How Systems Work Farming Systems Researc
How Systems Work Farming Systems Researc
How Systems Work Farming Systems Researc
Research Symposium
1987: Abstracts
How Systems Work
Farming Systems
Research Symposium
1987: Abstracts
1987
University Of Arkansas
Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development
Page
Acknowledgments............................................. v
Introduction................................................ vii
Farming Systems Research Paper Series....................... ix
Crop Systems................................................ 1
Macro Systems............................................... 43
Crop/Livestock Systems...................................... 67
Agroforestry Systems........................................ 101
Information and Communication Systems....................... 125
Special Topics.............................................. 155
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Program Committee
v
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INTRODUCTION
Over the past 7 years, many components that affect the farm family
have been researched, identified, and reported. Our knowledge base
has been built upon several foundation blocks: the small farm (1981),
the field (1982), animals (1983), project implementation and
monitoring (1984), methodology and management (1985), and food for
humans and feed for animals (1986).
This year's program is a benchmark in the evolution of the Farming
Systems Research Symposium. Therefore, now is an appropriate time to
review the current body of knowledge that has been generated since the
first symposium was held at Kansas State University in 1981. The
generation and application of that knowledge has been accomplished by
means of the systems approach, which allows characteristics and
operations of farming systems research (FSR) to be presented this
October at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville.
This year's program continues to address two traditional areas — crop
systems and crop/livestock systems — while recognizing three areas
that have been identified by FSR researchers and practitioners as key
components of the farming system — agroforestry systems, information
and communication systems, and macro systems.
Abstract Volume
For ease of use by symposium attendees, each abstract of the paper and
poster sessions in this volume is arranged by subtheme area according
to the day of its presentation, and then arranged alphabetically by
authors. Those papers and poster sessions listed under Special Topics
will be presented throughout the symposium, according to room
availability. All authors' institutional affiliations (at time of
research, as well as currently) and addresses are as accurate as
possible. There have been minor changes in authorship, and paper and
poster titles, between the publication date of this volume, and this
week's symposium.
vii
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FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH PAPER SERIES
Both the abstract and proceedings volumes are part of the Farming
Systems Research Paper Series, and are distributed through Kansas
State University. The Farming Systems Research (FSR) Paper Series was
started at Kansas State University (KSU), with support by the U.S.
Agency for International Development Title XII Program Support Grant.
The goal of the grant was to increase the university's ability to
implement Title XII programs for agricultural and nutritional
development assistance in less-developed countries. The series is
maintained by the FSR Program Associates — a multidisciplinary team of
professors who are aiming their activities at applied research on
farming from a system’s perspective.
ix
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INSECT POLLINATOR AND PEST MANAGEMENT OF
RAPE AND MUSTARD CROPS IN PAKISTAN
1
Rafiq Ahmad and Nasreen Muzaffar
1
Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), National Agricultural
Research Center, P.O. National Institute of Health, D.0. No. 10-
1/83/HRP/NARC, Islamabad, Pakistan.
3
KEYLINE SOIL-FERTILITY DEVELOPMENT THROUGH WATER MANAGEMENT
1
Beth and Eric Ardapple-Kindberg
Fertile soil was built originally by the processes of absorption,
growth, and decay, and such soil resists erosion. A change of methods
from those that extract fertility from the soil to others that absorb
fertility into the soil is the only way to overcome the erosion
problem. Crop production is properly a part of the method for de-
veloping better soil. The continuous processes of progressive soil
development are profitable both from the increase in quality and
quantity of production and in the capital value of improving the land.
Use of the keyline system also reduces production expenses substan-
tially. There now exists a body of principles, techniques, and systems
that can be coordinated in any level of farm production to increase
soil fertility, develop a better soil structure, and increase the
depth of fertile soil within 3 years with no off-farm inputs but lime.
Consistent sustained yields will follow.
The techniques as identified by P. A. Yeomans: 1) Basing management
decisions on a Scale of Permanence. To plan the development and man-
agement of land, the many factors that are involved should be related
in logical order. The planning of one aspect cuts across the others,
so some must have priority. Decisions have to be made on all sorts of
apparently conflicting items of land planning. We need to have an aim
or objective: planning, developing, and managing agricultural lands to
influence and redirect the water runoff patterns. This is "water har-
vesting," the single most important factor in soil fertility and one
that directly affects overall water use and conservation on the
planet. Good water harvesting can eliminate erosion. Planning, devel-
opment, and management decisions are all made according to a scale of
permanence of agricultural factors. The permanence of the effects of
each decision indicates the relative importance of the decision in
planning. This scale is in order of consideration as follows:
climate, land, water, roads, trees, permanent buildings, subdivision,
soil. 2) Seeding legumes, which draw nitrogen from the air into the
soil and draw nutrients up from the subsoil, storing up nutrition for
future cropping. 3) Rotating crops. Those fields having the greatest
fertility are selected for grain or row cropping. Less fertile fields
continue under pasture cultivation and managed mowing and grazing. 4)
Locating rainwater storage ponds above fields for which they can
provide irrigation water. 5) Properly siting narrow strips of tree
plantations to catch the rain and irrigation runoff, bring deep
minerals to the surface, moderate weather's effect on the soil, and
attract cattle away from soft pasture soil during wet weather. 6)
Cultivating pasture parallel to the keyline (a selected contour line).
7) Managing, mowing, and grazing for maximum root growth.
1
Ozark Regional Land Trust, Keyline Project, Bass, Arkansas 72612,
U.S.A.
4
CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BEAN PRODUCTION FOR SUBSISTENCE
FARMERS IN THE FSIP ZONE OF ACTION IN RWANDA
1
Marcie L. Brewster and Lucas D. Parsch
Labor was the largest production input for both types of beans.
Climbing beans showed increases in labor inputs, yields, and profit
over dwarf beans. Neither type of bean enterprise proved to be
profitable for most of the farmers in this study. Beans, however, are
a major food source for these farmers. Efforts to encourage these
farmers to switch to more promising crops for their region should
consider the major role beans play in the local diet.
1
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Agriculture
Building, Room 221, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701,
U.S.A.
5
CROPPING-SYSTEM SELECTION AND SOIL-DEPLETION IMPACTS
1
Leonard L. Bull
__________
1
USDA, Economic Research Service, Natural Resources Economic Division,
1301 New York Ave., N.W., Room 532, Washington, D.C. 20005, U.S.A.
6
TILLAGE AND WEED-CONTROL EFFECTS ON WHEAT
FOLLOWING COTTON, GROUNDNUT, AND MAIZE:
WHEAT-BASED SYSTEM
1
S. S. Cheema and N. K. Misra
1
Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
Punjab 141004, India.
7
EXPERT SYSTEMS AND THE SOIL-PEOPLE INTERFACE
1 2
Carol J. Pierce Colter and Russell Yost
Over the past 4 years, the Tropsoils-Indonesia Project has been
conducting soil-management research using a farming systems approach.
Considerable quantities of social science data have been collected in
the attempt to match people and appropriate soil-management technolo-
gies, We are now trying to capture this information in a rule-based
"expert system" (exsys). The goal is to reflect those aspects of human
life that are relevant to soil management in a way that is more
accessible to policy-makers and researchers in other fields.
The expert system provides the user with choices derived from the
rules and provided by the authors. In our system the choices are
crops that would be appropriate to encourage and other development
activities that seem desirable. A preliminary set of rules (in need
of considerable further refinement) has been developed, building on a
variety of data sets for different Indonesian ethnic groups. Linking
these rules to four observational time-allocation-study data sets is a
next step.
1
c/o Ministry of Agriculture, DG Fisheries, MSFC, P.O. Box 467, Muscat,
Oman; or Agronomy and Soils Department, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu,
2
HI, 96822. U.S.A.
Agronomy and Soils Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI,
96822, U.S.A.
8
ILLUSTRATION OF A METHODOLOGY FOR GRADING LIMITING FACTORS AND
IMPROVING A CROP SYSTEM'S FUNCTIONING
1
Yves Crozat
The study showed that factors that could have been identified as key
constraints from farmers' interviews and data collection did not
really limit yields. Some interactions among the environment, the
techniques, and the plant stand were limiting during certain periods
of the yield elaboration. In addition, it was possible to identify
some optimum states of the plant stand, although a large diversity of
technical itineraries existed.
These data lead to the construction of models used for the design of
new technical itineraries to be tested. During the testing phase, an
analysis of the differences between the results and predictions from
the model is used to improve the design of technologies and the
models.
1
GRET, Groupe de Recherche et D'Echanges Technologiques 213, rue La
Fayette 75010, Paris, France.
9
SOIL-NUTRIENT RELATIONS IN TWO SOIL-TILLAGE SYSTEMS
1
D. R. Duseja and Sam O. Osawaru
Soil analyses show that, relative to areas left in sod for 4 years,
the NT plots contained slightly less N and P, had lower pH, and about
the same K levels. However, the N, P, and organic-matter levels were
still lower in CT compared to NT areas; the K levels did not change.
Herbicide soil-persistence was in the order
linuron>alachlor>metribuzin. Soil herbicide residues tended to be
higher in CT.
Of the nutrients in soybean seed, only nitrogen uptake was enhanced by
NT, reflecting the influence of NT on soil organic matter. In a
related experiment, no fertilizer*tillage interaction was evident as
the K-rate increased from 0 to 4X; increasing K-rates generally
increased the plant uptake of K, Ca, and Mg but not of P. Soybean
response to K above 45 kg/ha was insignificant.
___________
1
Department of Plant Science, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN
37209, U.S.A.
10
MACRO IMPACT OF SOME EGYPTIAN DESERT-FARMING SYSTEMS
1
Kamal S. El-Kheshen and Mamdouh M. Nasr
_________
1
Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima,
Cairo, Egypt.
11
SYSTEMS APPROACH TO CEREAL-MANAGEMENT CONSTRAINTS ASSESSMENT: A CASE
STUDY IN TWO REGIONS OF NORTHERN MOROCCO
1
Abdelfatah Elbehri
The comparison between the two regions and the sampled farmers of each
region have allowed the identification of relationships between
ecological factors (rainfall pattern, soil type, topography) and farm
resources (size, equipment) with types of cultural techniques adopted.
_________
1
Direction de Developpement, Institute Agronomique et Veterinaire
Hassan II, BP 6202, Rabat, Maroc (Morocco).
12
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE CROPPING, FERTILIZATION, AND SOIL COVER ON THE
PLANTAIN VARIETY, TINGO MARIA ISLAND
1
Manuel Flores L.
________________
1
Estacion Experimental Agropecuaria de Tulumayo, Apartado No. 78, Tingo
Maria, Peru 2231.
13
EFECTOS DEL CULTIVO MULTIPLE, FERTILIZACION Y COBERTURAS EN PLATANO
VARIEDAD ISLA TINGO MARIA
1
Manuel Flores L.
_______________
1
Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Tulumayo, Apartado No. 78, Tingo
María, Perú 2231.
14
BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IN FARMING SYSTEMS IN NORTHEAST THAILAND
1
Keith O. Fuglie
This paper reviews recent research activities in the northeastern
region of Thailand that involve biological nitrogen fixation in
farming systems. FSR methods are employed to evaluate some current
research thrusts, namely the development of inoculation technologies
and the development of rice-legume cropping patterns. Prospects of
these technologies are identified for the research policy community.
1
217h C.O.B., Department of Agricultural Economics, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.
15
ROTATION EFFECTS OF MEDICS ON WHEAT YIELDS AND WHEAT
INTERFERENCE WITH WEED GROWTH
1
W. A. Goldstein
1
Michael Fields Agricultural Institute, 3293 Main St., East Troy, WI
53120, U.S.A.
16
HOW SYSTEMS WORK:
THE "GICCI" SYSTEM OF FARMING IN NORTHERN NIGERIA
1
N. A. Gworgwor
1
Department of Crop Science, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069,
Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
17
PATHOGENIC MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AS THE BASIS FOR THE DECLINE
IN PRODUCTIVITY OF LAND WITH MONOCROPPING
1
James W. Hendrix
_______________
1
Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, U.S.A.
18
EFFECT OF SURFACE DISTURBANCE BY CHISELING AND DISC PLOWING
WITH MULCHING ON A CRUSTED SANDY SOIL
1
B. A. Ibrahim and H. Don Scott
1
Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR
72701, U.S.A
19
NUTRIENT CYCLING IN WHEAT-MUNGBEAN-RICE CROPPING PATTERN
1
On-Farm Research Division (OFRD), Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute (BARI), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS),
Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh.
20
PERFORMANCE OF PROMISING CROPPING PATTERNS FOR MEETING
FOOD, FODDER, AND FIREWOOD REQUIREMENT UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
1
On-Farm Research Division (OFRD), Bangladesh Agricultural Research
Institute (BARI), Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS),
Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh.
21
INTERVARIETAL SELECTION METHODS IN INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IN HAITI
1
Sorel Jacques and Robert Bacon
The method has four basic steps. At each stage, the selected
alternatives are compared with the local association.
1
Agronomy Department, Plant Science Building, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
22
INCREASING FARM FAMILY PARTICIPATION IN ON-FARM TESTING
1
Thomas J. Kalb II and John S. Caldwell
1
Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A.
