20 Hasiya
vegetation such as tite pati, banmara, etc. within 1 km of the road, Doko
and stacking along roadside.

b. Compost production by collection and cutting of weeds and other 1 m3 1.20 1.20 Doko
vegetation such as tite pati, banmara, etc. within 1 km of the road,
including fine cutting and filling compost pit.

c. Turning compost once per month. 1 m3 0.10 0.10 Shovel

 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
67. 18-6 Direct seeding on site (same as S. No. 19)

a. Broadcasting grass seeds on slopes < 400, seeding rate 25 g/m2 100 m2 0.17 0.17 Seed = 2.50 kg

b. Broadcasting grass seeds on slopes < 40 0, including cover with 100 m2 5.00 5.00 Seed = 2.50 kg
long mulch, seeding rate 25 g/m2 Mulch = 5.00 m3

c. Broadcasting grass seeds on slopes < 40 0 - 450, including cover 100 m2 6.25 6.25 Seed = 2.50 kg Khukuri
with long mulch and jute netting of mesh size 300 mm x 500 mm. Mulch = 5.00 m3 Mallet (wooden
Seeding rate 25 g/m 2. Operation includes pegging with suitable live Jute net = 105 m2 hammer)
pegs or hardwood cuttings (e.g. simali) @ 1 m spacing, jute net of Live pegs = 128 nos.
6.75 m x 1 m size.

d. Sowing shrub or tree seeds on all slopes, at 25 cm intervals, 100 m2 1.00 1.00 Seeds = 3200 nos. Mild steel rod of 50 cm
including digging planting holes to 5 cm depth and covering with length
soil. Two seeds per planting hole.

68. 18-6 Planting grass cuttings on site

a. Planting single node culm cuttings of grass (e.g. napier) on fill 100 0.20 0.20 Grass cuttings Mild steel rod or
slopes < 450 and embankment slopes in plain areas. Approximate nos. = 100 nos. hardwood peg of 50 cm
length 15 - 20 cm, including digging planting hole 10 - 20 cm depth Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length
using a metal rod or hardwood peg.

b. Planting single node culm cuttings of grass (e.g. napier) on hard cut 100 0.35 0.35 Grass cuttings Mild steel rod or
slopes < 450. Approximate length 15 - 20 cm, including digging nos. = 100 nos. hardwood peg of 50 cm
planting hole 10 - 20 cm depth using a metal rod or hardwood peg. Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length

c. Planting single node culm cuttings of grass (e.g. napier) on hard cut 100 0.50 0.50 Grass cuttings Mild steel rod or
slopes > 450. Approximate length 15 - 20 cm, including digging nos. = 100 nos. hardwood peg of 50 cm
planting hole 10 - 20 cm depth using a metal rod or hardwood peg. Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length

d. Planting rooted grass slips on embankment slopes in plain areas, at 1m 0.02 0.02 Grass slips = 11 nos. Mild steel rod or
10 cm spacing within the row. The first row is 0.75 m from the of drills hardwood peg of 50 cm
edge of the pavement and subsequent rows are spaced at 1 m Hessian jute = 0.14 m2 length
intervals down the embankment. Line string = 1 m

e. Planting rooted grass slips on slopes < 45 0 including preparation of 1 m2 0.20 0.20 Grass slips = 100 nos. Mild steel rod or
slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a of drills hardwood peg of 50 cm
maximum of 5 cm depth with metal rod or hardwood peg, Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length
depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced Khukuri
10 cm apart.
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
f. Planting rooted grass slips on slopes 450 - 600 including preparation 1 m2 0.30 0.30 Grass slips = 100 nos. Mild steel rod or
of slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a of drills hardwood peg of 50 cm
maximum of 5 cm depth with metal rod or hardwood peg, Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length
depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced Khukuri
10 cm apart.

g. Planting rooted grass slips on slopes > 60 0 including preparation of 1 m2 0.40 0.40 Grass slips = 100 nos. Mild steel rod or
slips on site. Operation includes digging planting holes to a of drills hardwood peg of 50 cm
maximum of 5 cm depth with metal rod or hardwood peg, Hessian jute = 0.27 m2 length
depending on nature of soil. The planting drills should be spaced Khukuri
10 cm apart.

