A Perception of Islamic Community Toward Covid-19’ Vaccination: A KAP

Survey Approach

ABSTRACT:

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyze awareness and knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions
(KAP) regarding COVID-19 vaccinations in Pakistan.
Methodology: The authors performed an exploratory and anomagative randomised control trial
(N=1658, 55.7% men; avg age: 25.1 ± 7 yrs; age scale: 18 to 65) in general public. Semi-
structured, self-reported questionnaires comprised four sections and was voluntary (i.e., KAP).
Multitudinous-Lin regressed to find out which independent variables could be correlated with
both a COVID-19 and a sense of awareness
Main Findings: In these tests, the scores on both categories came out to be 2.32 out of 12. 26%
of respondents agreed that the COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan was effective, but 61% of those
would be recommend it to others will use it in the multiple regression, higher socioeconomic
status, attending a higher education, nuclear families, and previous background of vital
vaccinations all coincided with better information. Just under half of the respondents were
persuaded that everyone should be vaccinated, although only 12 percent identified healthcare
staff. 95% agree that private vaccinations should be given for the public in Pakistan, and over
90% believe the COV-19 side effects to be possible.
Conclusion: The results indicate that the general population in Pakistan has insufficient
expertise but a more favorable attitude toward the COVID-19 vaccine. To increase awareness,
urgent health education campaigns should be incorporated in advance of schedules for vaccines.

Keywords: Cov-19; Vaccination; Attitudes; Awareness; Islamic Community; Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

COV-19 is a fatal infection that remains to afflict a large number of countries worldwide (Van
Kampen et al., 2021). Covid-19 outbreak started in China at the end of December 2019, with
symptoms including extreme respiratory illness and death (Cena & Chieppa, 2020). This is due
to the newly discovered a coronavirus strain, such as SARS-CoV, has now become a public
health issue on a global scale (Rachel & Ralph, 2020). On 11 March 2020, the WHO recognized
it as a global health emergency, because of the extent of the COVID-19 outbreak (Jebril, 2020).
It was reported on that the pandemic had infected over 219 countries at the time of this update
(31 March 31, 2021), resulting in more than 131.83 million confirmed cases and 28.61 million
deaths worldwide (Fernandes, 2020). In the state of America (47323540 infected & 1088244
expired), in European region (35883091 infected & 797255 expired) (Amariles et al., 2021)
have a higher incidence than S-E-Asia (12192540 infected and 201668 expired) (Hutaagalung et
al., 2021; Roy et al., 2021), and in the Africa (2718992 cases and 66773 deaths) (Mwananyanda
et al., 20 (Yeoh et al., 2021).

Figure-1: Coronavirus Map: Circles represent the reported coronavirus cases and deaths by region.
(BBC News, 2021).

On 26 February 2020, Pakistan received the first two COVID-19 incidents. The first case was
registered in Karachi involving a person who had returned from Iran, and another in the
Islamabad Capital Territory involving another individual (Saqlain et al., 2020). Following that,
on 18 March 2020, cases had been reported in all four provinces, two autonomous regions, and
the Islamabad Capital Territory, and by 17 June, each district in Pakistan had documented at
least one confirmed case of covid-19 (Saeed et al., 2021). The nation has seen a rapid increase
in the number of new cases (Munawar & Choudhry, 2021). As of 31 March 2021, the country
had reported 667,957 positive COVID-19 cases and 14,434 deaths, with a total of 10,197,32
tests conducted domestically (Awan et al., 2021). According to provincial records, there have
been a total of 223,181 cases recorded in Punjab (Mehmood, 2021), 88,099 cases reported in
KPK (Khan et al., 2021), 265,680 cases reported in Sindh (Pearson et al., 2021), 19,576 cases
reported in Baluchistan (Ali, 2021), 12,805 cases reported in AJK (Waris, 2020), 5,033 cases
(Rana, 2020).
 Figure-2: Covid-19 Status in Pakistan: Confirmed Cases and Deaths