23
CASE FOR BALANCING AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION
IN FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
1
R. N. Kaul
1
Agricultural Mechanization Research Programme, Institute for
Agricultural Research, P.M.B. 1044, Zaria, Nigeria.
24
LABOR MANAGEMENT EFFECTS ON THE RELATIVE PROFITABILITY
OF ALTERNATIVE MILLET-COWPEA INTERCROP SYSTEMS IN NIGER
1 2 3
M. A. Krause, K. Maliki,
4
C. K.5 Reddy,
R. Deuson, and M. Issa
1
Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN),
Départment de Recherches en Economie Rurale (DECOR), B.P. 429, Niamey,
Niger.
2
Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN), Centre
National de Recherches Agronomiques (CNRA), Head of Département de
Recherches en Economie Rurale (DECOR), Maradi, Niger.
3
Niger Cereals Research Project, Institut National de Recherches
Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN), Département de Recherches en Economie
Rurale (DECOR), B.P. 429, Niamey, Niger; Alabama A&M University, Plant
Soil
4
Science Department, Normal, AL 35762, U.S.A.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Krannert Building, West
Lafayette, IN 47907.
5
Institut National de Recherches Agronomiques du Niger (INRAN),
Département de Recherches en Economie Rurale (DECOR), B.P. 429,
Niamey, Niger.
25
ANALYZING THE ADOPTION OF CONSERVATION CROPPING SYSTEMS
IN THE UNITED STATES
1
C. Tim Osborn and Parveen Setia
l
U.S.D.A, Economic Research Service, Resources and Technology Division,
1301 New York Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005-4788, U.S.A.
26
FERTILIZER AND HERBICIDE EFFECTS ON FARMERS'
WHEAT PRODUCTION IN NORTHWEST SYRIA
1
International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
(ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria.
27
RICE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN INLAND VALLEY SWAMPS:
ANALYSIS OF AGRONOMIC DETERMINANTS TO RICE YIELDS
IN FARMER-MANAGED TRIALS
Manuel C. Palada, T. Wakatsuki, N. C. Navasero,
1
Y. S. Chen, and R. Fashola
Inland valley swamps (IVS) are widespread and constitute one of the
largest wetlands in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. In West and Central
Africa, farmers use these valley swamps for rice cultivation in the
wet season and for intensive food-crop production in the dry season.
Rice yields in IVS are largely determined by a complex set of
interrelated physical, biological, and socioeconomic factors. These
factors operate in each agroecological zone and interact with farmers'
traditional rice-cropping systems. One of the reasons for the slow
rate of increase in rice production in West and Central Africa is the
lack of improved technologies suitable for rice-based systems in IVS.
Most improved technologies have been developed for irrigated rice
where water is not limiting and land systems are well developed.
Before improved rice technology can be developed it is important to
understand the con- straints and factors affecting rice yields in IVS.
In 1983 IITA initiated the Wetland Utilization Research Project to
develop low-input soil, water, and crop-management technologies
suitable to existing cropping systems of local farmers in IVS. On-
farm research in agronomy and cropping systems is one of the
components of this project whose objective is to develop and test
improved cropping-system technologies for rice and crops following
rice in IVS. Farmer-managed trials on improved rice varieties were
conducted in 1985 and 1986 to study and describe some agronomic
factors determining rice yields in rainfed rice- based cropping
systems. Variance and simple linear regression analyses of yield data
from 19 farms indicate that factors such as variety, seedling age,
toposequence, water duration, soil fertility, weed control, and simple
paddy improvement are, to varying degrees, associated with rice
yields. Significant contributions of each factor and their
interactions in determining rice yields are discussed. Results of this
study will be useful in designing and developing improved component
and package technologies for rice-based cropping systems suitable for
farmers in IVS.
1
Resource and Crop Management Program, International Institute of
Tropical Agriculture (UTA), Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria.
28
EFFECT OF WHEAT-HARVEST TIMELINESS ON YIELD AND RETURNS
OF DOUBLE-CROPPED SOYBEANS UNDER WEATHER UNCERTAINTY
1 1
Lucas D. Parsch,1 Kalven L. Trice,2
Mark J. Cochran, and H. Don Scott
1
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology (AERS),
University of Arkansas, Agriculture Building, Room 221, Fayetteville,
AR
2
72701, U.S.A.
Department of Agronomy, University of Arkansas, Plant Science 115,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
29
ADOPTION OF IMPROVED COWPEA VARIETIES
IN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN FARMING SYSTEMS
1
Karen E. Parker and Malik Ashraf
1
Food Research Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
U.S.A.
30
HOW CAN SMALL FARMERS INCREASE THEIR MAIZE YIELD IN HAITI?
1
J. Pierre
Many surveys have revealed that Indian corn or maize (Zea mays)
constitutes the most popular crop in Haiti. Various populations of
maize are cultivated at different times of the year at different
altitudes in irrigated and non-irrigated associations. At any time of
development, maize grain constitutes the staple food of the urban and
rural poor. Maize also plays an important role in small-farm animal
production. The maize stalks are used to improve soil structure and
nutrients.
Because of the great importance of maize, many trials have been
conducted to increase its yield; but experience has shown that
attempts to introduce new varieties of maize in areas populated by
small and poor farmers might be very difficult if not impossible. How
then can small peasant farmers manage to increase their corn yields
under Haitian socioeconomic conditions? This study presents partial
results of some methods currently under trial in a small rural
community in Haiti.
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), USAID, B.P.
1634, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
31
SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR DIFFERENT CROP SYSTEMS
1 2
M. M. Rahman and R. N. Mallick
Bangladesh has more than 100 cropping patterns. The major ones, which
involve rice, wheat, jute, sugarcane, pulses, mustard, and potatoes,
are very important for increasing total food production. Selecting an
appropriate crop variety within a cropping system is also very
important to increasing cropping intensity. Experiments were conducted
as superimposed component trials and cropping-pattern trials, changing
varieties at different research sites. In the local-aus-rice/local-
aman-rice cropping pattern, changing local aus rice with the BR1
variety and changing local aman rice with BR11 variety gave 46% higher
yield and 84% higher net return. Similarly, grain yield increased 67%
and net return increased 51% in the aman-rice/boro-rice cropping
pattern. In sugarcane+potato intercropping, replacing the traditional
potato variety with cardinal increased the yield of potatoes by 100%.
The yield of mustard SS-75 was double the yield of the traditional
variety in sugarcane+mustard intercropping. In the B.aus-rice/mustard
and lentil+mustard patterns, SS-75 also gave double yield. In the
B.aus-rice/T.aman-rice/chickpea cropping pattern, replacing the local
variety of chickpea with S1 increased yield by 20%. Kanchan variety
produced 15% to 20% higher yields than Sonalika when used in
wheat/rice, wheat/rice/rice, and wheat/mungbean/rice cropping
patterns. In the B.aus-rice or jute/fallow/lentil+mustard or wheat
cropping pattern, introducing one short-duration mungbean variety,
Kanti, raises the cropping intensity from 200% to 300%. Messages about
these findings are gradually being extended to farmers.
_______________
1
Regional Agricultural Research Station - Bangladesh Agricultural
Research
2
Institute (RARS-BARI), Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh.
Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Ishurdi, Pabna,
Bangladesh.
32
IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS TESTED AT THE JAMALPUR, BANGLADESH
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH SITE
1 1
M. Rahman Khan, H. Rhaman,
2
and N. Vignarajah
The irrigated medium highland is the largest land class and the area
of greatest potential for crop production at the Jamalpur FSR site.
The primary strategy is to bring about improvements within existing
cropping patterns without any drastic changes. The three dominant
cropping patterns in this land class are fallow/transplanted-
aman/boro, transplanted-aus/transplanted-aman/wheat, and transplanted-
aus/transplanted-aman/potato. These cropping patterns cover 65%, 15%,
and 10% of the land class, respectively. Aman is the traditional major
rice crop, usually rainfed and cultivated between August and November.
Boro is timed for January to May, irrigated, always transplanted, and
now becoming the major rice crop with the rapid increase of irrigation
facilities. Aus is also rice, usually rainfed and timed for April to
July.
1
Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur, Bangladesh.
2
Formerly, Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur,
Bangladesh; currently, 27 Rhaasingha Road, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka.
33
LAND-USE INTENSIFICATION BY CROP-BASED FARMING SYSTEMS
IN THE SMALLHOLDER UNITS OF THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA
1
Upatissa Ravindranath Sangakkara
The smallholder farming systems of the dry zone of Sri Lanka are
characterized by highland and lowland allotments of 1.5 ha to 2.0 ha.
While rice is cultivated in the lowlands under rainfed or irrigated
systems, the uplands are generally planted with monoculture plots of
coarse grains, legume root crops, or vegetables to supplement dietary
requirements and incomes. Studies have shown that such monocultures
with low inputs produce low economic returns. This paper presents the
results of a study carried out on farmers' fields to evaluate the
possibility of developing multiple-cropping systems with short-term
crops to suit both rainfed and irrigated or dry-season conditions of the
region. The crop combinations were evaluated on their abilities to
increase production per unit land area when compared to the monocultures,
generate income, and supplement dietary requirements and incomes
during the rainy and dry seasons. The yields of cassava, corn, and
beans planted in the rainy season in mixtures and mono-cultures
indicated greater productivity per unit land area for mixtures (RYT 1).
Income-generating potential was increased because of increased
productivity and costs were reduced because of the reduction in crop
maintenance, especially weed control. Growth of sesame and mungbeans
during the dry season yielded similar results. Thus, the data is
presented in terms of viable cropping systems for smallholder farming
systems in the dry zone of Sri Lanka, the relationships between crops'
resource use and compatibility, and the effect of the environment on
the selected system. Land-use systems are presented in terms of RYT
and LER and the advantages in terms of reduced problems in crop
husbandry and risk aversion.
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri
Lanka.
34
CROPPING SYSTEMS OF HOMESTEADS IN KERALA
1
V. K. Sasidhar
Every house in Kerala, including the huts of poor families, has a bit
of land around it in which a variety of crops are raised. Coconut is
the base crop of these homesteads. A review of research findings on
increasing benefits from physical resources and increasing
productivity in coconut-based cropping systems has been attempted.
Tapioca, elephant-foot yams, bananas (varieties like Robusta, Nendran,
Dwarf Cavendish, Palayamkodan, and Monthan), and pepper (varieties
like Panniyoor-1, Karimunda, and Balankottah) are ideal intercrops.
Planting rice in trenches and tapioca, greengram, sesamum, and sweet
potato in beds between coconut rows can also be practiced profitably
with moisture conservation in the rootzone. Cowpeas and hybrid napier
are successful fodder intercrops. Double-row-planted cocoa is the
ideal tree/spice intercrop in coconut gardens.
1
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Trivandrum,
Kerala 695522, S. India.
35
AGRONOMISTS' APPROACHES TO FARMERS' SITUATIONS
1
Michel Sebillotte
The multiplication of on-farm trials during the last 10 years has not
produced all the expected results, partly because agronomical problems
are usually determined by the development agents rather than by the
farmers themselves. Therefore, farming systems research methodology
has been largely overlooked. But more basically, this observation
raises questions about the role of theory in the practice of agronomy
in regional development programs. In work at the regional level, the
agronomist must produce four types of technical references either in
relation to the stability of the results obtained according to the
circum-stances or to the different levels of organization of the
systems "cultivated field" and "farm." The methodology of the regional
diagnosis and of the building-up of technical references is presented
using one example and one crop (wheat). The central role of theory in
agronomy and of modeling is developed, and the role of statistics is
discussed.
1
GRET, Groupe de Recherche et D'Echanges Technologiques 213, rue La
Fayette 75010, Paris, France.
36
PHOSPHORUS ECONOMY IN CROP SYSTEMS
1
Karampal Singh
1
8/33, PAU Campus, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004,
Punjab, India,
37
ENERGY USE PATTERNS UNDER VARIOUS FARMING SYSTEMS OF PUNJAB:
A CASE STUDY
1 2
Surendra Singh,
3
J. P. Mittal,4
M. P. Singh, and R. Bakhshi
_______________
1
College of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana
2
(Punjab) 141004, India.
All India Coordinated Research Project on Energy Requirements in
Agricultural Sector, College of Agricultural Engineering, Punjab
Agricultural
3
University, Ludhiana (Punjab), 141004 India.
Dow Chemical International, Ltd., c/o 93 National Park, Lajpat Nagar
- IV, New Delhi, 110024 India.
4
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), 141004 India.
38
FSR/E, DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS, AND FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY
AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL IN MALAWI
1
Anita Spring
This paper describes and contrasts the farming systems of male and
female household heads in the country's oldest development project to
discern the technologies that have been offered by the project and
farmers' responses to them. Exogenous and endogenous factors in the
farming system are examined for their impacts on farmers. Although 22
discrete cropping patterns are identified, they can he grouped into
innovative and noninnovative strategies. Male and female household
heads are distinguished by cropping system, labor and consumption
units, stored grain, hectarage, yield, and access to extension
services to determine the factors that contribute to producing and
selling food. The results show that all farmers have similar
agricultural skills and have been influenced by the project in terms
of infrastructure and services, but that discrepancies between male
and female farmers persist in cropping patterns, acceptance of new
technologies, and project benefits (training, inputs, credit). More
female heads are low-resource farmers and more male heads are high-
resource farmers, although both household types are found in all
production categories. The results of two sets of on-farm, farmer-
managed trials (with maize varieties and fertilizers and with soybeans
and inoculant) argue for diverse strategies for low- and high-resource
farmers in a region that is usually described as having a single
farming system.
