Weeks

3–4 Circles and other Related Terms

INTRODUCTION
After going through this lesson, you are expected to derive inductively the relations among
chords, arcs, central angles and inscribed angles; and prove theorems related to chords, arcs,
central angle and inscribed angles.

A circle is an important and useful topic in the study of Grade 10 Math. The circle and its
properties, the parts of a circle and the terms related to it form the core of these lessons.
Relationships among the measures of tangent lines, secant lines and angles in a circle are also
shown through various problems incorporated in the lessons.

DISCUSSION
Learning Task 1
In your answer sheet, use the figure at the right to identify the following:
1. Center
2. Chords
3. Radii
4. Diameter
5. Tangent Lines
6. Secant Lines
7. Central Angles
8. Semi-Circle
9. Intercepted arcs
10. Inscribed Angles

A circle is a set of points on a given plane, which is equidistant from a fixed point called the
center.

The Central Angle – Intercepted Arc

A central angle is an angle whose vertex is the center and whose sides contain two radii. The
measure of a central angle of a circle is equal to the measure of its intercepted arc.
Illustrative Example 1:

The Arc Addition

The measure of the arc formed by two adjacent arcs is the sum of the measure of the two arcs.
Illustrative Example 2:
Inscribed Angle and Its Intercepted Arc
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides contain chords of
the circle. The arc that lies in the interior of an inscribed angle and has endpoints on the angle is
called the intercepted arc.
The measure of inscribed angle is equal to one-half of intercepted arc.
Illustrative Example 3:
If the measure of ∠PEO is 80°, what is the measure of ∠PHO?
Solution: Since ∠PEO is a central angle
m∠PEO = m ^ PO
1
m∠PHO = m∠PEO
2
1
m∠PHO = (80)
2
m∠PHO = 40

Learning Task 2
In your answer sheet, copy and answer:
If m∠UTV = 70, m∠VTY = 92 and mYZ=
^ 88. Answer the following:

1. mUV
^ = _________
2. m∠VTZ = _________
3. m∠UTY = _________
4. mVY
^ = _________
5. m∠UTZ = _________

In the figure, m ^
AY = 105, m ^
RY = 85 and m∠PAR = 35, find:
1. mAP = _________
2. m∠YRA = _________
3. m∠AYP = _________
4. m^
PR = _________
5. m∠RPA = _________

Theorems Related To Chords, Arcs, Central Angles, and Inscribed Angles

1. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their
corresponding central angles are congruent.

Illustrative Example 4:

Given: ∆CAD and ∆BAD are right triangles at A.

Prove: ^ ≅ ^
CD BD

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. ∆CAD and ∆BAD are right triangles at A. Given
 2. ∠CAD and ∠BAD are right angles. From 1, definition of right triangle
3. ∠CAD ≅ ∠BAD All right angles are congruent
4. m∠CAD ≅ m∠BAD From 3, definition of congruent angles
5. m∠CAD ≅ CD
^ The central angle and the intercepted
m∠BAD ≅ ^
BD arc have the equal measure
6. mCD
^ ≅ m^BD From 4 and 5, by substitution
7. CD
^ ≅ ^
BD From 6, definition of congruent arcs

2. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only if their
corresponding central angles are congruent.

Illustrative Example 5:

Given: ´ ≅ CD
AB ´
Prove: ^ ^
AB ≅ CD

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. AB
´ ≅ CD
´ Given
2. Construct ∆ APB and ∆ DPC. By construction and definition of
triangles
3. ´ , BP
AP ´ , DP
´ , CP
´ are radii of ⨀ P. From 2 and definition of radius
4. ´ , BP
AP ´ , DP
´ , CP
´ are congruent. Radii of the same circle are congruent
5. ∆ APB ≅ ∆ CPD By SSS Congruence Postulate
6. ∠APB ≅ ∠CPD CPCTC – Corresponding Parts of
Congruent Triangles are also
Congruent
7. m∠ APB ¿ m∠ CPD Definition of congruent angles
8. m∠ APB ¿ m ^AB The measure of central is equal to the
m∠ CPD ¿ m CD
^ measure of its intercepted arc.
9. m ^ ^
AB ¿ m CD From 7 and 8, substitution
10. ^ ^
AB ≅ CD Definition of congruent arcs

3. In a circle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc with the same endpoints if and only if it is
perpendicular to the chord.