The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) has authorized the application of three vaccines of
COVID-19 under an Emergency Use Authorization (Rizk et al., 2020). Pfizer/BioNTech,
Moderna/NIH, and Johnson & Johnson are the firms that produce the vaccines (Repajic et al.,
2021). Beginning in December 2020, the first dosages of the vaccines of Pfizer and Moderna
were administered in the US & globally (Julian et al., 2021; Hotez et al., 2021). The vaccine
(Pfizer) is given in two dosages, twenty-one days apart, and is licensed for use in adults sixteen
years of age and older (Chagla, 2021). Moderna is approved for use in adults 18 years of age
and older in two doses separated by 28 days (Livingston, 2021). Both vaccines have an efficacy
rate of approximately 95%. Single-dose vaccine is Johnson & Johnson's vaccine that
recommended for adults aged 18 years and over (Meo et al., 2021). According to the findings of
a 44,000-person regional research study, the vaccine was 67 percent efficient against moderate-
to-severe COVID-19 14 days after vaccination and 66 percent effective at 28 days after
vaccination (Richardson, et al., 2021; Britton, et al., 2021). The vaccine was found to be 77%
effective at two weeks and 85 percent effective at four weeks against severe COVID-19 (Malik
et al., 2021).

According to Breakwell et al. 2021, the most effective prevention measures include wearing a
mask, maintaining a six-foot separation, routinely handwashing, eliminating affected people,
don’t touch your hands on your face, and ensuring enough care & diet (Farooq et al., 2021).
However, vaccination is the most critical public health intervention and the most successful
method for protecting the population against COVID19, because SARS-CoV-2 is an extremely
contagious virus that attacks communities around the world (Su et al., 2021). The race to create
and patent COVID19 vaccines to combat the disease's spread and devastating effects is ongoing,
and successful vaccines are the epidemic progresses. When vaccines are given, it is imperative
to find out if there is general acceptance of these vaccines. (Le et al., 2020).

Pakistan has authorized the urgent use of a vaccine manufactured by Sino-pharm, a state-owned
Chinese pharmaceutical company, in addition to two other vaccines (Khan et al., 2020). Sino-
pharm reported on December 30 that the vaccine was 79 percent successful in phase three trials,
according to BBC News (2020). The DRAP (Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan) has also
approved the Oxford-AstraZeneca (70.4 percent effective) (Dawn, 2021) and Sputnik V (91.4
percent effective) vaccines for use in Pakistan (Jones & Roy, 2021). Asad Umar (chief of the
National Command and Operation Centre), said that COVAX, a WHO project aimed at
ensuring vaccine supply worldwide, has proposed that Pakistan receive up around 17 million
vaccines of the AstraZeneca vaccine during the first half of 2021 (Dawn, 2021).

Figure-3: Covid-19 Vaccination drive in Pakistan

Dr. Rana Imran Sikander, who leads the COVID section at PIMS, has become the first person in
Pakistan to receive Sino-pharm COVID vaccination on 2 February 2021, kicking off the
country's national COVID vaccination campaign (The Express TRIBUNE, 2021). However,
there is considerable controversy about COVID-19 vaccinations between Pakistan's general
public (Britton et al., 2021). According to a worldwide study of prospective COVID-19 vaccine
acceptors, 48% of the sample population was uncertain related to the coronavirus vaccines and
continued uncertain if they would receive the vaccine of the COVID-19 (Livingston, 2021).
Additionally, Chinese research reveals that slightly more than half (54%) of its participants
intended to receive the vaccine (Su et al., 2021). These low vaccination rates are concerning
because Although the most effective method of preventing infection is to shield individuals
from COVID-19 exposure, so it is important to immunize a large number of susceptible people
as soon as practicable (Le et al., 2020).

Covid-19 influences both humans and nature. As during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is a
widespread misconception that nature is “taking a break” from humans (Helm, 2020). Rather
than that, most remote communities in the northern hemisphere are increasingly threatened by
dispossession, deforestation, illegal mining, and biodiversity hunting (Mbzibain et al., 2021).
People who've lost jobs in urban centers are migrating to remote regions, putting additional
strain on natural resources and raising the possibility of COVID-19 transfer to remote regions
(Prachand et al., 2020). After that, deforestation has risen in Asia, Africa, and Latin America,
according to surveys. Illegal miners and hunters are encroaching on native peoples, posing a
risk of virus transmission to isolated indigenous communities (Polidoro et al., 2020). Areas
economically dependent on tourism would see reduced resources as tourism declines, increasing
the consumption of bushmeat (wild meat) in Africa (Rupani et al., 2020).