1
2121 Turlington Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611,
U.S.A.
39
A CEMENT KILN FLUE DUST AS A POTASSIUM FERTILIZER
1
Lyell F. Thompson and Frank Lee Haynes
A cement kiln flue dust (FD), from the Arkansas Cement Corporation's
plant in Little River County, Arkansas, was used in three greenhouse
and three field experiments as a K fertilizer at the University of
Arkansas campus at Fayetteville. This waste by-product contained 24.5%
K, 13.5% Ca, 1% Na, lesser quantities of other elements, and had a
CaCO3 equivalent of 35. The experimental field soil was a Captina silt
loam, a fine silty mesic Typic Fragiudalf, with a -1
surface pH of 5.2
and exchangeable Ca and K values of 687 and 75µg g , respectively.
Surface (Ap horizon) soil from this field was used in the greenhouse
pot tests where rates of K, -1
from either the FD or KC1 fertilizer, were
increased from 0 to 240/µg g and successive crops of Swiss chard
(Beta vulgaris L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and German millet (Setaria
italica L.) were grown. One harvest was taken from the chard and
three each from the oats and millet. Soybean (Glycine max L.), and a
sorghum-sudan hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), with two harvests,
followed by a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.)
mixture, harvested for forage twice, were grown in the field-1
experiments. Rates of K from KC1 and the FD up to 137 kg ha were
compared in the field investigations. The K in the KC1 and FD were
generally equal in value in influencing plant growth, percentage plant
K, and total K uptake from the soil. The K significantly increased
plant growth in about half of the tests and increased percentage plant
P in every test. Total plant uptake of K was doubled to quadrupled by
the high K rates.
1
Department of Agronomy, 113 Plant Sciences Building, University of
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
40
TESTING IMPROVED CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR SMALL FARMERS
IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL
1
Eduardo Zaffaroni and H. H. A. Barros
1
Agronomy Department, Federal University of Paraiba, 58397 Areia, PB,
Brazil.
41
CASSAVA-COWPEA: A CROP SYSTEM FOR ACID AND LOW-FERTILITY
SOILS IN TABASCO, MEXICO
1
J. L. Zuñiga and V. H. Gonzalez
This research was carried out from 1979 to 1986, with the objective of
finding a crop system for farmers who own small land areas with acid
and low-fertility soils in the State of Tabasco, Mexico. Trials of
the cassava-cowpea crop system were carried out to determine planting
date, topological distribution, varieties, and fertilizer rates. The
results helped us determine the following formula for production:
Cassava is planted 1.20 meters within rows, and 0.80 meters with
plants. Between every two rows of cassava two rows of cowpea are
planted at distances of 0.40 meters and 0.20 meters between plants.
Both crops are planted simultaneously during November and December.
Cassava "sabanera" variety and cowpea "carita" variety must be used.
Fertilization is carried out by applying 60-120-60 kg in "espeque" to
cassava and 30-90-00 in band to cowpea, respectively, 30 and 10 days
after planting. Cowpea is harvested 3 months after planting and two
cuttings are required. Cassava might be harvested 8 months after
planting. Once cowpea has been harvested, the cowpea plants must be
uprooted, otherwise they compete with the cassava. This crop system
has several benefits for the farmers the soil is intensively
exploited, farming labor and economical risk are diminished, soils are
protected from erosion, food production is diversified, monetary
incomes are increased, and cowpea commercialization allows the farmer
to refund production expenses of both crops partially or totally.
1
Centro de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico.
42
43
Blank Page in Original
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF SHIFTING
FARMING SYSTEMS IN SRI LANKA
1
Fredrick A. Abeyratne and Daniel B. Taylor
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A.
45
MARKETING ASSESSMENT OF COFFEE
1
Buenaventura C. Adriano and Arnulfo Mateum Mascarinas
1
FSR&DP, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, San Agustin, Pili,
Cams. Sur, Philippines.
46
A FARMING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF COTTON PRODUCTION IN THE HAUT-ZAIRE
REGION OF ZAIRE; THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE PRICE POLICIES
1
Glenn C. W. Ames and Tonyemba Ossamba
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, 315 Conner Hall, University of
Georgia, Athens, GA, U.S.A.
47
THE RECYCLING RATIO: A TOOL FOR FARMING SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
1
George H. Axinn and Nancy W. Axinn
The ratio can be used to compare farms from place to place at the same
time or to compare the farming systems in a given place as they change
from time to time. It can illustrate the extent to which farms shift
from self-sufficient subsistence units to market-oriented commercial
units. Low-input agriculture tends to have a higher recycling ratio
than high-input agriculture. Highly specialized farming systems tend
to have lower recycling ratios than mixed farming systems. Other
potential uses of the ratio are also described in the paper.
_______________
1
Department of Resource Development, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824-1222, U.S.A.
48
INFRASTRUCTURE UTILIZATION BY RURAL HOUSEHOLDS OF HARYANA, INDIA
1
Revathi Balakrishnan and Anne R. Coveney
1
Department of Family Resource Management, Ohio State University, 1787
Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43221, U.S.A.
49
ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONING OF CHILEAN PEASANT FARMING SYSTEMS
1
Julio A. Berdegue, I. Nazif, X. Quezada, S. Gonzalez,
M. Díaz, and R. García
A. Technical dimension
1. Weekly detailed description of production tasks and practices
2. Identification of linking variables, i.e., those systemic
components that have direct and simultaneous effects over two
or more subsystems
3. Farm and community layouts and diagnosis of the organization
and use of land, vegetation, water, and farm infrastructure
B. Cultural dimension
1. Peasant's decision-making structure
2. Peasant's technological-demand structure
C. Economic dimension
1. Monthly and subsystem economic and financial analysis,
including monetary and nonmonetary transactions
2. Identification of targets of opportunity and bottlenecks from
the points of view of technological innovation, labor use,
family income, and food production
________________
1
GIA, Ricardo Matte Pérez 0342, Providencia, Santiago, Chile.
50
GOVERNMENT TRACTORS, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, AND
THE FARMING SYSTEM IN SWAZILAND
1
John J. Curry
1
Swaziland Cropping Systems Research and Extension Training Project,
Malkerns Research Station, P.O. Box 4, Malkerns, Swaziland.
51
MACRO ANALYSIS OF CROP/LIVESTOCK INTERSYSTEM
PATHWAYS TO SUPPLY PROTEIN FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
1
James R. Dickey
_______________
1
Winrock International, P.O., Box 6083, Gulshan, Dhaka-12, Bangladesh.
52
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION:
MACROECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MICROECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1
Wilmer M. Harper, Rossana C. Alvarez,
and Hilda L. Claros-Quiñonez
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Box 3169, New Mexico State
University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, U.S.A.
53
IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY: METHODOLOGY AND TEST CASE
1
Reed Hertford, Judith Snow,
Howard Elliott, and Eduardo Trigo
Results from the Panama case study confirm the utility of the
methodology. Both because of the comprehensiveness of the ATM system
concept and the fact that the methodology systematically tests
hypotheses concerning system performance against production data,
findings bearing on needs for system improvement were more all-
inclusive, objectively based, and conclusive than had an assessment
been conducted of technology-generating activities using the
traditional approach of expert judgments formulated by an external
review team of consultants.
1
Cook College/Rutgers University, P.O. Box 231, New Brunswick, NJ
08903, U.S.A.
54
SUPPORT OR SUBVERSION: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FSR/E
AND TANZANIA'S AGRICULTURAL POLICY OBJECTIVES
1
Larry S. Lev and Ann L. Shriver
________
1
Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A.
55
THE DIACHRONIC APPROACH TO FARMING SYSTEMS IN TANZANIA
1
J. L. Paul and G. G. Hadjivayanis
1
Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3094, Morogoro, Tanzania.
56
OPERATING WITHIN THE SYSTEMS
THE INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT OF FSR/E PROJECTS
1
Susan V. Poats
1
3028 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, FSSF, Gainesville, FL 32611,
U.S.A.
57
OPERATION FLOOD AS A MACRO SYSTEM
1
V. L. Prasad and V. M. Rao
1
National Institute of Rural Development, R'Nagar, Hyderabad, 500 030,
AP, India.
58
MARKETING STRUCTURE AND INTERRELATION
AT A CROPPING SYSTEMS SITE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1
N. F. C. Ranaweera, R. R. Gonzaga,
and N. T. Palma
1
Agricultural Economics Department, IRRI, P.O. Box 933, Manila,
Philippines.
59
MARKETING AMD FARMING SYSTEMS IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE:
THE CASE OF POTATOES
1
Gregory J. Scott
1
International Potato Center, P.O. Box 5969, Lima, Peru.
60
CHARGING FOR PUBLIC IRRIGATION SERVICES:
IMPLICATIONS FOR FARMERS
1
Leslie E. Small
1
Agricultural Economics, Cook College, Rutgers University, New
Brunswick, NJ 08903, U.S.A.
61
AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EXTENSION LINKAGES IN HAITI:
A PRAGMATIC FSR/E APPROACH
1
R. Swanson, M. Bertelsen, and S. Hilaire
________________
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), Damien Offices,
MARNDR, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
62
MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS OF AN AFRICAN FERTILIZER CRISIS:
WHEN FERTILIZER DID NOT ARRIVE IN THE GAMBIA, 1985
1
Joachim von Braun and Detlev Puetz
______________
1
International Food Policy Research Institute, 1776 Massachusetts
Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, U.S.A.
63
FARMING SYSTEMS IN THE FOREST:
AGRICULTURAL POLICY ON PUBLIC LANDS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1
Eva K. Wollenberg
Agricultural policy and farming systems research have not kept pace
with the rapid spread of farming on public land in recent years. The
land shortage in the private sector of some countries has encouraged
lowland farmers to migrate to more marginal, hilly, yet unoccupied
areas such as public forest lands. There is consequently a need for
public land policy that addresses 1) the concerns of agricultural
productivity, equity, and rural development and 2) the more traditional
concerns of forest- and water-resource conservation. This paper asks
the question: To what extent does agricultural policy on private lands
apply to public lands? The nature of existing agricultural policy on
forest lands is examined in detail for the Philippines.
1
Department of Forestry, 145 Mulford Hall. University of California,
Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A.
64
HOW GOVERNMENT FARM PROGRAMS DISCOURAGE SUSTAINABLE CROPPING
SYSTEMS: A U.S. CASE STUDY
1
Douglas L. Young and Walter G. Goldstein
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Washington State University,
Pullman, WA 99164, U.S.A.
65
Blank Page in Original
67
Blank Page in Original
INFLUENCING SMALLHOLDER ANIMAL PRODUCTION THROUGH ON-FARM RESEARCH:
EXPERIENCE FROM INDIA AND PAKISTAN
1
P. Amir
________
1
Winrock International, Route 3, Morrilton, AR 72110, U.S.A.
69
A STRATEGY FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO CROP/LIVESTOCK-
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN SELECTED REGIONS OF MOROCCO
1 2
Roger E. Banner,
1
Paul Bartel 1
Charles W. Gay, and Dale L. Nolte
1
Department of Range Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-
5230,
2
U.S.A.
Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32608, U.S.A.
70
CROP/LIVESTOCK INTERACTIONS IN BANGLADESH:
NUTRITION AND DRAFT POWER
1
David Barton and David Gibbon
1
School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich
NR4 7TJ, U.K.
71
SHEEP PRODUCTION FROM INTEGRATING LIMITED INTENSIVE
PASTURES WITH RANGELAND IN SOUTH AFRICA
1
David I. Bransby
1
Forage-Livestock Management, Department of Agronomy and Soils, Auburn
University, Auburn, AL 36849-4201, U.S.A.
72
QUANTIFYING AND VALUING THE JOINT PRODUCTION OF GRAIN AND
FODDER FROM MAIZE FIELDS IN NORTHERN PAKISTAN
1 2
Derek Byerlee and Muzaffar Iqbal Bhatti
Different methods were used to value green and dry fodder. The total
value of fodder production was found roughly equivalent to the value
of grain production. This research has not only helped change
recommendations so that they are more appropriate to farmers but have
also fed back important criteria for development of maize varieties
that meet farmers' grain and fodder needs.
1
The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico;
Animal Science Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre,
Islamabad,
2
Pakistan.
Animal Sciences Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
(PARC), P.O. 1031, Islamabad, Pakistán.
