EC221 – BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (Hons) CIVIL (Infrastructure), FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA ,PULAU PINANG

LAB REPORT : OPEN ENDED LAB (LEVEL 3) TOTAL

COURSE CODE & NAME : CEM 472 – MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING MARK (%)

LECTURER NAME : PN.SITI RAHIMAH BINTI ROSELLI

GROUP CEM 472 : PEC 2211A2
DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 19/11/2020 EXPERIMENT NO: 6
10%
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT: ELECTRIC MACHINES

DATE DATE
No. STUDENT ID GROUP MEMBER’S NAME SIGNATURE
SUBMITTED RECEIVED
1. 2020959929 MUHAMMAD LUQMAN AMMAR
2. 2020615306 MUHAMAD AIMAN SYAFIQ
3. 2020845154 MUHAMMAD ZAHIR BIN ZAMRI
10/12/2020
4. 2020853422 NUR HAMISHA BINTI ZAIFUL NIZAM

Instruction to Students (Reminder)

1) Lab report must be prepared after conducting a lab. One (1) week duration is given for lab report (COMPILE) submission after the end of each
level of the open ended lab. Any plagiarism found or not properly cited and late submission, the group will be penalized and marks will be
deducted.
2) Marks are solely based on PO10 Communication. However, students must include all elements according to the respective level of OEL. The actual mark shall
be HALF of the Total mark, if students DO NOT include any element as specified according to the respective level of OEL.

At the end of this laboratory, students should be able to

CO3 Present laboratory findings.
PO10 Ability to impart effectively complex engineering activities through written and/or verbal communications to all levels of society.

Table 1 : Rubric for Communication

RUBRIC MARKS (AFFECTIVE : COMMUNICATION) (PO10)
NO ELEMENT 1-2 / A1 3-4 / A2 5-6 / A3 7-8 / A3 9-10 / A4 Remarks
Written work Written work has Written work has Written work has clear Written work has well-
organizational weak beginning, adequate beginning, and appropriate defined beginning,
structure and development and development and beginning, development development and
1 Structure paragraphing have conclusion. conclusion. and conclusion. conclusion.
serious and persistent Paragraphing and Paragraphing and Paragraphing and Paragraphing and
errors. transitions are also transitions are transitions are also transitions are also clear
deficient. also adequate. clear and appropriate. and distinct.
Written work does not Written work does not Written work has Written work provides Written work provides
cover the assigned do an adequate job of sufficiently cover the in‐depth coverage of comprehensive coverage
2 Content topic, and assertions covering the assigned topic, and assertions the topic, and of the topic, and
are not supported by topic, and assertions are supported by assertions are clearly assertions are supported
evidence. are weakly supported evidence. supported by evidence. by easily understood
by evidence. evidence.
Written work has Written work has Written work is Written work has no Written work almost free
serious and persistent several major errors relatively free of major errors in word from errors in word
errors in word in word selection and errors in word selection and use, selection and use,
3 Mechanics selection and use, use, sentence selection and use, sentence structure, sentence structure,
sentence structure, structure, spelling, sentence structure, spelling, punctuation, spelling, punctuation,
spelling, punctuation, punctuation, and spelling, punctuation, and capitalization. and capitalization.
and capitalization. capitalization. and capitalization.
References Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able organize and Able to organize and
/Appended acknowledge some relevant acknowledge adapt very good adapt substantial
4 Materials references and no references and adequate relevant references with plenty relevant and recent
appended materials several appended references and some appended materials references as well as the
materials appended materials appended materials

TOTAL MARKS

Prepared by : Verify By:

1
 Table 2 : Element of OPEN END LAB
(LEVEL 1)
NO ELEMENT 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 Remarks
Data collected was Data collected is Data collected is relevant Data collected is Data collected is relevant,
Analysis and not relevant and not relevant but not and sufficient to analyze relevant, related to the related to the objectives,
sufficient to analyze sufficient to analyze and interpret objectives and sufficient sufficient to analyze and No mark
1 Interpretation
and interpret and interpret to analyze and interpret accurate interpretation of allocated
of Data
data.
No discussion on the Discussion on the Little discussion on what Description of result is Result and discussion are
meaning of results is very difficult result mean and generally clear. Some clearly stated, through
Discussion experimental results to follow, no implications of results. discussion on what discussion on what results
and very difficult to discussion on the Enough errors are made results mean and mean and implications of No mark
2 follow the discussion meaning of results to be distracting, but implications of results. results. Provide consistently allocated
and information is so some information is No significant errors are accurate information
inaccurate that makes accurate made
the report unreliable
No attempt was made Conclusion is derived Conclusion is good and Conclusion is good and Conclusion is excellent and
to conclude and from the collected and derived from the derived from the derived from the collected
objectives of the lab analyzed data but it is collected and analyzed collected and analyzed and analyzed data and not
were not answered not answering the data and not from other data and not from other from other sources. No mark
3 Conclusion
objectives sources but did not sources and directly Conclusion clearly answers allocated
directly answering the answer the objectives the objectives.
objectives.

Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able organize and Able to organize and adapt
acknowledge some relevant acknowledge adequate adapt very good substantial relevant and No mark
4 References
references references relevant references references recent references allocated

No mark
TOTAL MARKS
allocated

Table 3 : Scientific Enquiry Rubric

Establishing the level of independence and autonomy expected of students to carry out an assessment task
Level of Enquiry Description
The problem, procedure and methods for achieving solutions are provided to the student. The student performs the
0 experiment and verifies the results with the manual
The problem and procedure are provided to the student. The student interprets the data in order to propose viable
1
solutions
The problem is provided to the student. The student develops a procedure for investigating the problem, decides
2
what data to gather, and interprets the data in order to propose viable solutions
A “raw” phenomenon is provided to the student. The student chooses the problem to explore, develops a procedure
3
for investigating the problem, decides what data to gather, and interprets the data in order to propose viable solutions

Table 4 : Elements in a Laboratory Manual

WAYS & COMMON NAME OF DEGREE OF
LEVEL PREAMBLE PROBLEM ANSWERS
MEANS LAB ACTIVITIES OPEN ENDED

0 Given Given Given Given Traditional 0%

1 Given Given Given Open Partially open 33%
2 Given Given Open Open Partially open 66%
3 Given Open Open Open Fully open 100%

2
 CONTENT PAGE

introduction 4

Situation 4

Objective 4

Metrodology 5

Result analysis 6

Discussion 8

conclusion 26

reference 27

3
Introduction

Building transportation has been widespread to the big building such as mall,
airport, hotel and what not as it purpose to enable the guests, employee, and comfortable,
quick and safe move. At the first, the technology called stair used where it upgraded and
renewed to make it energy less and efficient movement to the people. As example of big
building like mall,the most preffered building transportation are elevators, escalators and
travellators.

Elevator can be catogorized as important part nowdays as it is a basic user in

interior design on every building. Elevators or lifts, as they are commonly called, may be a
shape of vertical transport utilized basically to mover between numerous floors found in
high-rises and high rises. These are utilized to transport both individuals and merchandise
from one floor to another. Lifts are moreover seen in huge ships with different decks.

Therefore, escalators also one of the transportation to the building. There is a few
essential setups that are utilized for most common elevator frameworks, they are step type
escalator, wheelchair accessible escalator and levylator. The escalators can be design in 3
layout either crosscriss, multiple parallel or parallel which it function to lift passengers and
could be a power-driven, nonstop moving stairway planned to transport travelers up and
down brief vertical separations. Lifts are utilized around the world to move person on foot
activity in places where lifts would be illogical.

Other than escalator, travellator moreover broadly been requested from the advertise
which is in a perfect world to invigorate the activity of human transporting particularly within
the compact region for distant better development and clearing framework administration.
Common open region incorporate airplane terminal, shopping shopping center, prepare
station, and traveler fascination would be most suggested in advertising this
contemporarily arrangement for the fast development of activity volume by the extended
scale of urban improvement. There are a slight differences between escalator and
travelator. A travelator may be a level, moving sideway, regularly found at an air terminal
or other areas that requires an excessive amount of strolling. An escalator could be a
moving staircase that transports individuals between floors of a building. So a travelator
moves on a level plane. An escalator moves vertically.
4
Situation

Shopping center could be a huge encased shopping zone from which activity is
prohibited. Ordinarily, shopping center was built higher than two floors. Stairs are required
to create beyond any doubt that each floor are associated to each other. So, to form
beyond any doubt that no challenges when human enter the shopping center, the design
construct building transportation framework. For case, in case culminate human come into
shopping center, he or she can utilize stairs or escalator. But, what in case, crippled come
into a mall, he or she can utilize lift or travelator. This can be the critical of why we ought to
construct building transportation framework. Be that as it may, deciding the fitting building
transportation framework is additionally vital so that no other issues will happen.