To introduce the most successful vaccination policy in Pakistan, we have to understand the
Pakistani public's awareness, attitudes, and expectations regarding COVID-19 vaccinations. In
such a situation, public awareness, attitudes, and expectations about COVID-19 are critical for
governments and policymakers to overcome all obstacles to vaccine delivery. There has been no
prior research in Pakistan's general public examining their understanding, behaviors, and beliefs
about the COVID-19 vaccine (Salman et al., 2020).

METHODOLOGY

Study Design:

During data collection, both semi-structured questionnaire & self-reported questionnaire with
four parts (socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions) was used (Salman et al.,
2020).

Socio-demographic information:

Estimation of a socio-demographic level was given: including age, whether the respondent was
single or married, whether they had a university or post-secondary degree, as part of the family
includes upper class [extended] was gathered: is split, second-parent families [families with both
second-parent/step parents]) (SES). Consequently, they were provided the question: Did you get
all the vaccines you were recommended? (Kim et al., 2021).

Knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAP)

This attempt to obtain answers from participants about their level of understanding, behaviors,
and aspirations included using seventeen quantitative measures (including 5/6/6 items for KAP
respevtively). All previous study's section are all from existing, established questions (AL-
Rawajfah et al., 2021).
The information segment consisted of five elements with three answer options (sure/not-
sure/no-idea) (Do immunization procedures produce negative reactions?) (Tab-2). The answers
coding was 'sure'=1, and 'not-sure/no-idea'=0. This rating, which includes all five measurements,
indicates a higher knowledge level regarding COVID-19 vaccinations. Cronbach's alpha
coefficient for information objects was 0.68. Additionally, attitude about the COV-19
immunization is frequently questioned (that is, how did you discover/encounter COV-19
vaccines?) with many potential responses (for example, media like radio and TV, internet
explorer, social forums (FB, Twitter), relational & adjacent). Responses of the above query
would assist policymakers in spreading coronavirus vaccination knowledge in Pakistan in the
upcoming days.
The segment of attitude, included six dimensions (for example, The recently found coronavirus
vaccines are secure; I can have no objections to the COVID-19 vaccine, as long as it's available
here in Pakistan), using a Likert scale for each individual (Disagree=0, Undecided=1, &
Agree=2) (in Table 5). A favorable attitude was predicted for each product, which is called a
score ranging from 0 to 12. alpha coefficients for attitude varied by 3.27 percent, with a score of
.76 for objects.
Expectations segment contained six items assessing participants' attitudes toward the COVID-19
vaccine, four questions coding (for example, Does it make sense to offer the vaccine for free in
Pakistan?) and two of which were questions about the vaccine's implementation (For instance,
which populations should be vaccinated first?) (In Table-6).

Sampling Framework:

The following equation was used to determine the sample size:

𝑧2𝑝𝑞
𝑛= … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … (1)
2
𝑑

⇒𝑛
⇒ 𝑛 = 384.16 ≈ 384

d = sampling error proportion is 0.05

Here,

n = total no. of samples

z = 95 % confidence level=1.96

p= 50% prevalence estimate

q = (1-p)………….if no study found

Due to the absence of a previous work mention exclusively on KAP survey and COV-19
vaccination in Pakistan, determination in this study is that the more approximation (p) would be
50% for the current research. A participant sample size was 424 that measure by using a 10%
non-response rate. Our sample size surpassed this prediction by a factor of two.
Data Collection Method:

We conducted an empirical and anonymous populace e-survey among individuals aged 18 years
and older. During Dec-2020 and Feb- 2021, the research was conducted to correlate with the
global launch of COVID-19 vaccination compaign. Thus, rather than conducting a conceptual
analysis of awareness, behaviors, and expectations, this research sought to elicit proof in the
modern world to educate Pakistani policymakers and doctors about the optimal way to enforce
vaccination campaigns in Pakistan.
The semi-structured questionnaire was devised and deployed on different social forums (such
as FB, W-App, Twitter, & others). Instead, investigators and research assistants had their
contacts linked together on a one-to-to-one basis.