73
CROP/LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN STA. BARBARA,
PANGASINAN, PHILIPPINES
1 1
Arsenic D. Calub Domingo B. Roxas,
2
and Virgilio R. Carangal
Ex ante evaluation showed rice crops to yield 3 t/ha. Rice straw and
weeds, which comprise the bulk of livestock feed, could only support
the present stocking rate of one animal unit per hectare at a
productivity of less than 0.2 kg/day for growing and (or) fattening
cattle. These cattle are reared 1 to 2 years for total live-weight
gains of 60 kg/year. A year-round feed profile showed the following
average daily feed offered to cattle (kilograms as fed): rice straw
5.6, weeds 7.4, leucaena leaves 0.4, corn stover 0.1, rice bran 0.2,
and salt 0.01. Estimated daily nutrients supplied by the feeds were
3.17 kg total digestible nutrients (TDN) and 0.38 kg crude protein
(CP).
________
1
Rice Farming Systems Program (RFSP), International Rice Research
Institute
2
(IRRI), P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
Rice Farming Systems Program (RFSP), P.O. Box 933, Manila,
Philippines.
74
AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OP SELECTING GRAZING SYSTEMS
FOR FORAGE-FED BEEF
1
James A. Duffield and Bill R. Miller
Unstable grain prices and increasing consumer demand for lean meat
have led researchers to study the production and marketing of beef fed
more forage and less grain. Little research has been conducted on
these topics because consumers in the past demanded grain-finished
beef with appreciable amounts of fat.
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Room 301, Conner Hall,
University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, U.S.A.
75
PARTITIONING POULTRY-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS INTO
RECOMMENDATION DOMAINS
1 1
Thomas R, Fattori, F, B. Mather,
2
and F, E. Hildebrand
1
Poultry Science Department, Mehrhof Building, University of Florida,
Gainesville,
2
FL 32611. U.S.A.
Food and Resource Economics, 2126 McCarty Hall, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
76
THE HOMESTEAD IN FSR:
STRATEGIES AND EXPERIENCES FROM BANGLADESH
1
Robert E. Hudgens, M. Z.2 Abedin,
and M. H. Khan
1
Rural Route 9, Greenbriar, Apt. D-l, Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A.
2
National Coordinated Farming Systems Research Programme, BARC, Dhaka-
15, Bangladesh.
77
A SYSTEMS MODEL FOR SOUTHERN U.S. FARMS
1
Winrock International, Route 3, Morrilton, AR 72110, U.S.A.
78
INTEGRATION OF IMPROVED PASTURES IN SMALLHOLDER
DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
1 2 3
Doyle M. A. Kalumbi, C. C.
4
Mayo, , Thomas E.5 Gillard-Byers
C. Mhango, and A. W. Kayange
Farmer participation and acceptance was excellent. The links that have
been developed among the adaptive-research team, the range and
pastures commodity group, extension personnel, and the farmer have
resulted in a successful application of farming systems methodology.
Two of the major constraints facing the crop/dairy-livestock farming
system in KADD may be reduced by this cooperative research program.
1
Kasunga Agricultural Development Division, P.O. Box 92, Lilongwe,
Malawi.
2
Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State University,
Manhattan,
3
KS 66506, U.S.A.
CID/MARE Project, Adaptive Research Coordinating Unit, Chitedze
Research Station, Box 158, Lilongwe, Malawi.
4
Pasture Commodity Group, Chitedze Research Station, Box 158, Lilongwe,
Malawi.
5
Adaptive Research Program, Dowa East/West Agriculture Development
Project, Box 11, Mpoela, Malawi.
79
A BIOECONOMIC SIMULATION MODEL OF BEEF, FORAGE, AND
GRAIN PRODUCTION IN WESTERN CANADA
1 2
K, K, Klein and B. H. Sonntag
1
Department of Economics, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge,
Alberta, Canada T1K 3M4.
2
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, Saskatchewan,
Canada.
80
THE NEPALESE SAMUHIK BHRAMAN APPROACH TO ON-FARM RESEARCH
PRIORITIZATION, COORDINATION, AND EVALUATION
1 2
S. B. Mathema,2 M. P. Panth, 3
R. C. Hawkins, and D. L. Galt
The Cropping Systems Program (CSP) began in Nepal in early 1977 and by
1980 had spread to six sites, ranging from the Tarai to the Mid Hills.
Relatively quickly, improved technologies were identified for the
Tarai, were extended by a production program to farmers in similar
areas, and now cover 100,000 ha in the Tarai and a few Mid Hill
districts.
1
Soclo-Economic Research and Extension Division (SERED), Khumaltar,
Lalitpur, Nepal.
2
Farming Systems Research and Development Division (FSRDD), Department
of
3
Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Agricultural Research and Production Project (ARPP), Socio-Economic
Research and Extension Division (SERED), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal.
81
PATTERNS OF CHANGE IN A CROP/LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEM
1
Keith M. Moore and Kay Decker Turner
1
Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
74076, U.S.A.
82
LABOR AVAILABILITY AND USE IN CROP/LIVESTOCK
FARMING SYSTEMS IN WESTERN KENYA
1
Adrian W. Mukhebi, Tom W. Conelly,2
Luke A. Oyugi, and Henk Knipscheer
1
SR-CRSP, P.O. Box 252, Maseno, Kenya.
2
Winrock International, Route 3, Morrilton, AR 72110, U.S.A.
83
RISK-RETURN TRADEOFFS OF BEEF-FORAGE PASTURING SYSTEMS
UNDER WEATHER AND PRICE UNCERTAINTY
1 1
Lucas D. Parsch, W. Michael2
Watts,
and Otto J. Loewer
1
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Agriculture
Building, Room 221, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701,
U.S.A.
2
Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, 101 Agricultural
Engineering Building, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
84
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS:
POULTRY -- A CASE STUDY
1 2
V. L. Prasad and V. M. Rao
1
Centre for Micro Planning, National Institute of Rural Development,
Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, India.
2
National Institute of Rural Development, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500
030, India.
85
EFFECTS OF MANURE APPLICATION HATE ON ORCHARDGRASS
ALFALFA HAY COMPOSITION
1
Jerry M. Rakes
Manure from a dairy lot was applied at 100 tons/acre and 10 tons/acre
prior to sowing Boone orchardgrass and Victoria alfalfa. Manure was
incorporated during soil preparation; Soil was predominantly Pickwick
silt loam, well drained, red subsoil, 1% to 3% slope. Captina silt
loam and Johnsbury silt loam were also present in the experimental
field. Average pH and percentage of organic matter after manure was
applied were 7.53 and 2.12 for 100-ton treatments and 7.55 and 1.95
for 10-ton treatments. Average pounds per acre after manure
application for the 100-ton treatment were phosphorous 160+, potassium
873, sodium 873, and magnesium 240. Average pounds per acre for 10-ton
treatment were phosphorous 157, potassium 348, sodium 97, and
magnesium 160. Heavy application of manure increased organic matter
by 0.17% and decreased pH by 0.02. The 10-ton treatment yielded 2.43
tons/acre; the 100-ton treatment yielded 2.85 tons/acre. Proximate
analyses of 10-ton-treatment hay were protein 10.44%, ether extract
4.87%, crude fiber 30.31%, and ash 8.43%. Analyses of 100-ton-
treatment hay were protein 12.36%, ether extract 5.15%, crude fiber
29.09%, and ash 9.03%. Yield was consistently higher with the higher
level of manure applications in all three cuttings. Unfavorable
weather lowered the average yield below that for normal years. Cattle
waste can be used to increase yields if it is balanced with limited
commercial fertilization. No adverse effects were detected in plant
growth or nutrient composition. Application at the highest
experimental rate is not recommended.
1
Department of Animal Sciences, 104 Animal Science Building, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
86
BROILER LITTER/MILO AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR STOCKERS GRAZING RYE:
EFFECT OF STOCKING RATE AND LITTER/FORAGE INTERACTION
1
Rich Russell and Jerry Van Dyke
Annual rye is a cover crop for peanut land in the Wiregrass region of
Alabama. The rye can be grazed for approximately 100 days a year
during the grazing season. The objective was to determine stocking
rate for this land if a 70% TDN mixture of broiler litter and milo is
offered ad libitum to stocker steers. Forty-two steers were assigned
randomly to seven treatment groups of six steers each. Stocking rates
ranged from 3.1 to 10.5 steers/ha at 1.9-steer/ha increments. Control
treatments were 3.1 steers/ha without supplement and steers in drylot
fed only supplement. Initial live weights averaged 208 kg. The trial
lasted 104 days. The average daily gain (ADG) was 0.68 kg/day for
steers in drylot, 0.79 kg/day for the 3.1 steers/ha without
supplement, and 1.47 kg/day for the steers with supplement. This
demonstrated a significant biological supplement/forage interaction
(LSD = 0.26 at P = 0.05). Supplement intake by grazing cattle was
approximately half that of cattle in drylot. For supplemented grazing
cattle, ADG response
2
to
3
stocking
2
rate(s) was ADG (kg/day) = 1.04 +
0.79S - 0.42S + 0.053 (R 0.9998 and P<0.1 for all regression
parameters). Gain
2
per3 hectare
2
(G) was described by the model G = -1209
+ 2733S - 873S + 99S (R = 0.9996 and P<0.1 for all regression
parameters). Supplement intake (7.5 + 0.6 kg/day was not affected by S
(P = 0.18). Supplement2 consumed per gain (C) increased with increasing
S (C = 2.82 + 1.40S; R = 0.92 and P<0.5 for regression parameters).
Income over feed cost per hectare was not significantly affected by S
but tended to plateau after 4.9 steers/ha. It was concluded that 5 to
6 steers/ha is the most profitable stocking rate for stockers
supplemented with litter/milo while grazing rye.
1
Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
36849-4201, U.S.A.
87
A SIMULATION MODEL OF ALTERNATIVE BEEF-PRODUCTION
SYSTEMS FOR THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
1 2
Rich Russell and Jerry Crews
1
Department of Animal Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849-
4201,
2
U.S.A.
Department of Agricultural Economics, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
36849-4201, U.S.A.
88
USE OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS AS RUMINANT FEED
IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS
1
M. Saadullah
1
Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University, Mymensingh,
Bangladesh.
89
INCORPORATION OF WATER-BALANCE LOGIC INTO
A SELECTIVE GRAZING MODEL
1 1 2
H. D. Scott, J. Costello,
1
C. J. 3West,
O. J. Loewer, and L. Parsch
The computer model GRAZE was modified to account for daily variations
in soil water and its effect on forage productivity. The soil/water-
balance logic modified the predicted yields and growth of forages such
as bermudagrass and tall fescue. Comparisons were made of the new and
old versions of the model on a 5-year data set obtained under field
conditions. Significant improvement was found in the ability of the
new version to approximate crop growth over the previous version of
the model, which contained no water-balance logic. Simulation of
forage growth using 25 years of weather in Arkansas showed that
significantly different results would be predicted by the new version
of the model. These results translated to differences in predicted
stocking rates and animal performances. Selected boundary years that
had either dry or wet growing seasons will be used to demonstrate the
predictive ability of the models.
1
Department of Agricultural Engineering, 101 Agricultural Engineering
Building,
2
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
Department of Agronomy, Plant Science 115, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville,
3
AR 72701, U.S.A.
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, 221
Agriculture Building, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701,
U.S.A.
90
INTERACTION OF DUAL-PURPOSE GOATS WITH
SUBSISTENCE CROPS AND WEEDS
1
P. P. Semenye, L. Musalia, K. 2Otieno,
M. Onim, and H. Fitzhugh
1
Dual-Purpose Goat Production Systems Project, P.O. Box 252, Maseno,
Kenya.
2
Winrock International, Route 3, Morrilton, AR 72110, U.S.A.
91
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION:
INTRODUCING OXEN CULTIVATION IN ZAIREAN FARMING SYSTEMS
1
Lianabo Simba
1
Projet National Manioc, B.P. 11635. Kinshasa 1, Zaire,
92
A FARMING SYSTEMS APPROACH TO AN INTERVENTION
IN LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY:
RESULTS FROM PANAMA TRIALS
1 2
James R. Simpson and Michael Sands
1
Food and Resource Economics, 1113 McCarty Hall, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
2
Rodale Institute, 222 Main Street, Emmaus, PA 18049, U.S.A.
93
CROP RESIDUES AND BY-PRODUCTS IN ANIMAL FEED
1 1
Odie T. Stallcup.
2
D. W. Kellogg, 3
P. Chairatanayuth, and L. B. Daniels
The use of crop residues and by-products in animal feed has been an
important area of research at the University of Arkansas. Alkali
treatment of rice straw increased DE from 1,683 Kcal/kg (control) to
1,704 Kcal/kg (5% NaOH) to 1,963 Kcal/kg (5% NaOH + hemicellulase).