Illustrative Example 6:
E G
Given: EG´ ⊥ FD´
Prove: EG´ bisects FD
´
´ bisects ^
EG FD

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. EG
´ ⊥ FD
´ Given
2. Construct radii EF
´ and OD
´ . By construction and definition of
radius
3. EF ´
´ ≅ OD Radii of the same circle are
congruent
4. ´ ≅ OH
OH ´ Reflexive Property
5. ∠OHF and ∠OHD are right angles. Definition of perpendicular segments
6. ∆ OHF and ∆ OHD are right triangles. Definition of right triangles
7. ∆ OHF ≅ ∆ OHD HL Congruence Postulate
8. ´ ≅ HD
FH ´ CPCTC
9. ´ bisects FD
EG ´ Definition of segment bisector
 10. ∠HOD ≅ ∠HOF CPCTC
11. ^
FG ≅ ^
DG Congruent central angles intercept
congruent arcs
12. EG
´ bisects ^
FD From 11, definition of arc bisector

4. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are supplementary.

The Central Angle – Intercepted Arc
5. The Tangent-Secant Theorem
Given an angle with its vertex on a circle, formed by a secant ray and a tangent ray, the
measure of the angle is half the measure of the intercepted arc.

Illustrative Example 7:
Find the following measures.
^
a. m PR
b. m∠PRS

Solution: a. PR is intercepted by ∠PQR

^
1 ^
So, m∠PQR = 80° = m PR
2
2(80°) = m PR
^
^ = 160°
m PR

b. PR is intercepted by ∠PRS, which is formed by a secant ray and a

^
tangent ray.
1
So, m∠PRS = m ^PR
2
1
= (160 ° )
2
m∠PRS = 80°

6. If two chords intersect within a circle, then the measure of the angle formed is equal to half the
sum of the measures of the intercepted arcs.

Illustrative Example 8:

Given: Chords AD
´ and BF
´ intersecting within ⨀C.
1 ^
Prove: m∠FED = ( m A B+ m ^
FD)
2

STATEMENTS REASONS
1. Chords AD
´ and BF´ intersecting within ⨀
Given
C.
2. Construct chords AF
´ and BD´ . By construction and definition of chords
3. ∠FED is an exterior angle of ∆EAF; ∠ Definition of an exterior angle and its
EAF and ∠AFE are its remote interior. remote interior angles
4. m∠FED ¿ m∠EAF + m∠AFE The remote interior theorem
5. ∠EAF and ∠AFE are inscribed angles. Definition of inscribed angle
1 The measure of the inscribed angle is
6. m∠EAF ¿ ( m ^AB)
2 half its intercepted arc
1 1
7. m∠ FED ¿ (m ^AB) + ( m ^FD) From 4 and 6, Substitution
2 2
1 ^
8. m∠FED ¿ ( m A B+ m F
^ D) By factoring
2
 7. If a tangent and a secant, two secants, or two tangents intersect in a point in the exterior of a
circle, then the measure of the angle formed is equal to one-half the difference of the
measures of the intersected arcs.

Illustrative Example 9:
Find the missing measure.
^ = 110° and m LJ
a. m HJ ^ = 150°
m∠K = ______
b. ^ = 160° and m∠K = 30°
m LJ
^ = ______
m HJ

Solution: a.
1
m∠K = ¿ - m HJ
^)
2
1
= ¿ - 110°)
2
1
= ¿)
2
m∠K = 20°

b.
1
m∠K = ¿ - m HJ
^)
2
1
30 ° = ¿ - x)
2
60 ° = 160 ° - x
x = 100°

EVALUATION
Learning Task 3
In your answer sheet, copy and answer:
Given: ∆ ABC is inscribed in ⨀ D.
Prove: ∆ ABC is a right angle.

STATEMENTS REASONS

1. (1)
Given
AEC + m ^
2. m ^ ABC = 360 ° (2)
3. CA
´ is diameter of ⨀D.
(3)
AEC = m ^
4. m ^ ABC = 180 ° The diameter divides the circle into semicircle.
1 ^
5. m∠ABC ¿ ( m AEC ) (4)
2
 1
6. m∠ABC ¿ (180 ° ) From 3 and 4, substitution.
2
7. ∆ ABC is a right angle. (5)

Learning Task 4
In your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is correct and write FALSE if it is not.

1. Two angles intercepting the same arc are congruent.

2. An inscribed square in a circle separates the circle into four equal arcs.
3. The measure of a central angle is twice the measure of an inscribed angle intercepting
the same arc.
4. An arc has only one central angle intercepting it but several intercepting inscribed
angles.
5. The vertex of an inscribed angle is the center of the circle.
6. When two chords intersect, they intersect at the center of the circle.
7. When two diameters intersect, they intersect at the center of the circle.
8. When two chords intersect at a point on the circle, an inscribed angle is formed.
9. When two chords intersect, the point of intersection is in the interior of the circle.
10. When two tangents intersect at the exterior point of the circle, the intercepted arcs
complete a circle.

Mathematics
Grade 10
Quarter 2, Module 2
NAME: _______________________________________ YEAR & SECTION: ________________