Objective

What are we point for doing these exercises are to know the figure of choosing the
reasonable building transportation framework for shopping shopping center concurring to
our circumstance. In expansion, by implication moreover for make beyond any doubt that
we as understudies can tell in subtle elements the fundamental components of mechanical
building transportation. Next, to form beyond any doubt that we will portray and illustrate
the operation of building transportation. Final but not slightest, to create beyond any doubt
that we are able look at and select reasonable building transportation framework based on
the pertinent concepts, standards and applications.

Problem statement

These days, lifts, elevators and travelator have ended up an irreplaceable portion of
present day buildings. As the spine of a building, it gives auxiliary back, as well as
guarantee simple get to to the building. Elevator, a power-driven moving staircase, is
outlined to transport travelers up and down over brief vertical separations. Be it elevator,
lift or travelator, the essential reason of these machines is to keep individuals moving in all
regions of open life.

5
 Lifts, elevators, and travelators have ended up a common locate in shopping
shopping centers, metro stations, airplane terminals, and inns to move person on foot
activity. Be that as it may, introducing and keeping up them requires specialized know-
how. Lifts establishment could be a complex and exact handle which must be carried
carefully. Legitimate establishment is fundamental to guarantee ideal proficiency and
compliance with all wellbeing and security benchmarks. So, introducing lift or lift or indeed
travelator in a shopping shopping center, few things ought to be considered such as the
necessity establishment of building transportation framework, the circumstance of client
development, and comfortability of client whereas utilizing the building transportation.

Methodology

In carrying out this action, we chosen to utilize a few strategies to get data and advance
accomplish the destinations of this movement. Among the strategies utilized by our bunch
is to form a visit to a few shopping shopping center to see and recognize more clearly and
precisely almost the building transport framework utilized by a shopping shopping center.
In expansion, to get more data related to the building transport framework is by utilizing
innovation, we surf the web and get the schematic graph on the operational instrument of
building transportation.

RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS

Building Travelator Escalator Elevator/lift

Shopping
centre

Escalator at Pavilion, Bukit Elevator at aeon mall,

Bintang Seremban

6
Supermarke
t

Travelator at Tesco Elevator in Giant

Supermarket

Hotel
building

Escalator at hotel building Elevator at Hotel building

Apartments

Elevator in apartment
building

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Escalator, travelator and elevator is the transportation system that had been used
widely in every type of building according to the building suitability and requirements.
Every transportation system has it own purpose and speciality.

For building such as shopping mall, escalator and elevator is often used as
transportation to transport people to lower or upper floors. In shopping mall, it is always full
of shoppers. Escalator and elevator provide them with an excellent, quick and safe
transportation system. Shopping malls usually are huge and have more floors make it
meet the requirement to install escalator and elevator.

7
While elevator in shopping malls is made for people who are in needs such as disabled
people. The reason why travelator is not installed in shopping mall is because, there is no
use of trolley. Travelator is made particularly for the use of trolley.

In supermarket building, the use of trolley is oftenly used. It is because supermarket

is the place where people buy their basic needs, kitchenware and goods for everyday
routine. Other than that, supermarket building in fact is smaller than shopping mall and
typically has two floors. Travelator is a conveyor transport mechanism that slowly and
safely moves people relatively in short distances [ CITATION Con15 \l 1033 ]. Therefore,
travelator and elevator are the suitable transportation system found in supermarket
building.
For hotel building, the transportation system found are escalator and elevators. Escalators
are found only in several grand and luxury hotel building. Typical hotels usually install
elevators only as transportation system. It is because some typical hotel has limited space,
therefore it is not suitable to install escalators.

Apartment buildings is the major and common building in Malaysia. The need
for apartments arose as cities became larger and populations grew. Urban areas simply
do not have enough real estate for everyone to have a house [ CITATION won \l 1033 ].
Apartment usually has many floors, therefore elevators were installed as transportation
system for people to go to upper and lower floors quickly and safely. Escalator is not made
for apartment in general. It is because, to save cost and due to limited space of an
apartment.

DISCUSSION

building transportation system is very important in public building like mall shopping,
hospital, university, airport, large and high rise building. Among transportation building that
often used like lift / elovator, escalator and travelator.