The investigators collected data through online methods (in contrast to data collection on a face-
to-face basis) to preserve spatial separation and proper precautions throughout the pandemic.
Initially, 1738 respondents consented to participate in the study through an e-survey. Sixteen
hundred and fifty-six respondents (males = 55.7 percent; average era = 24.18-6.15; era scale =
18-to-65 yrs) filled whole questionnaire. Participants were required to meet the following
criteria: I am a Pakistani citizen, (ii) be adults (18 years of age), (iii) have reliable internet
access, and (iv) participate voluntarily. The conditions for exclusion included being under the
age of 18 and having incomplete surveys. The research adhered to the Checklist for Reporting
Internet e-Survey Results (CHERRIES) guidelines.

Data Analysis:

The study used Microsoft Excel 2019. (Patra et al., 2020). Excel was used to cleanse and sort
the files, and formatting. SPSS primary data analysis software imported the descriptive
workbook Statistics (that is, frequencies, %ages, means, and least squares) were calculated.
Also, t-statistic & oneway ANOVA-statistic used to find substantial connections between
demographics and attitudes Finally, information and attitude influences were entered into
multivariate regression. Both statistical measures have a 95% confidence interval with a p-value
of less than 0.05.

Ethical consideration:

Studies were conducted in compliance with the Helsinki rules and the ethical approval of the
institutional review board. An ethical review by the university's research ethics committee was
permitted. The participants were well informed about the protocol and its confidentiality
reasons. All the participants permitted to be part of the research. All information was gathered
anonymously.
RESULTS/ FINDINGS [500 to 1000 words]

General profile of participants:

Table 1: Participants' demographic profiles

Attributes N %age
Age
Adolescent 1442 (87.0)
Nubile 216 (13.0)
Gender
Men 922 (55.6)
Women 736 (44.4)
Matrimonial
Unwedded 1417 (85.5)
Wedded 241 (14.5)
Qualification
Higher secondary/ less 289 (17.4)
Masters/ More 1369 (82.6)
Family unit form
Kinship 1318 (79.5)
Joint 340 (20.5)
Income of Family per month
Below SS 421 (25.4)
Average SS 568 (34.3)
High SS 669 (40.3)
Residential status
Agrarian 570 (34.4)
Municipality 1088 (65.6)
Are you provided complete recommended vaccinations in your
lifetime?
Done 1225 (73.9)
Never 433 (26.1)

As shown in Table 1, the final report comprised a total of 1658 full surveys. Males constituted
55% of the sample, and the participants' mean age was 24.02 years, and the Standard Deviation
was  6.15), with a range of 18-65 years. While Eighty-six percent of respondents were single and
higly educated. Families with a higher SES had a larger majority (81%) and originated from
towns or cities (44%) and spent time in towns or cities (67 percent). Families with a higher SES
had a larger majority (79%) and originated from towns or cities (41%) and spent time in towns or
cities (64 percent). Although two-thirds of the participants in the study documented study haven't
receive any prescribed immunization in their life, one-quarter of them (23%) said they received
none of them (25 percent).

Vaccination Knowledge related to the COVID-19:

Table 2 summarizes the distribution of each form of evidence regarding the COV-19
vaccination. The mean information score was 2.73 (SD = 1.38) on a 5-point scale, with a right
rate of 57 percent overall.