Treatment with 30% water and 3% anhydrous ammonia increased dry matter
digestibility (DMD) from 48.6% to 57% in wheat straw; 44.9% to 55% in
rice straw; 1.7% to 13.9% in rice hulls; 32.4% to 41.9% in peanut
hulls; 19.1% to 28% in cottonseed hulls; and 40.4% to 52.1% in soybean
straw. Grain sorghum stalk residues harvested when grain moisture was
30% averaged 7.2% protein (CP) and 64.8% TDN; residues from stalks
harvested when grain moisture was less than 15% averaged 4.9% CP and
50.2% DMD; weathered stover averaged 5.3% CP and 46.1% DMD. The
addition of urea to wheat straw increased TDN from 45.1% to 55.1% when
fed to steers. Soybean mill run (SMR) averaged 16.2% CP and 67.6% TDN
in digestion trials. A trial conducted with lactating cows resulted in
milk production of 15.8 kg/cow/day and 16 kg/cow/day, respectively,
when SMR made up 15% and 40% of the concentrate fed. In a wintering
trial, steers fed protein supplement plus cottonseed hulls (CH), SMR,
CH + 0.9 kg corn/day, and SMR + 0.9 kg corn/day gained 32.3 kg, 81.8
kg, 55.9 kg, and 91.4 kg in 168 days, respectively. Cotton field
refuse, rice mill feed, cottonseed hulls, and rice bran have been used
in maintenance and growing diets and perform satisfactorily when
properly supplemented. Fattening steers have performed well when
broiler-house litter made up 25% of the diet, and beef cows have
performed well when litter made up 80% of the diet. Cannery refuse,
wood by-products, corn gluten feed, grape pomace, peanut skins, cane
bagasse, and cotton-gin trash have been studied also. In this paper
the authors will summarize, in a form useful for models and systems
analysis, the available data on crop residues and by-products.
1
Department of Animal Sciences, 104 Animal Science Building, University
of
2
Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
Animal Sciences Department, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
3
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
AR 72701, U.S.A.
94
ALTERNATIVES FOR IMPROVING THE USE OF THE LABOR FORCE
IN SMALL PRODUCTION UNITS IN THE MEXICAN TROPICS
1
S. Uribe, A. Turrent, R. Camacho,
and N. Estrella
1
Centro de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, México.
95
METHODOLOGIES AND STATISTICAL DESIGN FOR ON-FARM TRIALS WITH CATTLE
1 2
N. Vignarajah and M. Rahman Khan
1
Formerly Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh;
currently
2
27 Rhaasingha Road, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka.
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh.
96
FEEDING UREA-TREATED STRAW TO LACTATING COWS
1 2
N. Vignarajah, M. Rahman
2
Khan,
and G. Moula
1
Formerly Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh;
currently 27 Rhaasingha Road, Colombo 6, Sri Lanka.
2
Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh.
97
TRENDS OF CHANGE IN A FARMING SYSTEM IN THE
EASTERN HIGHLANDS OF ETHIOPIA:
THE LIMITS OF CROP/LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION
1
Hervé Wibaux
This paper is based on results from the FSR project carried out with
French assistance at the Alemaya University of Agriculture in the
Ethiopian Eastern Highlands.
1
Groupe de Recherche et D'Echanges Technologiques (GRET), 213, rue La
Fayette 75010, Paris, France.
98
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT WITHIN A MIXED FARMING
SYSTEM IN THE SEMIHUMID TROPICAL REGION OF MEXICO
1
J. Zuñiga, A. Turrent, S. Uribe,
N. Francisco, R. Camacho, and N. Estrella
1
Centro de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Chapingo, Mexico.
99
Blank Page in Original
101
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SOLVING THE FOOD-SHORTAGE PROBLEM IN THE HUMID TROPICS
THROUGH AGROFORESTRY
1
Akinola A. Agboola
Research so far seems to show that the present farming systems need to
be further improved. Nevertheless, the capacity of these systems to
incorporate animal husbandry and fit into the existing cropping system
would go a long way toward solving food shortages in the humid
tropical forest zone.
1
Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
103
NITROGEN ECONOMY IN A LEUCAENA/SORGHUM AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
1 2
Martha E. Avery and David Rhodes
The supply of food, fodder, and fuelwood in the arid and semiarid
tropics is inadequate to meet the demand. In many regions this has led
to increased cultivation of marginal lands and a shortened fallow
period in traditional agricultural systems. To increase productivity
and conserve or restore site fertility, agroforestry systems including
plants capable of symbiotic nitrogen fixation are used. Direct
evidence of advantages from intercropping with nitrogen-fixing plants
is limited. Several authors suggest that nitrogen-fixing plants must
be under stress for significant nitrogen transfer to occur. There is a
need to define the productive potential and increase the biological
efficiency of these systems so farmers and other land managers can
choose efficient systems to meet specific goals.
1
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University,
Lafayette, IN 47907. U.S.A.
2
Department of Horticulture, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN 47907,
U.S.A.
104
USE OF SYSTEMS MODELING FOR AGROFORESTRY DEVELOPMENT
IN THE SOUTHERN UNITED STATES
1
Evert K. Byington and R. D. Child
1
Vinrock International, Route 3, Morrilton, AR 72110, U.S.A.
105
AN INVESTIGATIVE REPORT OF ON-FARM ALLEY-CROPPING TRIALS
IN EAST AND CENTRAL NIGERIA
1 2
Fields Ashley Caveness and Wolfgang Vogel
IITA has been conducting on-farm trials on alley cropping in the Zaki-
Biam area of Benue state. ILCA also has on-farm trials on alley
farming and feed gardens in Mgbakwu village in Anambra state. Both
areas are examined to give a systems status report, analysis of
reasons for adoption or rejection, and recommendations for further
research.
The five original on-farm trials established by IITA in Zaki-Biam in
1980 through 1982, experienced difficulties due to the establishment
of leucaena hedgerows at 2-m intervals. The method of land preparation
in the area is to create large ridges and heaps. The 2-m hedgerow
intervals, combined with lateral roots of the leucaena, restrict the
ability of farmers to prepare the soil. All new trials are being
established at 4-m intervals to avoid this problem. Farmer interest in
the alley-cropping system is primarily based on fertility needs. They
have little knowledge of potential uses of the system for animal feed,
firewood, or construction. Access of farmers to IITA information and
advice is limited and needs to be improved. Further research on the
lateral-root problem is needed. The impact and potential of the system
used for women needs to be studied.
A nearby state farm employs many local farmers as laborers and could
be considered as a site for alley-cropping demonstration plots. From
this may ensue agreement between family members to try the system on
their communally owned and cultivated land in outlying areas of
Mgbakwu village.
1
2220 Q Street, Lincoln, NE 68503, U.S.A.
2
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), P.M.B. 5320,
Ibadan, Nigeria.
106
THE POTENTIAL NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SOME TROPICAL
BROWSE SPECIES FROM GUANACASTE, COSTA RICA
1
330 Morrison Hall, Department of Animal Science, Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY 14833, U.S.A.
107
DEFORESTATION AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY:
AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
1
Simeon K. Ehui and Thomas W. Hertel
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN 49707, U.S.A.
108
AGROFORESTRY POTENTIAL IN TRANSMIGRATION AREAS OF INDONESIA
1 2
Carl L. I. Evensen, Russell
3
S. Yost,
and Sholeh
1
TROPSOILS Indonesia, University of Hawaii, 2500 Dole Street, Honolulu,
HI 96822, U.S.A.
2
Agronomy and Soil Science Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu,
HI
3
96822, U.S.A.
Center for Soil Research, Jalan, IR. H., Juanda, No. 98, Bogor,
Indonesia.
109
AN INTEGRATED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM:
FRUITS, FORESTS, AND GRASSES
1
Manuel Flores L.
This paper examines the potential for exploiting the Peruvian forests,
which make up 15%, or 19 million hectares, of the country's total
surface area. This study takes maximum advantage of the natural
resources of a specific land area by integrating agricultural and
forestry activities. A complete randomized block design was used, with
3
a factorial arrangement of 2 x 3 repetitions, in a total area of 1.44
ha.
Research components:
fruit species: Matisia cordata
Inga edulis
forest species: Cedrelinga catenaeformis
Aspidosperma macrocarpum
1
Agricultural Experiment Station of Tulumayo, P.O. Box 78, Tingo Maria,
Peru.
110
SISTEMA INTEGRADO AGROSILVOPASTORIL:
FRUTAL-FORESTAL-PASTOS
1
Manuel Flores L.
Componentes en estudio:
especies frutales: Matisia cordata (Zapote)
Inga edulis (huaba)
especies forestales: Cedrelinga catenaeformis Ducke (tornillo)
Aspidosperma macrocarpum Mart (Pucaquiro)
1
Estación Experimental Agropecuaria de Tulumayo, Apartado 78, Tingo
Maria, Perú.
111
GRAZING AND OVERSTOCKING EFFECTS ON
PINE GROWTH AND STEER PERFORMANCE
1 2 3
V. L. Ford, J. M. Phillips,
4
G. L. Wheeler,
5
R. J. Colvin, and R. W. Farham
Pine timber and beef cattle are two major enterprises in southwest
Arkansas, and are often combined in a dual-management system. Loblolly
pine (Pinus taeda L.) was planted in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea
Schreb.) or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) at 2.4 m x 3 m
spacing (1,344 trees/ha). Grazing was begun at three stand ages: 1
year, 2 years, and 3 years after planting. A grazing intensity of one
steer per acre (2.4 steers/ha) was used on each pasture. The Bermuda-
grass was used as the summer pasture, and the tall fescue was used as
the winter pasture. Mortality and damage to the first-year plantation
were severe. Although mortality was not high, seedlings of the second
year suffered height reductions and multiple tops due to grazing
damage. Tree mortality was minor and height growth was not affected by
grazing during the third year. In addition to quality and growth
reductions in trees, steer weight gain was negligible on either
pasture. Refined stocking rates of both trees and cattle are needed to
make agroforestry in pine plantations a successful option.
Demonstrations such as this have shown producers both the benefits and
problems of this management system.
1
University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Route
3,
2
Box 258, Hope, AR 71801, U.S.A.
University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Route
4,
3
1113 W. 16th St., Hope, AR 71801, U.S.A.
Horticulture and Forestry Department, University of Arkansas,
Fayetteville, AR 72701, U.S.A.
4
University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Route
1,
5
Box 21, Hope, AR 71801, U.S.A.
University of Arkansas, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Route
2, Box 79Aa, Hope, AR 71801, U.S.A.
112
ALLEY CROPPING EASTERN BLACK WALNUT
1
Harold E. Garrett, J. Jones, and W. Kurtz
The concept of growing farm crops and trees together on the same land,
commonly referred to as agroforestry, is emerging as an important
means of achieving less destructive, and more productive, use of land.
An 11-year study at the University of Missouri has demonstrated that
eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is ideally suited to
agroforestry practices due to its value (wood and nuts), its short
growing season (typically 90 to 135 days), and its unique root
morphology (deep rooted with few roots near the surface). Agroforestry
management with black walnut entails initial plantings at wide
spacings (40' x 10') to accommodate the biological needs of intercrops
while providing an adequate number of trees to fully occupy the site.
Black walnut's compatibility with certain grasses, grains, and other
crops allows alternative management options not possible with other
species of trees. Field plantings (over 300 acres) of soybeans, and
winter wheat with eastern black walnut in the Stockton, Missouri, area
yielded an average over the first 5 years of 24 bushels and 41 bushels
per acre of cropland, respectively, on an upland site and 32 bushels
and 41 bushels, respectively, on a bottomland site. Yields declined
over the second 5 years due to increased shade. Our research
indicates that certain forage species perform well in walnut shade and
are ideal for replacing row and (or) specialty crops when shade
reduces their yields.
1
School of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildlife, University of Missouri,
Columbia, M0 65211, U.S.A.
113
UNDERSTANDING INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AND ITS
APPLICATION TO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS RESEARCH
1
Michael A. Gold and Larry Tombaugh
1
Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI
48824-1222, U.S.A.
114
USE OF ETHNOECOLOGY IN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS RESEARCH:
AF TECHNOLOGY AND PEST-MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN KENYA
1 2
Luis Malaret and Dianne E. Rocheleau
1
University of Nairobi, Department of Zoology, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi,
Kenya.
2
Formerly ICRAF; currently Ford Foundation, Box 41081, Nairobi, Kenya.
115
EXTENSION OF ACACIA ALBIDA TECHNOLOGY IN CHAD:
TEN YEARS AFTER
1
Michael L. McGahuey
1
Chemonics International, Suite 200, 2000 M Street, Washington, D.C.
20036, U.S.A.
116
THE ORGANIZATION OF HOUSEHOLD LABOR IN AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM
1
Mary Ann Pollisco-Botengan
1
Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
74076, U.S.A.
117
AN EVALUATION OF AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM FOR MARGINAL
UPLAND SMALL FARMS IN THE TROPICS — A CASE STUDY
1
Upatissa Ravindranath Sangakkara and H. H. Ratnayake
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri
Lanka.
118
SUGGESTED GUIDELINES AND CRITERIA FOR THE EVALUATION OF
SMALL-SCALE AGROFORESTRY PROJECTS
1
James Robert Seyler
This proliferation of projects implies the need for some form of simple,
objective, and systematic evaluation methodology in order to determine
which projects are effective and why, which projects should be modified,
and which should be dropped for lack of impact. Unfortunately,
evaluation methodologies currently available are either too complex, or
too costly, or have difficulty in melding the natural, sociopolitical,
and cultural dimensions necessary for a "constructive" assessment of a
particular project.
1
Department of Forestry, 126 Natural Resources, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A.