Elavator / lift

An elevator or lift is a type of vertical transportation device of the building, vessel or

other structure.Typically powered by electric motor that drive traction cables and
counterweight systems like a hoist, although some pump hydraulic fluid to raise a
cylindrical piston like a jack.

8
In this discussion we would like to shared about something about elevator such as how
elevator worked , main compenant in the elevator , and the type of elevator used in the
public building. Before install a elevator , we need to know requirement from Department
Occuputional Safety and health ( DOSH).

How to elevator worked ?

1. The lift car moves in a specially constructed vertical chamber within building
2. The lift car is driven up and down along guide rails by a drive machine which is
connected to an electric motor
3. The direction in which the lift car moves is controlled by a drive controller.
4. The drive controller determines the direction of the car movement according to the
position of the car, the call button and the floor button pressed by the user.
5. When the lift car arrives at a floor where a stop is required, the sensing circuits will
inform the drive controller to stop the car there.
6. After the lift car is stopped, the car door and the landing door open together
automatically.
7. One lift car can transport up to about 20 passengers from one floor to any
8. other floor at one time They are suitable for high rise buildings

Basic Compenant for elevator:

9
 compenant discription
Motor  Located in lift motor room
 On anti-vibrations mounting

Roping  Hight tensile steel ropes driven through

traction sheaves attached to the motor shaft.
System of pulleys and counterweight

Lift door  Required two components fit to the lift car and
to the landing

 Landing doors must be incombustible,

preferably of sheet steel construction over a
light steel framework of about 30 mm overall
thickness.

TYPE
Active Roller  The greatly reduce lateral vibration of
OF
Guide high-speed elevator

 An accelerometer detects car vibration

during the operation and actuators cancel
the vibration with optimally controlled
electromagnetic force.

 Normally located above the well and contain

Motor room
winding gear, traction sheave, control panel,
over speed governor and other components

Car guide rails  It guides the car between the guide rails with-

in the allowance determined by the safety
gear device and the door coupler. When
such roller guides are used, the elevator must
be both statically and dynamically balanced

buffer  The buffer is an apparatus located at the

bottom of elevator designed to protect
people. Buffers can stop a descending car by
accumulating or dissipating the kinetic energy
of the car.

Driving machines  Everything that works under electricity must

have a motor attached for the functioning.
Drive unit is the parts which contain a motor
that drives the lift.

cabin  This is the main part of elevator which is

designed for the shipment of goods and 10
ELEVATOR :

Traction lift:

Traction elevator is powered by an electric alternating current (AC) motor pr direct current
(DC) motor which is coupled to the hoisting mechanism through a reduction gear. The
motion of the car is obtained through traction between the suspension ropes and the
driving sheave. There have two type pf traction lift is geared and gearless traction lift.

1. Geared traction lift:

The geared elevator is made up of a motor that has a gear box attached to it. The main
function of the gears is to power the wheel that moves the ropes. This type of elevator
can travel up to speeds of up to 0.3 m/s. the maximum distance it can travel is 76.2 m.

2. Gearless traction lift:

Gearless elevators don’t have a gear for speed regulation.This explains why they
can move as fast as 10.16 m/s. They are the best option forskyscrapers.

11
Hydraulic lift :

Hydraulic elevators are normally given support by a bottom-placed piston. The purpose is
to push the elevator car up while an electric motor forces hydraulic fluid down the piston.
When it’s time for the elevator to come down, the valve releases the hydraulic fluid from
the piston. This type of elevator is mostly used in 2 to 8 story buildings and can only travel
at a maximum speed of 200 ft per minute. There have many type of hydraulic elevator
such as roped hydraulic elevator,hoseless hydraulic elevator and conventional hydraulic
elevator.

12
Safety device

elevators are very important in a building to facilitate the movement of people from
one level to another. however, the elevator will also have problems. Therefore, each
elevator is fitted with safety devices to prevent any accidents in the elavator. Among the
safety devices installed in the elevator are:

1. alarm bell:
The alarm bell shall sound when the alarm bell button in the car operating panel is
pressed. The bell shall mute when the pressure on the alarm bell button is released.

2. Emergency alarm switches:

An emergency stop for use by maintenance personal shall be provided in each lift car.

3. Overload device:
It triggers the alarm when the rated load of the lift is exceeded.

4. Telephone or intercom button:

can be used when the elevator is in trouble or malfunction. if the victim is trapped in the
elevator can use the telephone intecome buttom to contact directly with the building
management.

