Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &

Manufacturing
Introduction

Principles of Steel is an alloy made of iron, carbon (content

Steel Design
between 0.04% and 2.0%), and other metals
and/or nonmetals in trace amounts.
2 ND SEMESTER (2020-2021)

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Structural Steel: Composition, Classification & Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Introduction Introduction
Ef f e c t o f C a r b o n o n S t e e l Before structural steel, cast iron and wrought
iron were first used in structures.

Up to 0.90% - increases hardness, tensile

strength, & responsiveness to heat treatment o Cast Iron - ferrous metal with carbon
with corresponding increase in strength & content between 2% and 4%; primarily
hardness composed of iron, carbon, and silicon, cast in
a mold because of brittleness due to large
Over 0.90% - increases hardness & brittleness amount of carbon

Over 1.2% - causes loss of malleability

o Wrought Iron - highly refined iron with slag
deliberately incorporated but not in chemical
union with iron

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

 Structural Steel: Composition, Classification & Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Introduction Introduction
Composition of Steel Composition of Steel
The major components of structural steel are Sulfur
iron and carbon. retains malleability at high temperatures; improves
machinability
Other elements (alloying elements) are added
to improve its properties: Aluminum
promotes grain size & uniformity of internal grain
Manganese structure
imparts strength & responsiveness to heat Copper
treatments; promotes hardness, uniformity of increases strength & corrosion resistance
internal grain structure Lead
Silicon improves machinability without detrimental effect on
mechanical properties
same general effects as manganese Chromium
increases responsiveness to heat treatment &
hardenability; causes retention of mechanical properties
at high temperatures
CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Structural Steel: Composition, Classification & Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Introduction Introduction
M a n u fa c t u r i n g M a n u fa c t u r i n g

Pig Iron Production General Process

solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive Coke is burned as a fuel to heat the furnace, giving off Iron ore
distillation of low ash, low sulfur, bituminous coal carbon monoxide, which combines with the iron oxides in
The basic materials for modern steel-making are iron ore, the ore, reducing them to metallic iron.
coke, and limestone
coke Iron ore The limestone in the furnace is used as an additional
source of carbon monoxide and as a to combine
with the infusible silica present in the ore to form fusible
calcium silicate.
Calcium silicate and other impurities form a slag that
floats on top of the molten metal at the bottom of the
furnace.

Blast Furnace

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

 Structural Steel: Composition, Classification & Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Introduction Introduction
M a n u fa c t u r i n g M a n u fa c t u r i n g

Additives Finishing
Rolling compressing and shaping an
ingot into a useful shape by squeezing it
through a succession of rollers, each
succeeding set squeezing the material
smaller in cross section and closer to final
shape
Extrusion forcing a billet of hot, plastic
steel through a die of the desired shape
to produce a continuous length of
material
Drawing pulling a steel through a small
die to form a wire or a small rod of round,
square, oval, or other cross section
Forging deforming steel by pressure or
blows into a desired shape
CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Structural Steel: Composition, Classification & Structural Steel: Composition, Classification &
Manufacturing Manufacturing
Introduction Introduction
Classification of Structural Steel Classification of Structural Steel
Carbon Steel High Strength Low-Alloy Steel
o It has increased carbon content, which raises yield strength but o It has yield strength of around 40-70 ksi (275
(275-480 MPa
MPa).
reduces ductility. o It has increased strength obtained from fine microstructure
o It is classified into four subtypes: during cooling
cooling.
o Example
Example: ASTM A572 and A992
low carbon - has < 0.15% carbon content
mild carbon has 0.15-0
0.15-0.29%
29 carbon content
Alloy Steel
medium carbon has 0.30-0.59% carbon content
high carbon has 0.60-1.70% carbon content o It has yield strength of 80-110 ksi (550-760 MPa).
o It has maximum carbon content of 0.20%.
o Example
Example: ASTM A36
A o It is weldable, and it is a quenched & tempered low-alloy steel.

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

 Structural Steel Shapes Structural Steel Shapes
Introduction Introduction
Classification of Structural Steel Sections Classification of Structural Steel Sections

Hot-rolled Sections Hot-rolled Sections

o Some common hot
hot-rolled
rolled structural steel sections are as follows
follows:
o Manufacturing of hot-rolled sections
involves casting molten steel and
then rolling into desired shapes while
preventing it from cooling
completely.

o Geometric properties of these

sections may be looked up at 2004
ASEP Steel Handbook Volume 1 or
AISC Steel Construction Manual
Manual.

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Structural Steel Shapes Structural Steel Shapes

Introduction Introduction
Classification of Structural Steel Sections Classification of Structural Steel Sections

Hot-rolled Sections Cold-Formed Sections

o Some common hot
hot-rolled
rolled structural steel sections are as follows
follows: o Manufacturing of cold-formed structural steel
sections involves bending thin sheets of steel
into desired shape without heating.
o Advantages of coldcold-formed sections include its
versatility and increased yield strength
strength.
o Disadvantages of cold-formed sections
include its limited applications and reduced
ductility. In the Philippines, cold-formed
sections are only used for light structures and
for walls & roof purlins.

o Geometric properties of these sections may be

looked up at 2004 ASEP Steel Handbook.

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

 Structural Steel Shapes Material Behavior of Structural Steel
Introduction Introduction
To o l s f o r S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l S e c t i o n s S t r es s - S t r a i n D i a g r a m o f S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l

o In case one does not have a copy of 2004 ASEP Steel Handbook Volume
1, the following tools may be used for determining properties of various
structural steel sections:

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

Material Behavior of Structural Steel Material Behavior of Structural Steel

Introduction Introduction
Stress-Strain Diagram of Structural Steel S t r es s - S t r a i n D i a g r a m o f S t r u c t u r a l S t e e l

0.002

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN

 Material Behavior of Structural Steel
Introduction
Stress-Strain Diagram of Structural Steel

0.002

CE 014 PRINCIPLES OF STEEL DESIGN