119
IDENTIFICATION OF LAND USE SYSTEMS IN THE FOREST ZONE
OF CAMEROON: AGROFORESTRY INTERVENTIONS
1
J. Tonye, R. Ambassa-Kiki, and M. Sanghou
The forest in Cameroon covers mainly the South, Central, East, and
Littoral Provinces. The soils in the area are mostly red ultisols with
low base saturation. The main shade trees in cocoa fields are those
with no commercial value (Musanga cecropioides), those with high wood
quality (Terminalia superba), and those used for their wood and their
fruits (Baillonella toxisperma).
Existing land-use practices comprise fallow, home-garden, and cocoa
systems. The fallow system is characterized by very long fallow (more
than 10 years), long fallow (5 to 9 years), and by short fallow (2 to
4 years). The home-garden system is characterized by small, free-
ranging stock; small food-crop farms, and a lack of crop-species
diversity. Most cocoa farms are poorly shaded and have poor soil
fertility.
1
Institute of Agronomic Research, P.O. Box 2067, Yaounde, Cameroon.
120
IDENTIFICATION DBS SYSTEMES D'UTILISATION DES TERRES DANS LA
ZONE FORESTIERE DU CAMEROUN: INTERVENTIONS AGROFORESTIERES
1
J. Tonye, R. Ambassa-Kiki, and M. Sanghou
______________
1
Institut de la Recherche Agronomique, B.P. 2067, Yaoundé, Cameroun.
121
IMPACT OF IMPROVED AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE AMAZON REGION:
PRELIMINARY RESEARCH FINDINGS
1
Jorge E. Uquillas
Results thus far indicate that adoption rates are relatively high
among colonist settlers, but vary according to length of stay in the
region. After 2 1/2 years of on-farm trials, there is some evidence of
a positive impact of improved technologies on soil fertility, as well
as in pasture and livestock production. But more time is needed to
assess the full socioeconomic impact of these modified agroforestry
systems.
__________
1
Fundación Ecuatoriana de Investigación Agropecuaria, Casilla 10569,
Sucursal de Correos #4, La Luz, Quito, Ecuador.
122
KILIMANJARO AGROFORESTRY — A MODEL FOR EAST AFRICAN HIGHLANDS
1 2
G. H. Weaver and Aku O'Ktingati
1
School of Forestry Research, P.O. Drawer FR, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, U.S.A.
2
Faculty of Forestry, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3009,
Morogoro, Tanzania.
123
FIELD STUDIES ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF ALLEY SHRUBS
IN THE HIGHLAND REGION OF RWANDA
1 2
Charles F. Yamoah, Ron K. 3Grosz,
and Egide Nizeyimana
1
Rwanda Farming Systems Research Program (FSRP), B.P. 625, Kigali,
Rwanda.
2
Formerly Rwanda Farming Systems Research Program (FSRP), B.P. 625,
Kigali, Rwanda; currently 1833 N, Quesada, North Quesada Street,
Arlington,
3
VA 22205, U.S.A.
Formerly Rwanda Farming Systems Research Program (FSRP), B.P. 625,
Kigali, Rwanda; currently c/o Thomas J. Bicki, Department of Agronomy,
Turner Hall, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South
Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801, U.S.A.
124
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CHARACTERIZING FSR/E COMMUNICATIONS IN BANGLADESH
1 2
James H. Bemis and Peter Thorpe
1
Winrock International, Communications Department, Route 3, Morrilton,
AR
2
72110, U.S.A.
No. 3, Wesley Crescent, Shifnal, Shropshire, TF11 9AQ, United Kingdom.
127
IMPLICATIONS OF NATIONAL SURVEY DATA ON APPLIED
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
M. Bertelsen, R. A. Swanson,
1
and Q. Grafton
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), Damien Offices,
MARNDR, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
128
GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM/CRIES HAITI
MICROCOMPUTER SLIDE SHOW
D. Brown, M. Bertelsen, 1
R. Swanson, and C. Hypollite
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), Damien Offices,
MARNDR, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
129
GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED CROP-TRIAL RECORDS:
A CASE STUDY
1 1 2
D. Brown, M. Bertelsen, and A. Chatterjee
This paper describes the ADS-II database system in detail, using the
database we have recently established to maintain the records of rice
trials in the Les Cayes Plain of Haiti to illustrate the practical
utility of the system. We briefly describe the system's hardware and
software configuration to provide an understanding of the fixed costs.
We then introduce the crop-trial database. Discussion includes the
establishment of the database, data analysis, and production of output
products. The paper concludes with some speculation on the utility of
similar databases in other situations.
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), Damien Offices,
MARNDR,
2
Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Agronomat de Cayes, B.P. 9 Les Cayes, Haiti, West Indies.
130
FARMING SYSTEMS AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS:
A PHILIPPINES CASE STUDY
1
Royal D. Colle and Clifford Scherer
1
Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853,
U.S.A.
131
THE USE OF COMMUNICATION AND INDIGENOUS INNOVATION
IN DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES:
A CASE STUDY OF TIMIKA, IRIAN JAYA, INDONESIA
1
Carolyn D. Cook
1
Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA
99164-4910, U.S.A.
132
COMMUNICATION LINKAGES TO FORM A WATER-USER
ASSOCIATION IN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
1
Bernard L. Delaine
1
Burundi Small Farming Systems Research (Burundi S.F.S.R.), B.P. 1540,
Bujumbura, Burundi.
•
133
THE ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGIES AMONG SMALL FARMERS
IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
AN INFORMATION-SYSTEM APPROACH
1
T. Durant and R. D. Christy
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A.
134
THE RESEARCH DIMENSION OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
IN THE COASTAL PLAIN
1
John W. English
1
c/o School of Journalism, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602,
U.S.A.
135
DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH IN A NEW ZONE OF PLAN PUEBLA, MEXICO
1
N. Estrella and F. Escobedo
When Plan Puebla started 20 years ago, its main objective was to
increase corn production in the region. To accomplish that objective,
on-farm research was carried out. Extension workers promoted the new
technology with the farmers and with the local institutions to supply
the required services. As a consequence of the success of this
approach new zones have been added to the original region. One of
these new zones is "CADER-Atlixco" (Support Center for Rural
Development-Atlixco). This zone is quite different from the original
region of the Plan Puebla. To gather information about this new
region, diagnostic research was carried out during the fall and winter
of 1986. The research was carried out by technicians working in the
region, with advice from professors of the Graduate School of
Chapingo. The results obtained showed that it is possible to gain
knowledge about the region and about farmer circumstances in a short
length of time. The results of the research show the main constraints
to increased crop production. Some constraints are 1) planting dates
and crop varieties for corn, 2) diseases in horticultural crops, 3)
lack of credit for horticultural crops, 4) high numbers of farmers to
be served by extension agents, and 5) existence of crops for which
technology is not available. The main findings of the diagnostic
research were included in this year's program of activities of both
agronomic researchers and extension agents.
1
CEICADAR, Apartado Postal 1-12, La Libertad, Puebla, Mexico.
136
AN EXPLORATION OF THE ROLE OF EXTENSION IN PLANNING,
DESIGN, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION OF AN FSR/E PROJECT:
EXPERIENCES FROM SOUTHCENTRAL VIRGINIA AND BEYOND
1 2
Michael L. Joshua and John Caldwell
1
Bureau of Economic Research and Development, Virginia State
University,
2
Box W, Petersburg, VA 23803, U.S.A.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
24061, U.S.A.
137
APPLICATION OF EXPERT-SYSTEMS CONCEPTS FOR
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
1
Harbans Lal and R. M. Peart
1
Agricultural Engineering Department, Rogers Hall, University of
Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A.
138
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGERIAL GUIDELINES FOR STRENGTHENING
THE INTEGRATION OF ON-FARM AND EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH:
LESSONS FROM NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEMS
1 2
Deborah M. Merrill-Sands and Stephen D. Biggs
1
International Service for National Agricultural Research (ISNAR), P.O.
Box
2
93375, 2509 AJ The Hague, Netherlands.
University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, U.K.
139
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS SONDEO IN TWO ZAIRE SUBREGIONS
The purpose was for team and project staff to assess the knowledge
level and specific agricultural subject matter needed by the
organizations and project staff working directly with farmers.
Findings were to form a basis for specific training to be offered by
the project to the staff of the organizations within the region.
Available resources were scarce: the team used minimal funds for per
diem expenses, and had no project vehicle support. Local
transportation in the sparsely populated region was used exclusively.
The data prompted a second sondeo in another region using the same
methods and a similar questionnaire-discussion format. The information
was used as a basis for developing specific training for the staff of
the organizations.
1
Projet Recherche Agronomique Appliquee et Vulgarisation, B. P. 11635,
Kinshasa 1, Zaire.
140
IMPACT OF DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY ON STRENGTHENING
INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES — BURUNDI EXPERIENCE
1
Menuyellet Moussie
1
Burundi Small Farming Systems Research (Burundi S.F.S.R.), B. P. 1540,
Bujumbura, Burundi.
141
COMMUNICATION ALTERNATIVES FOR FARMING SYSTEMS:
A MULTI-PHASE PLANNING MODEL
1 2
Rosalie Huisinga Norem and Eric A. Abbott
1
Iowa State University, 166 LeBaron, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.
2
Department of Journalism, Room 204B, Hamilton Hall, Iowa State
University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A.
142
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT AS AN AID TO
AGRICULTURAL POLICY FORMULATION IN AFRICA
1
William Asenso Okyere
The paper argues that African agricultural policy suffers from a lack
of information, and discusses how a good information system can be put
together.
1
Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER),
University of Ghana, P.O. Box 74, Legon, Ghana.
143
IMPACT ANALYSIS OF CROPPING-SYSTEMS RESEARCH IN SELECTED COUNTRIES
The study will highlight policy measures that are required to ensure
that the new technology benefits the farmers by providing them with
stable crop-production alternatives.
1
Agricultural Economics Department, International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI), P.O. Box 933, Manila, Philippines.
144
LISTENING ABILITIES AND THE COMMUNICATION OF INFORMATION
AMONG GROUPS OF AGRICULTURAL EXPERTS IN PERU
1
Hernan Rincon
1
Training and Communications, International Potato Center, P.O. Box
5969, Lima, Peru.
145
QUANTITATIVE LAND EVALUATION OF LAND-USE TYPES AND FARMING SYSTEMS:
THE CRIES PROJECT SYSTEMS APPROACH TO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
1
Gerhard E. Schultink
1
302 Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
48824, U.S.A.
146
FSR AND THE DANGLING /E:
EXTENSION, INFORMATION FLOW, AND THE FARMING SYSTEMS APPROACH IN NIGER
1
Frederick W. Sowers and Kabo Ousseini
1
Ministry of Agriculture, PCN, B.P. 10583, Niamey, Niger.
147
HAITI GEOGRAPHICALLY REFERENCED WATERSHED-SYSTEMS RESEARCH:
A SOCIOECONOMIC APPLICATION
R. Swanson, D. Brown, 1
M. Bertelsen, and C. Hypollite
1
Agricultural Development Support II Project (ADS-II), Damien Offices,
MARNDR, Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
148
USING MICROCOMPUTERS TO ORGANIZE AND PRESENT CONTEXTUAL DATA
1
William E. Tedrick
1
230 Special Services Building, Texas A&M University, College Station,
TX 77843, U.S.A.
149
EVALUATION RESEARCH:
AN IMPERATIVE FOR FSR/E METHODOLOGY
1 2
Janis K. Timberlake, Thomas
3
Kalb,
and Barbara Wyche
1
Department of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University,
2
Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A.
Department of Horticulture, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University,
3
Blacksburg, VA 24061, U.S.A.
Bureau of Economic Research and Development, Virginia State
University, Petersburg, VA 23803, U.S.A.
150
AGRICULTURAL KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND TARGET CATEGORIES IN FSR/E
1
Mahinda Wijeratne
However, now it has been realized that the farmers' resources play a
substantial role in the process of knowledge use. Therefore, in
addition to agroecological zones, the resources available to the
farmers should also receive prime attention in the process of
development and dissemination of innovations. Therefore, even within
the agroecological zones, target categories have to be identified. The
concept of AKS and target categories provide vital contributions to
the FSR/E paradigm, especially for its knowledge-dissemination
components.
1
Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture,
University of Ruhuna, Mapalana, Kamburupitiya, Sri Lanka.
151
USING "EXPERT SYSTEMS" ON MICROCOMPUTERS TO AID
FARM MANAGEMENT AND POLICY DECISIONS
1
Karin Wisiol
1
Karin Wisiol & Associates, 614 Indian Road, Glenview, IL 60025, U.S.A.
152
THE RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION AGENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
1 2
Phyllis E. Worden and Patrick J. Ludgate
The purpose of the study was to gather information about the problems
of recruiting and retaining agricultural extension agents in
developing countries. The researcher interviewed 41 students/scholars
at Colorado State, representing 38 developing countries.
1
Cooperative Extension, 203 Administration, Colorado State University,
Ft.
2
Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A.
Department of Vocational Education, Colorado State University,
Ft. Collins, CO 80523, U.S.A.
153
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HOW SYSTEMS WORK AT THE FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH
SITE AT KALIKAPUR IN BANGLADESH
1
Z. Abedin, M. A. Islam, M. F. Islam,
and R. N. Mallick
_________
l
OFRD - RARS - BARI - Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh.