13
Escalator

An escalator is a moving staircase a conveyor transport device for carrying people

between floors of a building. It consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps
that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal [ CITATION
Iza15 \l 1033 ]. Escalators can be built in the same physical space that stairs would occupy,
and yet they have the capacity to move larger numbers of people. Except during periods
of heavy traffic, there is generally no waiting time to get on an escalator. It also save
people’s energy to move up and down. Escalators can also be constructed outdoors and
provided with the proper covering in case of bad weather.

Escalators move at approximately 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 ms -1). The maximum angle of

inclination is 30-35 degrees with a standard rise of about 60 feet (18 meters). The
dimension of width of an escalator can be adjusted according to specific demands and
following the suitability of a building.

Working principle:

1. The core parts of the escalator are two chains, which rotate around two pairs of gears.
At the top of the escalator, an electric motor drives the transmission gear to rotate the
chain ring. A typical escalator uses a 100 horsepower engine to turn the gears. The engine
and chain systems are mounted in trusses, which are metal structures that extend from
floor to floor.

14
 Escalator motor use to rotate the gear

All parts is in metal frame, called truss

2. The chain ring moves a set of steps. The steps remain level as the chain moves. At the
top and bottom of the escalator, the steps fold into a platform. This makes it easier to get
up and down the escalator.

15
 Ridges that fold the steps

3. Each step of the escalator has two sets of wheels, which rotate along two separate
tracks. The top gear (wheels near the top of the steps) is connected to a rotating chain and
is pulled by a drive gear located at the top of the escalator. The other wheels simply slide
along the track behind the first wheels.

Two set of wheels on two different tracks

4. The two tracks are separated from each other, so that each step can be kept level. At
the top and bottom of the escalator, the track is in a horizontal position, flattening the
steps. There are a series of grooves inside each step to connect the front and rear steps
during the levelling process.

16
 Horizontal position of wheels at the top of escalator

5. Besides rotating the main link, the motor in the escalator can also move the handrails.
The armrest is just a rubber conveyor belt that circulates around a series of wheels. The
conveyor belt is precisely configured to move at exactly the same speed as the steps,
making the rider feel smooth.

Another gears that moves the handrail

17
Components of escalators

1. Balustrade
The side of an escalator extending above the steps, which includes moving handrail,
interior panel, deck board and skirt guards.

18
 Moving handrail

A handhold that moves along the top of the Balustrade in synchronization

with the steps.
 Interior panel

The major panel portion of the balustrade located below the moving
handrails, made of glass.
 Deck board

A decorative capping member of the balustrade of an escalator, which

continues in the travelling direction
 Skirt guard

The lowest panel within the balustrade, located below the Inner Deck and
adjacent to the steps at a slight gap from the steps.

2. Truss
Assembly of structural steel that supports the weight and load of an escalator.

2-1. Upper machine room / lower machine room

 Control panel

Controls stop/start operation and also supplies electric power to the driven unit.
 Drive unit

A unit to drive the escalator, comprised of electric motor, decelator,

electromagnetic brake, V belt, sprocket, and other components.
 Drive chain

A chain that transmits the drive unit’s power to the drive wheel (sprocket).
 Upper sprocket / lower sprocket

Drive wheels installed at the upper and lower parts of an escalator. The upper
sprocket drives the steps, while the lower sprocket turns the step.

19
2-2. Other Truss parts:

 Main track

A rail to guide the driving rollers.

 Trailing track

A rail to guide the trailing rollers.

 Moving handrail drive unit

A device that indirectly drives the moving handrail at the same speed as the
steps via the moving handrail drive chain.

3. Step
The moving platform on which escalator passengers ride.
 Step Tread

The part of the step where a passenger stands.

 Riser

The upright part of a step.

 Step demarcation line

A yellow line along both sides of a step to demarcate the proper standing area,
thereby preventing passengers from coming into contact with the Skirt guard
and stumbling.
 Driving roller/trailing roller

Each step is linked to the step chains via the step shaft and the wheels. The
front wheel is called the driving roller and the rear wheel is called the trailing
roller.
 Step chain

A chain, located on both sides of an escalator, connecting the steps and driven
by the step chain sprocket.
 Floor plate
The section of the floor plate on which the comb teeth segments are

20
 mounted.
 Comb plate
The section of the floor plate on which the comb teeth segments are
mounted.