Table 2: Statistical arrangement of knowledge & Gender divergence

Attributes T Men Women
D.freedo
sampl (%) sample (%) sample (%) Chi2 p-val
m
e
Are you familiar with the COV-19
vaccination?
Sure 1482 (91.1) 832 (91.2) 663 (89.9) 1.97 2 .373
Not-sure 99 (5.7) 54 (6.1) 36 (5.0)
No-idea 82 (3.9) 35 (4.0) 38 (5.0)
Are you aware of the COVID-19 vaccine's
efficacy?
Yes 902 (54.1) 512 (54.6) 389 (52.7) 2.46 2 .292
No 325 (19.6) 183 (18.7) 152 (19.3)
Don't know 434 (26.2) 225 (24.7) 216 (28.0)
Is it unsafe to use vaccines in
excess doses?
Yes 1046 (63.3) 571 (61.9) 479 (64.9) 4.18 2 .124
No 47 (2.8) 32 (3.5) 15 (1.9)
Don't know 564 (34.2) 322 (34.9) 247 (33.2)
Is vaccination associated with a rise in
allergic reactions?
Sure 656 (39.6) 384 (41.6) 272 (37.0) 5.88 2 .053
Not-sure 81 (5.1) 53 (6.1) 30 (4.1)
No-idea 911 (65.6) 499 (43.2) 434 (59.0)
Is vaccination associated with a rise in
autoimmune diseases?
Sure 588 (35.5) 361 (39.2) 227 (30.8) 14.15 2 .001
Not-sure 89 (6.0) 62 (7.2) 39 (5.3)
No-idea 876 (68.9) 601 (64.8) 470 (63.9)

The mean knowledge values were significantly larger between respondents with higher
education, nuclear families, a higher socioeconomic status, urban residence, and a prior history
of obtaining all required vaccines (table 3).
Table–3: Analysis of group differences (bi-variate) using knowledge and attitude scores
Knowledge Attitudes
Attributes
M (S.D) t-stat prob-val M (S.D) t-stat prob-val
Age
Adolescent 3.93 (2.57) .080 .772 8.94 (3.51) 0.410.615
Nubile 3.51 (2.64) 8.15 (3.10)
Gender
Men 1.97 (2.35) 2.232 0.156 8.12 (3.69) 4.15 0.137
Women 1.89 (2.67) 8.67 (3.20)
Matrimonial
Unwedded 3.87 (2.65) 2.379 .268 8.47 (3.19) 3.10 0.168
Wedded 3.64 (2.85) 8.23 (1.78)
Qualification
Higher secondary/ less 3.61 (2.43) 17.98 <0.002 8.52 (3.76) 0.290.646
Masters/ More 3.67 (2.67) 8.78 (3.31)
Family unit form
Kinship 3.98 (2.55) 11.50 0.002 8.58 (3.78) 0.98 0.089
Joint 3.59 (2.56) 8.20 (3.78)
Income of Family per
month
Below SS 3.63 (2.48) 16.55 <.002 8.76 (3.56) 1.00 0.090
Average SS 3.78 (2.89) 8.99 (3.76)
High SS 2.99 (2.44) 8.05 (3.98)
Residential status
Agrarian 3.89 (2.79) 10.99 <.002 8.77 (3.40) 2.77 0.095
Municipality 3.50 (2.50) 8.44 (3.69)
Are you provided complete recommended
vaccinations in your lifetime?
Done 3.55 (2.55) 28.67 <.002 8.87 (3.48) 6.88 0.065
Never 3.61 (2.77) 8.98 (3.23)

Table – 4: Multi-Regressed study for the prediction of KA of COV-19 vaccination

Knowledge† Attitudes‡
Attributes p-v p-v
b St.E βeta t-stat b St.E βeta t-stat
Sexa — — — — — .272 .118 .057 2.311 .021
Educationb .34 .09 .09 3.61 <.001 — — — — —
Family typec -.26 .09 -.07 -2.96 .003 — — — — —
Monthly family incomed .18 .05 .10 3.87 <.001 — — — — —
Residencee .14 .08 .05 1.79 .074 — — — — —
Vaccination historyf -.38 .08 -.11 -4.61 <.001 -.325 .133 -.060 -2.440 .015
Regression that was able to achieve significance in a bivariate study, which was restricted to only
statistically significant variables, incorporated controls for nuclear families, a higher
socioeconomic status, and a prior history of obtaining all required vaccinations as significant
predictors of information (Table 4).

Friends & neighbors 7.4

Family members & relatives 8.1

Newspaper 15.5

Internet 39.1

Social media 44.9

Mass media (e.g., radio, TV) 54.9

Figure 4: Source of CO19 vaccine participant

creativity

Mass media and the internet are the primary sources of participants' knowledge about the
COVID-19 vaccine in the infographic pictured in Figure 4.