157
UNDERSTANDING HOW A FARMING SYSTEM WORKS
FOR THE PURPOSE OF A BASIC FSR ANALYSIS:
IDENTIFICATION OF RESEARCH PROJECTS IN ZAIRE
1
C. Bartlett, L. Simba, N. Diankende, K. Kassongo,
L. Landu, N. Mbula, and O. Osiname
_________
1
Programme National Manioc, BP 11635, Kinshasa 1, Zaire.
158
INTEGRATION OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
THROUGH MULTIDISCIPLINARY TEAM TRAINING
1
John S. Caldwell and Marilyn S. Prehm
1
301E Saunders Hall, Department of Horticulture, VPI & SU, Blacksburg,
VA 24061, U.S.A.
159
COMPLEMENTARY METHODS FOR INTEGRATING INTRA-HOUSEHOLD
DYNAMICS INTO CROP/LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS
1
Hilary Sims Feldstein, Janice Jiggins,
and Susan Poats
__________
1
RFD 1, Box 821, Hancock, NH 03449, U.S.A.; Population Council/FSSP
Case Studies Project.
160
A PRODUCER-SUPPORTED ON-FARM RESEARCH PROGRAM
ON VEGETABLES IN PANAMA
1
Mark L. Gaskell and Esteban Sanchez
1
Rutgers University, USAID/Panama, Agency for International
Development, Washington, D.C. 20523, U.S.A.
161
RECONCEPTUALIZING THE RURAL HOUSEHOLD: A BASIS FOR IMPACT
MODELING OF DONOR ASSISTANCE IN AGRICULTURE
1
Natalie D. Hahn, Lily Ohiorhenuan,
and Anthony Ikpi
1
Crop and Resource Management Program, IITA, Oyo Road PMB 5320, Ibadan,
Nigeria.
162
NUTRITIONAL STATUS INDICATORS: THEIR USES IN FARMING
1
Gail G. Harrison
1
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85724, U.S.A.
163
INTEGRATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1
Paul Kleene and Vincent Dollé
How does one link research and development? How does one meet the
needs of rural communities and farms, and their economic and social
organizations? How does one elaborate and spread pertinent social and
technical innovations integrating the variability of the environment
and the national and international constraints? These are three
questions, among others, that research and development is dealing with
now.
Starting from field operations, farmers, development agents, and
scientists study specific problems to help farmers master the changes
that are necessary to the progress of their agriculture. This approach
consists of three guidelines, although the actual procedure may vary
for individual cases:
- The analysis of farmers' problems should be discussed during
group meetings. This implies an understanding of the mechanisms
and dynamics of agrarian and farming systems.
All these actions are aimed toward producing results that are of
direct relevance to development. Right from the start, they are
carried out with the farmers, who are the main actors in their own
development.
1
DSA-CIRAD, Ave. du Val de Montferand, B.P. 5035, 34032 Montpellier
Cedex, France.
164
THE SONDEO APPLIED TO PERENNIAL CROPS:
RESULTS FROM FRUIT GROWERS WITH WOODLANDS
The literature on the rapid survey or "the sondeo" revolves around its
use with farmers producing primarily annual crops. Examples from the
literature on the application of the approach to perennial crops are
few. In this paper, we report on the use of the rapid-survey technique
with farmers producing perennial crops: fruit trees and forests. As in
the traditional sondeo, a multidisciplinary team was used to meet with
the farmers and identify their goals, resource limitations, problems,
farm enterprises, off-farm activities, etc. As part of this process,
it was necessary to find out about the nature of the stands of fruit
trees and woodlands. To accomplish this, it was frequently necessary
to spend time carrying out a "rapid survey of these" in order to
assess their potential and the manner in which the perennials were
integrated into the farm operation. A two-phase sondeo was developed.
First, the team met with the farmer and discussed the nature of the
farm operation and how it was merged with the household. Second, the
team carried out a second visit in which the tree plantations were
inspected to determine the age, variety, and management of the fruit
trees. Additionally, the woodlands were inspected to determine the
different stands and to assess the possibility of managing the
woodlands for economic returns with the other ongoing farming
activities. In the study area, woodlands are frequently seen not as a
resource to be used but as something filling the spaces between
fields. When this perception was confirmed during the initial contact
with the farmers, we decided that team members would have to see the
forests to determine what management options might be open to farmers.
This paper reports on how the two-phase sondeos were developed, how
they were carried out, results obtained from them, and how our
experience can be generalized to dealing with perennial crops in other
areas.
1
Department of Agribusiness Economics, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A.
165
THE FORMATION OF RECOMMENDATION DOMAINS USING CLUSTER ANALYSIS
__________
1
Department of Agribusiness Economics, Southern Illinois University,
Carbondale, IL 62901, U.S.A.
166
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH ALONG THE SENEGAL RIVER VALLEY:
THE MAURITANIA AGRES II PROJECT
1
Mark B. Lynham, Hamath N'Gaide,
and Timothy R. Frankenberger
1
Office of Arid Lands Studies, University of Arizona, 845 N. Park,
Tucson, AZ 85719, U.S.A.
167
ON-FARM RESEARCH IN SWAZILAND:
RESPONSES TO UNIQUE FARM PRESSURES
1
Millicent Malaza and Neil A. Patrick.
1
Malkerns Research Station, P.O. Box 4, Malkerns, Swaziland.
168
UTILIZING ECONOMICS AND NUTRITION
TO EVALUATE FSR/E INTERVENTIONS
1
Patricia M. O'Brien-Place
1
U.S. Department of Agriculture/OICD/TA/NEG, Washington, D.C. 20250-
4300, U.S.A.
169
INCORPORATING FOOD-CONSUMPTION ISSUES IN FSR/E:
EFFORTS TO DATE OF THE NUTRITION IN AGRICULTURE COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT
1
Patricia M. O'Brien-Place, T. Frankenberger,
K. DeWalt, and G. Harrison
1
U.S. Department of Agriculture/OICD/TA/NEG, Washington, D.C. 20250-
4300, U.S.A.
170
FARMING SYSTEM RESEARCH AND "RECHERCHE-DEVELOPPEMENT"
1
Didier Pillot
These needs imply bringing together the teams in order to find more
operational tools with better-defined functions. In this view, it
becomes necessary to separate the works according to their goals:
System Research (on rural societies and farming systems) on the one
hand and development-oriented research on the other.
1
GRET, 213, rue La Fayette 75010, Paris, France.
171
UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLES OF EXTENSION: AN EVALUATION DEVICE
1
Norman E. Tooker
1
210 Ag. Hall, East Campus, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583,
U.S.A.
172
FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH FOR THE DRY TROPICS OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD:
ICRISAT'S EXPERIENCE OVER THE LAST DECADE
1
Surinder Virmani
1
Resource Management Program, ICRISAT, Patancheru P.O. 502 324, A.P.,
India.
173
LOSING TOUCH: FSR/E AT THE CROSSROADS
1
David Vance Youmans
1
Washington State University, USAID/JVASP, American Embassy, Amman,
Jordan.
174
AUTHOR INDEX
175
Camacho, R........................................................................................................ p. 95, p. 99
Carangal, Virgilio R...................................................................................................... p. 74
Caveness, Fields Ashley ............................................................................................. p. 106
Chairatanayuth, P.......................................................................................................... p. 94
Chatterjee, A. .............................................................................................................. p. 130
Cheema, S.S. ................................................................................................................... p. 7
Chen, Y.S. ..................................................................................................................... p. 28
Child, R.D. .................................................................................................................. p. 105
Christy, R.D. ............................................................................................................... p. 134
Claros-Quinonez, Hilda L............................................................................................. p. 53
Cochran, Mark J............................................................................................................ p. 29
Colfer, Carol J. Pierce.................................................................................................... p. 8
Colle, Royal D. ........................................................................................................... p. 131
Colvin, R.J. ................................................................................................................. p. 112
Conelly, Tom W............................................................................................................ p. 83
Conklin, Nancy Lou.................................................................................................... p. 107
Cook, Carolyn D. ........................................................................................................ p. 132
Cooper, Peter................................................................................................................ p. 27
Costello, J...................................................................................................................... p. 90
Coveney, Anne R. ......................................................................................................... p. 49
Crews, Jerry .................................................................................................................. p. 88
Crozat, Yves.................................................................................................................... p. 9
Curry, John J. ................................................................................................................ p. 51
Daniels, L.B. ................................................................................................................. p. 94
Delaine, Bernard L...................................................................................................... p. 133
Deuson, R...................................................................................................................... p. 25
Dewalt, K. ................................................................................................................... p. 170
Diankende, N. ............................................................................................................. p. 158
Diaz, M. ........................................................................................................................ p. 50
Dickey, James R............................................................................................................ p. 52
Dolle, Vincent ............................................................................................................. p. 164
Duffield, James A. ........................................................................................................ p. 75
Durant, T. .................................................................................................................... p. 134
Duseja, D. R.................................................................................................................. p. 10
Ehui, Simeon K........................................................................................................... p. 108
Elbehri, Albdelfatah...................................................................................................... p. 12
El-Kheshen, Kamal S.................................................................................................... p. 11
Elliot, Howard............................................................................................................... p. 54
English, John W. ......................................................................................................... p. 135
Escobedo, F................................................................................................................. p. 136
Estrella, N. ............................................................................................. p. 95, p. 99, p. 136
Evensen, Carl L. I. ...................................................................................................... p. 109
Fashola, R. .................................................................................................................... p. 28
Fattori, Thomas R. ........................................................................................................ p. 76
Feldstein, Hilary Sims................................................................................................. p. 160
Fitzhugh, H. .................................................................................................................. p. 91
176
Flores, Manuel L........................................................................ p. 13, p. 14, p. 110, p. 111
Ford, V.L...................................................................................................................... p.112
Francisco, N. ................................................................................................................. p. 99
Frankenberger, T......................................................................................................... p. 170
Frankenberger, Timothy R.......................................................................................... p. 167
Fuglie, Keith O.............................................................................................................. p. 15
Galt, D.L. ...................................................................................................................... p. 81
Garcia, R. ...................................................................................................................... p. 50
Garrett, Harold E......................................................................................................... p. 113
Gaskell, Mark L. ......................................................................................................... p. 161
Gay, Charles W............................................................................................................. p. 70
Gibbon, David............................................................................................................... p. 71
Gillard-Byers, Thomas E. ............................................................................................... p. 9
Gold, Michael A.......................................................................................................... p. 114
Goldstein, W.A. ............................................................................................................ p. 16
Goldstein, Walter G. ..................................................................................................... p. 65
Gonzaga, R.R. .................................................................................................. p. 59, p. 144
Gonzalez, S. .................................................................................................................. p. 50
Gonzalez, V.M. .............................................................................................................p. 42
Khan, M. Rahman .............................................................................................. p. 33, p. 97
Kleene, Paul ................................................................................................................ p. 164
Klein, K.K..................................................................................................................... p. 80
Knipscheer, Henk.......................................................................................................... p. 83
Kraft, Steven E............................................................................................... p. 165, p. 166
Krause, M.A.................................................................................................................. p. 25
Kurtz, W...................................................................................................................... p. 113
Lal, Harbans................................................................................................................ p. 138
Landu, L...................................................................................................................... p. 158
Lev, Larry S. ................................................................................................................. p. 55
Loewer, O.J................................................................................................................... p. 90
Loewer, Otto J............................................................................................................... p. 84
Ludgate, Patrick J........................................................................................................ p. 153
Lusambo, Mbuyi ......................................................................................................... p. 140
Lynham, Mark B......................................................................................................... p. 167
Malaret, Luis ................................................................................................................. p. 15
Malaza, Millicent ........................................................................................................ p. 168
Maliki, K. ...................................................................................................................... p. 25
Mallick, R.N............................................................................... p. 20, p. 21, p. 32, p. 157
Mascarinas, Arnulfo Mateum ..................................................................................... p. 46
Mathema, S.B................................................................................................................ p. 81
Mayo, C.C..................................................................................................................... p. 79
Mazid, Ahmed............................................................................................................... p. 27
Mbula, N. ................................................................................................................... p. 158
McGahuey, Michael L. ............................................................................................... p. 116
Merrill-Sands, Deborah M. ......................................................................................... p. 139
Mhango, C..................................................................................................................... p. 79
177
Miller, Bill R................................................................................................................. p. 75
Miller, David J. ........................................................................................................... p. 140
Misra, N.K. .................................................................................................................... p. 7
Mittal, J.P. .................................................................................................................... p. 38
Moore, Keith M. ........................................................................................................... p. 82
Moula, G. ...................................................................................................................... p. 97
Moussie, Menuyellet................................................................................................... p. 141
Mukhebi, Adrian W. ..................................................................................................... p. 83
Musalia, L. .................................................................................................................... p. 91
Muzaffar, Nasreen........................................................................................................... p. 3
Nasr, Mamdouh M. ....................................................................................................... p. 11
Navasero, N.C............................................................................................................... p. 28
Nazif, I. ......................................................................................................................... p. 50
N'Gaide, Hamath......................................................................................................... p. 167
Nizeyimana, Egide...................................................................................................... p. 124
Nolte, Dale L................................................................................................................. p. 70
Norem, Rosalie Huisinga ............................................................................................ p. 142
O'brien-Place, Patricia M ............................................................................... p. 169, p. 170
Ohiorhenuan, Lily ........................................................................................................ p.162
O'Ktingati, Aku........................................................................................................... p. 123
Okyere, William Asenso............................................................................................. p. 143
Onim, M........................................................................................................................ p. 91
Osawaru, Sam O. .......................................................................................................... p. 10
Osborn, C. Tim ............................................................................................................. p. 26
Osiname, O. ................................................................................................................ p. 158
Ospina, E.O................................................................................................................... p. 78
Ossamba, Tonyemba..................................................................................................... p. 47
Otieno, K....................................................................................................................... p. 91
Ousseini, Kabo............................................................................................................ p. 147
Oyugi, Luke A. ............................................................................................................. p. 83
Pala, Mustafa................................................................................................................. p. 27
Palada, Manuel C. ......................................................................................................... p. 28
Palma, N.T. ...................................................................................................... p. 59, p. 144