69. 18-6 Planting shrub and tree seedlings and cuttings on site

a. Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, 10 nos. 0.25 0.25 Container Khanti
transplanting, composting and placing tree guards, on toe of Seedlings = 10 nos. Mallet (wooden
embankment slopes in plain areas, not less than 8 m from the road Compost = 0.05 m3 hammer)
centre line. Pit size 30 cm diameter x 30 cm depth. Compost Tree guard = 10 nos. Doko
volume ¼ of the volume of the pit, mixed with original soil. Green mulch = 0.04 m3

b. Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, 10 nos. 0.33 0.33 Seedlings = 10 nos. Khanti
transplanting, composting and mulching, on slopes < 30 0. Pit size Compost = 0.05 m3 Doko
30 cm diameter x 30 cm depth. Mix compost with soil and backfill Green mulch = 0.04 m3
into pit, to ¼ of pit volume.

c. Planting containerised tree and shrub seedlings, including pitting, 10 nos. 0.40 0.40 Seedlings = 10 nos. Khanti
transplanting, composting and mulching, on slopes 300 - 450. Pit Compost = 0.05 m3 Doko
size 30 cm diameter x 30 cm depth. Mix compost with soil and Green mulch = 0.04 m3
backfill into pit, to ¼ of pit volume.

d. Planting rooted tree stump cuttings and bare root seedlings, 10 nos. 0.17 0.17 Seedlings = 10 nos. Khanti
including pitting, transplanting, composting and mulching, on slopes Compost = 0.03 m3
< 300. Pit size 10 cm diameter x 20 cm depth. Compost volume ¼ Green mulch = 0.04 m3
of the volume of the pit, mixed with original soil.

e. Planting rooted tree stump cuttings and bare root seedlings, 10 nos. 0.25 0.25 Seedlings = 10 nos. Khanti
including pitting, transplanting, composting and mulching, on slopes Compost = 0.03 m3
300 - 450. Pit size 10 cm diameter x 20 cm depth. Compost Green mulch = 0.04 m3
volume ¼ of the volume of the pit, mixed with original soil.

f. Planting rooted tree stump cuttings and bare root seedlings, 10 nos. 0.33 0.33 Seedlings = 10 nos. Khanti
including pitting, transplanting, composting and mulching, on Compost = 0.03 m3
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
slopes > 450. Pit size 10 cm diameter x 20 cm depth. Compost Green mulch = 0.04 m3
volume ¼ of the volume of the pit, mixed with original soil.

70. 18-6.7 Vegetative palisade construction, brush layering and fascines

a. Collection of hardwood cuttings for planting material (e.g. assuro, 1000 0.85 0.85 Adequate supply of Khukuri
namdi phul, simali) from sources within 1 km of road. Material to nos. bushes.
be approx. 1 m in length and minimum 5 cm in diameter.

b. Preparation and planting of live pegs of selected species (e.g. 1m 0.17 0.17 Live pegs = 20 nos. Crow bar
assuro, namdi phul, simali) of minimum 1 m length to 0.5 m depth
into hard ground. Pegs spaced at 5 cm centres within rows, with 5
- 20 cm between rows, and interwoven with vegetation.

c. Preparation and planting of live cuttings of selected species (e.g. 1m 0.12 0.12 Live pegs = 20 nos. Crow bar
assuro, namdi phul, simali) of minimum 1 m length to 0.5 m into
soft debris. Pegs spaced at 5 cm centres within rows, with 5 - 20
cm between rows, and interwoven with vegetation.

d. Site preparation for fascine laying: earth works in excavation of 1m 0.06 0.06 Pick axe
trench to 20 cm depth. Shovel

e. Laying of live fascines, using live hardwood cuttings of selected 1m 0.17 0.17 Hardwood cuttings of at Khukuri
species (e.g. assuro, namdi phul, simali) of minimum 1 m length, least 1 m in length Shovel
placed in bundles to give 4 running metres of cuttings per metre of =4m
fascine, including backfilling of trench and careful compaction.