Attitudes of the vaccine of COVID-19:

Table – 5: The distribution of each attitude object and the gender distinction
Total Male Female
Variables χ2 df p-value
n (%) n (%) n (%)
COVID-19 vaccine, which was recently
discovered, is effective.
Disagree 78 (4.7) 53 (5.6) 27 (3.9) 15.60 2 .001
Undecided 1167 (67.8) 609 (66.9) 539 (75.6)
Agree 426 (25.7) 265 (28.7) 161 (22.6)
Our survival depends on the COVID-
19 vaccine.
Disagree 71 (4.3) 48 (5.2) 23 (3.0) 4.27 2 .124
Undecided 364 (22.1) 195 (21.4) 168 (22.8)
Agree 1224 (74.9) 678 (74.6) 547 (74.3)
If it is accessible in Pakistan, I would not hesitate to accept the COVID-19
vaccine.
Disagree 169 (10.2) 112 (12.4) 54 (7.6) 11.44 2 .003
Undecided 518 (31.4) 273 (29.6) 248 (33.7)
Agree 972 (58.7) 538 (58.3) 435 (59.1)
 My family and friends will be encouraged to get vaccinations as
well.
Disagree 113 (6.7) 81 (8.6) 33 (4.4) 12.35 2 .002
Undecided 461 (27.6) 254 (27.5) 206 (28.2)
Agree 1085 (65.6) 588 (63.7) 498 (67.6)
Reducing the occurrence of COVID isn't feasible without
vaccination.
Disagree 226 (13.7) 153 (16.8) (9.7) 17.96 2 .000
70
Undecided 382 (23.1) 211 (22.9) 171 2(23.3)
Agree 1053 (63.5) 559 (60.6) 495 (68.1)
I believe everybody should be vaccinated with the
COVID-19 vaccine.
Disagree 32 (1.8) 22 (2.4) 11 (1.5) 2.01 2 .369
Undecided 151 (9.1) 88 (9.3) 63 (8.9)
Agree 1477 (89.2) 817 (88.5) 662 (89.9)

Table 5 summarizes, the application of attitudes toward COV-19 vaccine. The attitude mean
score was 9.35 (SD = 2.38) and its out of 12, with a 78 percent average score for 'good attitude'.
The mean attitude values were significantly greater amongst participants who identified as
female and who had previously received all required vaccine (table-3). It remained in the
multiple regression even after accounting for gender and having obtained all necessary
vaccinations only. Additionally, 26% of participants consider the new COVID-19 vaccine to be
safe, and 2-third would give to their relatives & friends if they asked. Involvement of the
national health system is a critical to promoting acceptance of the COV-19 vaccine.

Perceptions about the value of the COVID-19 vaccine:

Table – 6: Perceptions distribution object and the gender disparity

Total Male Female
Variables χ2 df p-val
n (%) n (%) n (%)
Will there be long-term side effects of the latest COVID-19 vaccine?
Yes 1577 (88.1) 821 (88.2) 654 (88.0) .013 1 .927
No 180 (10.7) 101 (10.9) 82 (11.1)
Will it be possible to keep the COVID-19 infection in check by all voluntarily
cooperating with each other?
Yes 931 (57.1) 528 (57.5) 404 (54.7) .961 1 .328
No 729 (43.7) 396 (42.9) 334 (45.7)
Will any of these individuals have been
vaccinated?
Non-infected individuals 395 (24.1) 242 (26.4) 156 (21.7) 13.39 3 .003
Infected People with COV-19 375 (22.7) 225 (24.1) 151 (20.7)
Recovered from COV-19 23 (1.6) 16 (1.7) 11 (1.6)
Everyone 862 (51.8) 443 (47.6) 418 (56.5)
Who, do you believe, should receive
vaccinations first?
General public (27.4) 241 (26.2) 211 (28.7) 12.11* 5 .028
Health worker 1011 (60.8) 554 (60.3) 456 (61.9)
Public/ private employee 47 (2.9) 34 (3.7) 12 (1.5)
Teacher/ student 99 (5.7) 58 (6.5) 38 (5.4)
Garment worker 45 (2.6) 32 (3.1) 10 (2.5)
Businessman 6 (0.2) 4 (0.5) (.01)
Do you believe that the vaccine should be made available for free in
Pakistan?
Yes 1576 (95.7) 869 (94.2) 708 (96.1) 4.23 1 .042
No 82 (4.6) 53 (5.4) 29 (3.8)
Do you think you would be willing to pay for the vaccine even though it was not given
to you for free?
Yes 1083 (65.5) 594 (64.7) 492 (66.6) 1.03 1 .309
No 575 (34.7) 323 (35.5) 246 (33.4)

