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Theory: Ircuit Diagram Fig - No

The document describes Sumpner's test (also called a back-to-back test) which is used to determine the losses, efficiency, and temperature rise of single-phase transformers under full load conditions. The test connects two identical transformers with their primaries in parallel and secondaries in series opposition to simulate full load on both transformers. Wattmeters are used to measure core losses with the secondaries open and ohmic losses when a voltage is injected to produce rated currents. The transformers are then operated for hours to measure the maximum stable temperature rise under these rated loss conditions.

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111 views3 pages

Theory: Ircuit Diagram Fig - No

The document describes Sumpner's test (also called a back-to-back test) which is used to determine the losses, efficiency, and temperature rise of single-phase transformers under full load conditions. The test connects two identical transformers with their primaries in parallel and secondaries in series opposition to simulate full load on both transformers. Wattmeters are used to measure core losses with the secondaries open and ohmic losses when a voltage is injected to produce rated currents. The transformers are then operated for hours to measure the maximum stable temperature rise under these rated loss conditions.

Uploaded by

ramniwas123
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Sumpner’s Test (Back to Back Test) Single Phase Transformer to calculate losses, efficiency and the

maximum rise in temperature of the transformer during full load.


THEORY

Load test (back to back or Sumpner’s test). A load test on a transformer is necessary if its maximum
temperature rise is to be determined. A small transformer can be put on full load by means of suitable
impedance. But for large transformers, full load test is difficult since it involves considerable waste of
energy and a suitable load, capable of absorbing full load power, is not easily available. However, large
transformers can be put on full load by means of Sumpner’s or back to back test. The Sumpner’s test can
also be used for calculating the efficiency of a transformer, though the latter can be determined accurately
from open-circuit and short-circuited tests.

The back-to-back test on single-phase transformers requires two identical units. Fig. (1) Illustrates the
circuit for two single-phase transformers, where two primaries connected in parallel, are energized at
rated voltage and rated frequency. With secondaries open, the wattmeter W1 records the core losses of
both the transformers. The two secondaries are connected in series with their polarities in phase
opposition, which can be checked by means of a voltmeter. The range of this voltmeter connected Should
be double the rated voltage of either transformer secondary? Zero voltmeter reading (V2 = 0) indicates
the secondaries are connected in opposition. Now if the terminals ab are short circuited, the current in the
secondary would be zero because V2 = 0 and the wattmeter reading W1 remains unaltered. In the case
of voltmeter reads the sum of the two secondary voltages; the secondaries are in the same phase. In
order to bring them in phase opposition, terminals ad should be joined together to result in zero voltage
across Transformer1 & Transformer2.
Reading may vary for different transformer’s.

ircuit Diagram Fig.No (1)


In Fig. (1). It is assumed V2 is zero and the two secondaries are in phase opposition. Now a
voltage is injected in the secondary circuit by means of a voltage regulator, fed from the source connected
to the primaries or from a separate source. The injected voltage is adjusted till rated current flows in the
two series-connected secondaries. By transformers action, primary windings also carry rated current.
Note that the full load current in the primaries completes its path through the main bus bars (shown dated)
and, therefore, the reading of wattmeter W1 remains unaffected. It may be seen that reading of voltmeter
V2 is equal to the sum of leakage impedance drops in both the transformers. The low injected voltage has
given rise to full load currents in primary and secondary windings, there, the full load ohmic losses of both
the transformers are measured by the wattmeter W2 (Fig. If Pc and Psc are the core and ohmic losses in
each transformer, then the reading of wattmeter W1 = 2Pc and that of wattmeter W2=2Pc and that of
wattmeter w2 = 2Psc.

It is seen from above that in Sumpner’s test, even though the transformers are not supplying any
load current, yet full iron- loss occurs in their cores and full ohmic loss occurs in their windings. Net power
input to the two transformers is (2pc+2Psc). If temperature rise of the two transformers is to be measured,
then the two transformers are kept under rated loss conditions for several hours till maximum stable
temperature is reached. If 2 I 0 is the no load current, then for the assumed directions of I 0 and I2, the
primary current of transformer 1 is less (difference of I 1 and I0) than the primary current of transformer 2
(sum of I1 and I0) Therefore the two transformers do not operate under identical conditions - one may have

slightly less temperature than the other.

PROCEDURE

1. Connect V1 , A1 and W1 to their respective sockets on panel diagram.


2. Connect primaries of the both transformers and to the panel diagram on sockets. Also connect
voltmeter V2 marked socket on panel diagram.
3. Now the thermometer to each of the transformers so that rising temperature of both transformers
can be measured.
4. Also connect single phase variac to the input of panel marked A.C. Input.
5. Keep variac O/P at minimum position by rotating knob to extreme anti-clock wise direction
position.
6. Switch on power supply of variac also switch on MCB DP on front panel by moving if it upward
direction.
7. Now increase the voltage applied to the primaries of transformers these are in/ by rotating variac
knob in clock wise direction . Set it to rated voltage i.e. 230V A.C. Read it from voltmeter V1 on
panel.
8. Reading of W1 will be show the core losses of both transformers.
9.. You will see voltmeter to either sum of the O/P of two transformers or it will show zero reading.
Zero reading shows that O/P ‘s of transformers(both) are in opposition. If it will read sum of O/P’s
of two transformers i.e. 400volts (apron). Then interchange the secondary by of any one of the
Transformers i.e. Transformers1 and 2. Now ensure that isolator should be in off position
10. Connect ammeter A2 and wattmeter W2 to the panel circuit socket.
11. Also connect a variac to AC input from regulator terminals on right side of the panel circuit
diagram.
12. Now keep the variac knob at minimum position i.e extreme anti-clock wise.
13. Now switch on the power of regulating variac.
14. Now move the knob of variac in clockwise direction slowly and carefully or that rated currents in
reading of transformers begin to flow that will be shown on ammeter A. It means both
transformers are on full load.
15 Wattmeter’s W2 will show the ohmic losses of both transformers.
Now take reading from both thermometers of an interval 15 mins, till max. stable temp. shown by
thermometer. Note down, that stable reading form both transformers .
It conclude the temperature rise of transformers. There may be a slight difference in the
Temperature of two transformer

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS :

PRECAUTIONS :
1. All meters should be connected in correct polarity .
2. Supply should be switched OFF while making connections.
3. Do not touch terminals on panel while supply is ON .
4. Load should be introduced in steps .
5. Do not exceed beyond rated values .
6. All connections should be tight and clean .

STANDARD ACCESSORIES
1. Thirty Two Single Point Patch Cords for Ineterconnections.
2. Instruction Manual (DOC 2410).

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES

1. Two Nos. of Isolation Transformers 1KVA (Model No. ME 2240).


2. Two Nos. Thermometer 1000C.
2. Two Nos. of Single Phase Variable Auto Transformer 10A (Model No. ME 2303).

Ref. Electrical Machines by P.K. Mukharji and S. Chakravorti


A Text book of Electrical technology by B.L. Theraja

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