71. 18-7 Jute netting works

a. For bare slopes and under planting with slips. Spinning raw jute 1 m2 0.36 0.36 Raw jute = 1.25 kg Khukuri
from 100% jute fibre into yarn and weaving the yarn into netting. Bamboo sticks (10nos.)
Hand spun yarn 5 to 8 mm in diameter, width of net 1.20 m, warp Weaving frame
strands 27 nos. per 100 cm, weft strands 20 - 24 nos. per 100 cm, Tosro
mesh size 30 - 40 mm square and 1.25 kg/m weight at 1.20 m
widths. [Note. A tosro is the weaving shuttle, normally made from
a split large bamboo culm.]

b. For holding mulch on slopes. Spinning raw jute from 100% jute 1 m2 0.15 0.15 Raw jute = 0.26 kg Khukuri
fibre into yarn and weaving the yarn into netting. Hand spun yarn 3 Bamboo sticks (10nos.)
to 5 mm diameter 1.20 m side and 11.2 m long. Mesh size 150 Weaving frame
mm x 500 mm rectangular mesh and 0.25 kg/m at 1.20 m width. Tosro
[Note. A tosro is the weaving shuttle, normally made form a split
large bamboo culm.]
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
c. Placing 30 - 40 mm square mesh jute netting on bare slopes (for 1 m2 0.15 0.15 Woven jute net MS rod of 50 cm length
later underplanting with grass slips), including pegging with live = 1.00 m2 Mallet (wooden
hardwood cuttings or split bamboo pegs and loosening tension so Hardwood cuttings or hammer)
that the net hugs the slope throughout. spilt bamboo pegs
= 5.00 nos.

d. Placing 150 x 500 mm mesh jute netting to hold mulch on slopes, 1 m2 0.10 0.10 Cut mulch = 0.05 m3 MS rod of 50 cm length
including application of mulch and pegging with live hardwood Woven jute net Mallet (wooden
cuttings or split bamboo pegs and loosening tension so that the net = 1.00 m2 hammer)
hugs the slope throughout. Hardwood cuttings or
spilt bamboo pegs
= 5.00 nos.

72. 18-8 Fabrication of gabion bolster cylinders

a. Site preparation for 30 cm diameter bolster: earth works in 1m 0.085 0.085 Pick axe
excavation of trench. Shovel

b. Site preparation for 60 cm diameter bolster: earth works in 1m 0.360 0.360 Pick axe
excavation of trench. Shovel

c. Manufacture of bolster panels: 70 x 100 mm hexagonal mesh wire 1 m2 0.100 0.100 GI wire = 2.00 kg Gabion frame and tools
construction (10 SWG frame and 12 SWG mesh).

d. Construction of 30 cm bolster cylinder: placing, stretching wire 1m 0.375 0.375 Boulders = 0.09 m3 Gabion tools
mesh, filling with boulders, closing and backfilling. Doko

e. Construction of 60 cm bolster cylinder: placing, stretching wire 1m 0.750 0.750 Boulders = 0.36 m3 Gabion tools
mesh, filling with boulders, closing and backfilling. Doko

f. Construction of 30 cm bolster cylinder: placing, stretching wire 1m 0.375 0.375 Black polythene Gabion tools
mesh over 20 gauge black polythene sheeting, filling with boulders, = 0.40 m2 Doko
closing and backfilling. Boulders = 0.09 m3

g. Construction of 60 cm bolster cylinder: placing, stretching wire 1m 0.750 0.750 Black polythene Gabion tools
mesh over 20 gauge black polythene sheeting, filling with boulders, = 0.80 m2 Doko
closing and backfilling. Boulders = 0.36 m3

h. Anchoring bolster: 12 mm diameter MS re-bar cut into 2 m lengths 1 no. 0.050 0.050 MS rod = 2.00 m Sledge hammer
for anchorage and placed at 1 m intervals.

i. Laying of terram paper (geotextile). 1 m2 0.050 0.050 Terram paper Khukuri

= 1.15 m2
 For Hill Area For Terai/Plain Area
S. Respective Materials/ Equipment/Tools
No. Clause of Description Unit Unskilled Skilled Unskilled Skilled Royalties Remarks
Specificatio Labour Labour Labour Labour
ns (personday (personday) (personday) (personday)
)
73. 18-9 Bamboo tree guards

a. Weaving bamboo tree guards using bamboo poles as uprights: 1 no. 0.25 0.25 Bamboo = 2.20 nos. Khukuri
1.60 m in height; and weaving split bamboo with the outer wall
intact around the posts. Dimensions of the guard are 0.60 m
diameter x 1.30 m high.