Table 6 summarizes, the distribution of each perception object regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.
Almost fifty two percent of participants thinking that everybody must have been immunized.
Expansion: Females felt strongly about this over the problem, significantly more than males
(56.9% to 47.9% in favour vs. p = 0.004). people believe that healthcare staff should be
vaccinated prior to helping the elderly and others who are vulnerable (old people, people,
women, and infants) with this elderly and infant formula increase (62% of respondents).
Pakistan's survey results showed that nearly 95% of respondents accepted that vaccination is
highly important for both males and females (94.1% to 96.3%). This assumption may have to be
made about the vaccine due to the unexpected co-sensor effect (89 percent). The results indicate
that only half of the people would keep from catching the COVID-19 virus if everyone would
take steps to keep them from doing so, and another third of the respondents (35 percent) said that
they wouldn't buy the vaccine if it were not provided to the public at no cost.

DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS

The COVID-19 vaccine has also been presented as the perfect cure for halting the current
pandemic. Numerous vaccine candidates have been developed, as well as several clinical studies
have reportedly been published with encouraging results, prompting many countries to approve
new corona vaccines for use in the vaccination campaign. Pakistani Government has begun the
roll-out of COVID-19 vaccinations, giving optimism as a component of pandemic response.
While Pakistan has a plethora of vaccination facilities, because the COVID-19 vaccination
campaign is brand new, there is a question about vaccine availability and approval in this area.
Additionally, the situation raises concerns about the general public's awareness, behaviors, and
expectations about the COVID-19 vaccine and its roll-out. This article discusses the results of
current research that was conducted to determine the level of awareness, attitudes, and
expectations about COV-19 vaccines in Pakistan. The data analysis show the diverse
sociodemographic set attributes effect the KAP about COVID vaccines thus, would be
important in enhancing corona vaccines affiliated to knowledge & healthy educational
campaign.

More than half of the population had insufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines.
Awareness was found to be significantly correlated with schooling, family type, family monthly
income, and prior vaccination experience in this research. Only sex and prior vaccine
administration experience were found to be significantly correlated with attitudes. Notably, the
vast majority (78%) of participants expressed a favorable outlook toward the COVID-19
vaccine. Participants' sex did not affect their knowledge of COVID-19 vaccinations. This result
is consistent with previous research in Pakistan showing that there are no major gender gaps in
COVID-19 knowledge. This result is consistent with findings from Pakistani research on
COVID-19 knowledge (not vaccinations), which indicated that males scored slightly higher on
COVID-19 knowledge than females. These disparities in awareness about COVID-19
vaccinations discovered in our sample may be a result of insufficient government exposure to
evidence or advertising about COV-19 vaccines after the vaccination rollout began. Researcher
concerns about potential COV-19 mortality and incidence under-scraters could diminish vaccine
acceptance or COV-19 coverage in Pakistan. This means that to support community members,
they must be provided with accurate, scientific proof of vaccine knowledge that they can believe
in.

Research tells us that participants with a higher education level have more information about
COVID-19 (combined Immunization 19).  Similarly, it was shown in previous research that
individuals with a higher education displayed greater awareness of COVID-19. It is likely that,
maybe, that people who have more information about health and the activities that affect them,
such as COVID vaccinations.

The study found that children who lived in nuclear families had the same levels of COVID-19.
This previous knowledge of cholera and oral cholera vaccination did not show a connection
with family form in Indonesia a study was done to examine the willingness of the upper
socioeconomic class to receive Dengue vaccinations. Also, in this study done on Pakistani
women found that awareness of the HPV vaccine supports this current theory.