 Comb
A section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the step cheats at the
boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects
from getting caught between the moving steps and floor plate.

 Round light
A round light installed on the interior panel at the boarding and landing
areas.
 Comb light
Lighting provided at comb label at the the terimnal ends of an escalator
for increased illumination.

 Under-handrail lighting
Lighting installed under the Moving Handrails (glass panel only).

21
Configuration and layout options of escalators

1.Parallel

2. Multiple parallel

3. Spiral

4. Criss-cross

22
Factors affecting escalators design:

a) Physical requirements
Distance of vertical and horizontal must be considered to determine the
escalator’s actual length.
b) Location
Must located in places that can easily be seen by the public.
c) Traffic patterns
Number of passengers at peak should be estimated. To avoid excessive
bunching, escalators with different direction should be physically separated.
d) Commercial purposes
Sometimes, the side of the escalator is rented for advertisement purposes. A
good layout of escalators will make people easy to notice the advertisement.
e) Aesthetic preferences
Aesthetic preferences is important in order to attract customers. Unique and
various styles of escalators will make a good impression on people.

Travellator

A moving walkway, moving sidewalk, or travelator is aslow conveyor belt that

transportspeople horizontally up tothe practical limitations of about 300 They work in a
similar manner to an escalator. In bothcases, riders can walkor stand. The walkways are
oftensupplied in pairs, one for each direction.They are particularly useful in large railways
and airportsterminals, as well shopping complexes, and may be inclinedup to about 15°
where level differentials occurs.Speed range between 0.6 and 1.3 ms -1, limitations
beingimposed because of the difficulty in getting off. Combine with walking, the overall
pace could be about 2.5ms-1.Materials for travelators must be flexible or elastic andinclude
23
reinforced rubber or composites and interlaced steelplates or trellised steel.The latter two
have the facility to deviate from theconventional straight line.

1. Components and functions of travellator.

a. Top & Bottom Landing Platforms

i. The top platform contains the motor assembly and the main drive gear.
ii. The bottom holds the step return idler sprackets.
iii. Both platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate for the passengers to
stand before they step onto the moving walkways.
b. Truss
i. Carries all the straight track sections connecting the upper and lower
sections.
c. Track
i. Guide the pallets chain.
d. Railing
i. Provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are using the
travellator.
e. Pallets
i. Form a flat moving surface (walkways).
f. Pallets chain

24
 i. Carries pallets and act as a guide chain for the moving pallets.

2. How its work?

a) The travellator usually seen in airports. It moves slowly and has a slow-moving
mechanism that will transport people across over a short to medium distance. This
moving walkways can be used by standing or walking on them. They are often
installed in pairs, one for each direction. It also can be either a horizontal travellator
or an inclined travellator.

Figure 1

Figure 2

25
CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, Building transportation is very important in human movement in a

building. Among the buildings that are often seen In this study each public place different
types of buildig transport type as in the above result box and the results of this study can
also help us in identifying the type of building transport available in public area. The result
of this study is also us in knowing new things in the building transportation system. For
example, how the elevator, escalator and traveler worked and safety deviced featured in
building transportation. Thus can increase their knowledge while studying in the lecture
class.

26
REFERENCE

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https://patents.google.com/patent/US7832543B2/en
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the-modern-world.php
3. Conai, N. (2007). Travelator specification. Retrieved 2007, from https://www.made-in-
china.com/products-search/hot-china-products/Travelator_Specification.html
4. Vintelev. (2017, October 21). Parts of Elevator and Its Function. Retrieved December
13, 2020, from http://vintecelevators.com/parts-elevator-function/
5. A Guide for Choosing the Type of Elevator You Need. (n.d.). Retrieved December 13,
2020, from https://www.vacuumelevators.com/a-guide-for-choosing-the-type-of-
elevator-you-need/
6. Uitm noted chapter :elevator and escalator
7. Lukman, I. (2015, April 28). Retrieved from Building Service Chapter 6:
https://www.slideshare.net/izamlukman/building-service-chapter-
6#:~:text=6.2%20Escalator%20An%20escalator%20is,between%20floors%20of%20a
%20building.&text=Escalators%20are%20used%20around%20the,where%20elevator
%20would%20be%20impractical

8. (2015, April 30). Retrieved from Conor pincus group:

http://www.cpgroup.com.au/escalators-and-travelators-what-are-their-advantages-in-
the-modern-world.php

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