Panth, M.P..................................................................................................................... p. 81
Parham, R.W............................................................................................................... p. 112
Parker, Karen E............................................................................................................. p. 30
Parsch, L. ...................................................................................................................... p. 90
Parsch, Lucas D. ...................................................................................... p. 5, p. 29, p. 84
Patrick, Neil A. ........................................................................................................... p. 168
Paul, J.L. ....................................................................................................................... p. 56
Peart, R.M. ..................................................................................................................p. 138
Phillips, J.M. ............................................................................................................... p. 112
Pierre, J. ........................................................................................................................ p. 31
Pillot, Didier................................................................................................................ p. 171
Poats, Susan ................................................................................................................ p. 160
Poats, Susan V. ............................................................................................................. p. 57
178
Pollisco-Botengan, Mary Ann .................................................................................... p. 117
Prasad, V.L........................................................................................................ p. 58, p. 85
Prehm, Marilyn S. ....................................................................................................... p. 159
Puetz, Detlev ................................................................................................................. p. 63
Purcell, Thomas .......................................................................................................... p. 165
Quezada, X. ...................................................................................................................p. 50
Rahman, M.M. .............................................................................................................. p. 32
Rakes, Jerry M. ............................................................................................................. p. 86
Ranaweera, N.F.C. ........................................................................................... p. 59, p. 144
Rao, V.M............................................................................................................ p. 58, p. 85
Rassam, Andree ............................................................................................................ p. 27
Ratnayake, H.H........................................................................................................... p. 118
Reddy, C.K.................................................................................................................... p. 25
Rhaman, H. ................................................................................................................... p. 33
Rhodes, David............................................................................................................. p. 104
Rincon, Hernan. .......................................................................................................... p. 145
Rocheleau, Dianne E................................................................................................... p. 115
Roth, Paul....................................................................................................... p. 165, p. 166
Roxas, Domingo B........................................................................................................ p. 74
Russell, Rich ...................................................................................................... p. 87, p. 88
Saadullah, M. ................................................................................................................ p. 89
Sanchez, Esteban......................................................................................................... p. 161
Sands, Michael.............................................................................................................. p. 93
Sangakkara, Upatissa Ravindranath................................................................. p. 34, p. 118
Sanghou, M .................................................................................................... p. 120, p. 121
Sasidhar, V.K. ............................................................................................................... p. 35
Scherer, Clifford ......................................................................................................... p. 131
Schultink, Gerhard E....................................................................................................p. 146
Scott, Gregory J. ........................................................................................................... p. 60
Scott, H. D..................................................................................................................... p. 90
Scott, H. Don...................................................................................................... p. 19, p. 29
Sebillotte, Michel.......................................................................................................... p. 36
Semenye, P.P. ............................................................................................................... p. 91
Setia, Parvee.................................................................................................................. p. 26
Seyler, James Robert................................................................................................... p. 119
Sholeh ......................................................................................................................... p. 109
Shriver, Ann L. ............................................................................................................. p. 55
Simba, L...................................................................................................................... p. 158
Simba, Lianabo ............................................................................................................. p. 92
Simpson, James R. ........................................................................................................ p. 93
Singh, Karampal ........................................................................................................... p. 37
Singh, M.P. ................................................................................................................... p. 38
Singh, Surendra............................................................................................................. p. 38
Small, Leslie E. ............................................................................................................. p. 61
Snow, Judith.................................................................................................................. p. 54
Sonntag, B.H................................................................................................................. p. 80
179
Sowers, Frederick W................................................................................................... p. 147
Spring, Anita ................................................................................................................. p. 39
Stallcup, Odie T. ........................................................................................................... p. 94
Swanson, R. ........................................................................................ p. 62, p. 129, p. 148
Swanson, R. A............................................................................................................. p. 128
Taylor, Brad ................................................................................................................ p. 165
Taylor, Daniel B........................................................................................................... p. 45
Tedrick, William E...................................................................................................... p. 149
Thielen, Angela........................................................................................................... p. 166
Thompson, Lyell F........................................................................................................ p. 40
Thorpe, Peter............................................................................................................... p. 127
Timberlake, Janis K. ................................................................................................... p. 150
Tombaugh, Larry ........................................................................................................ p. 114
Tonye, J.......................................................................................................... p. 120, p. 121
Tooker, Norman E. ..................................................................................................... p. 172
Trice, Kalven L. ............................................................................................................ p. 29
Trigo, Eduardo .............................................................................................................. p. 54
Tully, Dennis................................................................................................................. p. 27
Turner, Kay Decker ...................................................................................................... p. 82
Turrent, A.......................................................................................................... p. 95, p. 99
Uquillas, Jorge E......................................................................................................... p. 122
Uribe, S .............................................................................................................. p. 95, p. 99
Van Dyke, Jerry ............................................................................................................ p. 87
Van Soest, P.J. ............................................................................................................. p.107
Vignarajah, N....................................................................................... p. 33, p. 96, p. 97
Vogel, Wolfgang......................................................................................................... p. 106
von Braun, Joachim ...................................................................................................... p. 63
Wakatsuki, T. ................................................................................................................ p. 28
Watts, W. Michael ........................................................................................................ p. 84
Weaver, G.H. ...............................................................................................................p. 123
West, C.J. ..................................................................................................................... p. 90
Wheeler, G.L............................................................................................................... p. 112
Wibaux, Herve ............................................................................................................. p. 98
Wijeratne, Mahinda..................................................................................................... p. 151
Wisiol, Karin............................................................................................................... p. 152
Wollenberg, Eva K....................................................................................................... p. 64
Worden, Phyllis E. ...................................................................................................... p. 153
Wyche, Barbara........................................................................................................... p. 150
Yamoah, Charles F...................................................................................................... p. 142
Yost, Russell ................................................................................................................... p. 8
Yost, Russell S. ........................................................................................................... p. 109
Young, Douglas L......................................................................................................... p. 65
Zaffaroni, Eduardo........................................................................................................ p. 41
Zuniga, J........................................................................................................................ p. 99
Zuniga, J.L. ................................................................................................................... p. 42
180
Title Index
A Farming Systems Analysis of Cotton Production in the Haut-Zaire Region of Zaire: The
Impact of Negative Price Policies .......................................................................................... p. 47
181
Alternatives for Improving the Use of The Labor Force in Small Production Units in the
Mexican Tropics...................................................................................................................... p. 95
An Economic Evaluation of Selecting Grazing Systems for Forage - Fed Beef ................ p. 75
An Evaluation of an Agroforestry System for Marginal Upland Small Farms in the Topics -
- A Case Study ....................................................................................................................... p. 118
Analyzing the Adoption of Conservation Cropping Systems in the United States .......... p. 26
Application of Expert-Systems Concepts for Farming Systems Research and Extension .......
..................................................................................................................................................p. 138
Broiler Litter/Milo as a Supplement for Stockers Grazing Rye: Effect of Stocking Rate and
Litter/Forage Interaction ........................................................................................................ p.87
Cassaca-Cowpea: A Crop System for Acid and Low-Fertility Soils in Tabasco, Mexico ........
................................................................................................................................................... p. 42
Communication Alternatives for Farming Systems: A multi-Phase Planning Model ... p. 142
182
Communication Linkages to Form a Water-User Association in The Dominican Republic
................................................................................................................................................. p. 133
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Bean Production for Subsistence Farmers in the Fsip Zone of
Action in Rwanda...................................................................................................................... p. 5
Efectos Del Cultivo Multiple, Fertilizacion y Coberturas en Platano Variedad Isla Tingo
Maria........................................................................................................................................ p. 14
Effect of Surface Disturbance by Chiseling And Disc Plowing With Mulching on a Crusted
Sandy Soil ................................................................................................................................ p. 19
Effects of Multiple Cropping, Fertilization, and Soil Cover on the Plantan Variety, Tingo
Maria Island ............................................................................................................................ p. 13
Energy Uses Patterns Under Various Farming Systems of Punjab: A Case Study.......... p. 38
183
Evaluation Research: An Imperative for FSR/E Methodology........................................ p. 150
Factors Affecting the Stability Of Shipping Farming Systems in Sri Lanka .................... p. 45
Farming Systems and Communication Systems: A Philippines Case Study .................. p. 131
Farming Systems in the Forest: Agricultural Policy on Public Lands in The Philipines,
................................................................................................................................................... p. 64
Farming Systems Research Along the Senegal River Valley: The Mauritania Agres II
Project .................................................................................................................................... p. 167
Fertilizer and Herbicide Effect on Farmers' Wheat Production in NorthWest Syria ..... p. 27
Field Studies on Growth Performance of Alley Shrubs in the Highland Region of Rwanda
................................................................................................................................................. p. 124
FSR and the Dangling /E: Extension, Information Flow, and the Farming Systems
Approach in Niger................................................................................................................. p. 147
184
G
Grazing and Overstock Effects on Pine Growth and Steer Performance ....................... p. 112
How Can Small Farmers Increase Their Maize Yield in Haiti? ........................................ p. 31
How Government Farm Programs Discourage Sustainable Cropping Systems: A U.S. Case
Study......................................................................................................................................... p. 65
How Systems Work at the Farming Systems Research Site at Kalikapur in Bangladesh .......
................................................................................................................................................. p. 157
185
Implications of National Survey Data on Applied Farming Systems Research.............. p. 128
Insect Pollinator and Pest Management of Rape and Mustard Crops in Pakistan ............ p. 3
186
L
Marketing Structure and Interrelation at a Cropping Systems Site in The Philippines .........
................................................................................................................................................... p. 59
Mechanisms And Effects of an African Fertilizer Crisis: When Fertilizer Did Not Arrive in
the Gambia, 1985 ................................................................................................................... p. 63
Methodologies and Statistical Design for On-Farm Trials With Cattle ............................ p. 96
187
O
Operating Within the System: The Institutional Context of FSR/E Projects ................... p. 57
Pathogenic Mycorrohizal Fungi as the Basis for the Decline in Productivity of Land With
Monocropping ......................................................................................................................... p. 18
Performance of Promising Cropping Patterns for Meeting Food, Fodder, and Firewood
Requirement Under Rainfed Conditions .............................................................................. p. 21
Quantifying and Valuing the Joint Production of Grain and Fodder From Maize Fields in
Northern Pakistan................................................................................................................... p. 73
Quantitative Land Evaluation of Land-Use Types and Farming Systems: The Cries Project
Systems Approach to Integrated Development Planning.................................................. p. 146
Reconceptualizing the Rural Household: A Basis for Impact Modeling of Donor Assistance
in Agriculture ........................................................................................................................ p. 162
188
Risk-Return Tradeoffs of Beef-Forage Pasturing Systems Under Weather and Price
Uncertainty .............................................................................................................................. p. 84
Rotation Effects of Medics on Wheat Yields and Wheat Interference With Weed Growth ....
................................................................................................................................................... p. 16
Sheep Production From Integrating Limited Intensive Pastures With Rangeland in South
Africa........................................................................................................................................ p. 72
Solving the Food-Shortage Problem in The Humid Tropics Through Agroforestry ..... p. 103
Suggested Guidelines and Criteria for the Evaluation Of Small-Scale Agroforestry Projects
................................................................................................................................................. p. 119
Testing Improved Cropping Systems for Small Farmers In Northeastern Brazil ........... p. 41
189
The Potential Nutritional Value of Some Tropical Browse Species From Guanacaste, Costa
Rica......................................................................................................................................... p. 107
The Research Dimension of Agricultural Development in the Coastal Plain ................. p. 135
The Sondeo Applied to Perennial Crops: Results From Fruit Growers With Woodlands ......
................................................................................................................................................. p. 165
Tillage and Weed-Control Effects on Wheat Following Cotton, Groundnut, and Maize:
Wheat-Based System ................................................................................................................ p. 7
Trends of Change in a Farming System in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia: The Limits
of Crop/Livestock Interation ................................................................................................. p. 98
Understanding How A Farming System Works for the Purpose of a Basic FSR Analysis:
Identification of Research Projects in Zaire....................................................................... p. 158
Use of Systems Modeling for Agroforestry Development in the Southern United States ........
................................................................................................................................................. p. 105
190
Using Microcomputers to Organize and Present Contextual Data.................................. p. 149
191