All recipients of CO19 vaccines were found to have more experience in this study.  An
influenza vaccination study from China has shown that those who were vaccinated in the past
were more likely to embrace the vaccine, to show increased immunity to CO19. This can be
explained by prior good experience with vaccines. COVID-19 vaccines were found to be more
prevalent in urban areas. But multiple regression predicted that at most.  This earlier study found
that COVID-19 information is correlated with an urban residence. However, in a more recent
survey, our research revealed that people have good awareness of COV-19 in Pakistan.

This research reveals that a 78% correlation between favorability toward the COVID-19 vaccine
and female. Research from Indonesia discovered that while 85% of the people thought they
should be vaccinated against dengue-inclus, only 54% of them had been vaccinated. Another
research discovered that females were more hesitant to receive COV-19 vaccines than males.
Male participants, on the other hand, were more likely to support the COV-19 vaccine,
according to a study conducted in China. There is a generalized assumption that women are
more receptive to domestic interventions than men, which is interesting because it may help to
boost a national vaccination program. Respondents who had sustained prescribed immunize in
childhood displayed a many beneficial predisposition to accepting our study's findings on COV-
19 vaccines. our results are similar to those found in Hong Kong, which has found that prior
vaccination history is the most influential factor affecting willingness to get the A/H7N9 flu
vaccine.

Fifty-two percent of participants thought that it was the right thing for all Pakistanis to receive
the COV-19 vaccine. Additionally, more than half (61%) of respondents believed that health
care staff should receive the vaccine first. This assumption may be due to the fact that health
care staff are on the front lines when it comes to diagnosing COVID-19 due to their direct
contact with patients. Compared to the general public, frontline health workers had a greater
likelihood of reporting a positive COVID19 result. If they are in contact with the public, there is
an increased risk of the disease spreading quickly within populations as well.
The results of our research are almost identical to a similar study conducted in the US, which
found that 89% of contributors have faith in that the CO19 vaccine discovered in Pakistan has a
possible adverse effect. According to a study conducted in China, 48% of respondents delayed
vaccination until the vaccine's safety was verified, indicating their reservations about vaccine
protection. In light of the pace of vaccine development, some categories of experts and medical
professionals may worry that their patients are not receiving the necessary immunizations on
time. Based on our findings, 95 percent respondents agree that the COV-19 vaccine should be
provided free of charge to Pakistanis.
A different investigation found that those who paid between eleven and nineteen dollars could
still afford the CO-19 vaccine. Furthermore, an Ecuadorian study found that 85 percent of
respondents indicated a willingness to pay for the COVID vaccine. There is a great gap between
the general standard of living in other countries and Pakistan because many Pakistanis have lost
their jobs due to international economic conditions, as a result of COVID-19 lockdowns and
quarantines, contributing to unemployment, hunger, malnutrition, and social unrest, both of
these factors contribute to the general population's limited ability to pay for COV-19 vaccine.
CONCLUSION

According to research, the COV-19 pandemic is responsible for decimating people and spoiling
many lives, but the COV-19 vaccine provides hope. The current research found that Pakistanis
have insufficient information about COVID-19 vaccines but have more favorable attitudes
toward them. The results indicate that respective health authorities should distribute and
advertise immediate health education services and more reliable information. Governments
should implement a strategy to enhance public understanding, optimistic beliefs, help minimize
doubt, and increase the public's belief in the need for the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination
to deal with media fear-mongering and backlash.

LIMITATIONS

This study identifies several factors that should be taken into consideration when evaluating its
findings. Since it was a cross-sectional study, it cannot be argued that the causality is associated
with the regression model's results. A longitudinal research is critical in this regard. Another
weakness of the research was that focused on self-reporting, which could be equally influenced
by societal acceptance and cognitive prejudice. Yet, study was conducted superior to Pakistan's
flock vaccination time, and the results could differ once the vaccination program is introduced.
But this is the first and most comprehensive look at the public perceptions of COVIP vaccines
that exist in Pakistan, and they will need to take into consideration the reality of those they
impact on Pakistani politicians and those who are striving to protect the nation's health from the
outbreak.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

To begin, the authors would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to all respondents
who took part in this study. The authors wish to express their appreciation to all research
assistants.
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