Cellular Mobile Communication

Systems (EE-463)

Dr. Waleed Tariq Sethi

Assistant Professor
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
Email : [email protected]
Chapter:2 – Modern Wireless Comm
Systems
Chapter Objectives
1. Cellular Generations
1G
2G
3G Speeds and Economics
4G
5G
2. Wireless LANS
3. Wireless Local Loops.
4. Bluetooth and PAN.
Cellular and WLAN Generations
Cellular Generations (1G)
1G Era 1987-1991
“It was PHENOMENAL but was not
enough.”
What Happened Here?
• Engineer Neil Papworth sent the first SMS
on December 3rd, 1992, when he wrote “merry
Christmas” on a computer and sent it to the cell
phone of Vodafone director Richard Jarvis
• Inception of AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) technology from the pre-existing IMPS
(Improved Mobile Telephone System) for voice
transmission.
• Connectivity established seamless mobile
connectivity introducing mobile voice services.
• 1G Introduced Analog voice.
Cellular Generations (1G)
What went wrong?
• Poor voice quality
• Poor battery life
• Large phone size
• No security
• Limited capacity
• Poor reliability
The Revenue Impact:
• Since the call rates were too high & the
users too less,
• Beginning of the Telecom revolution and
at this point, service providers were
focused on technological strides as success
stories over revenue generation or
acquiring subscriber base..
Cellular Generations (2G)
2G Era 1991-2001: • The ‘E’ & ‘G’ Symbols on the mobile
“A revolutionary milestone in telecommunication network were seen first during the 2G era.
sector”
• 2.5G saw the introduction of GPRS as
What Happened here: enhanced Data services. GPRS can be
• 2G: First Wireless digital transmission came with viewed as a boosted data service for GSM
2G in 1991. users. The maximum transfer speed that
can be reached via GPRS is approximately
• GSM – Global Systems for Mobile Communication
170 Kbps.
enabled Data transfer on top of voice at a speed of
30-35 kbps (A joke In modern telecommunication
terms). • 2.75G saw the entry of EDGE (Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution) technology.
• 2G was developed, primarily, to transfer voice,
fax, MMS and SMS services.
• Data transmission rate saw 4X increase
• By use of digital voice compression, the TDMA from 170kbps to 500kbps.
(Time Division Multiple Access) standards
supported three times as many voice channels in • EDGE transferred data. For example, a
the same bandwidth as the old analog systems. typical text file of 40KB was transferred in
only 2 seconds as compared to the transfer
from GPRS technology, which was 6
seconds.
Cellular Generations (2G)
What went wrong?
• Required strong digital signals to help mobile
phones work. If there was no network
coverage, digital signals weakened.
• Systems were unable to handle complex data
like videos.
• As the generation moved towards 3G, the user
requirement was too complex for 2G to satisfy.
The Revenue Impact:
• Maximum revenue impact seems to be
created by SMS services.
• Telecom operators across the globe saw
multi-fold increase in their revenue in this
period, with some operators reporting 5X
growth.
Cellular Generations (2G)
Cellular Generations (3G)
3G Era 2001-2009
• “Showed us the unending potential
of Data yet did not fulfil its own
potential”
What Happened Here?
• 3G network was introduced in 1998,
we saw its establishment in the • 3G introduced media streaming.
early 2000s.
Multimedia, navigation, mobile apps,
• The max speed of 3G was estimated browsers, conference calls, mobile TV all
to be around 2 Mbps for stationary saw their inception in the early 3G era.
devices and 384 Kbps in mobile
phones. The theoretical max speed
• It was all about data in the 3.5G. Data
was 21.6 Mbps.
transmission rates went up to 14mbps
• It was based on CDMA2000 (Code
Division Multiple Access) & EDGE
technologies. (EDGE was superior
enough to support 3G on its own).
Cellular Generations (3G)
What Went Wrong?
• Messy Architecture
• Demanded 3G compatible handsets
• Cost of upgrading to 3G device was too high
• Power consumption was high

The Revenue Impact:

• From 2002 to 2009, they saw an increase of ~4.1Bn.
• This period turned out to be a huge revenue booster for
device manufacturers as the need to have a 3G compatible
device/handset became a necessity as it enabled the
transformation of phones into smart phones.
Cellular Generations (4G)
4G Era 2010-2019:
• “4G introduced us to a faster world with a
greater Data capacity”
What Happened Here?
• The speed of 3G quickly became
insufficient as technology & smartphones
evolved resulting in heavier files and bulkier
data flows.
• It provided a quality that enriched user
• 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) was a complete redesign
experience with advanced aming services,
HD mobile TV, Video Conferencing, 3D TV, IP and simplification of 3G network architecture, resulting
telephony and other services that demand in a significant reduction in transfer latency and thus,
higher speeds. increasing efficiency and speeds on the network.
• A term MAGIC is used to explain the 4G • Users encountered a problem in accessing data while
technology.
on a voice call with the 4G LTE, hence the inception of
• M – Mobile multimedia
4G VoLTE which simply meant voice over LTE enabling
• A – Anytime Anywhere. users to access 4G data and still be able to make calls.
• G – Global mobility support
• I – Integrated wireless solution • 4G bandwidth is 200 Mbps, which meant that one
• C – Customized Personal Service could download a full-length movie in under 10
minutes!
Cellular Generations (4G)
What Went Wrong?
• 4G LTE network needs complex hardware
• 4G technology use many antennae & transmitters resulting in poor
battery life.
• In areas without 4G coverage, consumers downgraded to 3G while still
paying the cost of 4G.
• Higher Data consumption
The Revenue Impact:
• In 2018, almost 300 million people connected to mobile internet for the
first time, bringing the total connected population to more than 3.5
billion people globally.
• Revenues did not see a drastic increase for the operators especially in
data.
Cellular Generations (5G)
5G Era 2019 and beyond:
• “5G is more than a generation, it is a
promise to wonderland”

•5G looks at us with a new experience in faster

data rates, higher connection density, much
lower latency, among other improvements.

•5G is not an upgrade to 4G, but is in a league

of its own, because it provides us the ability to
connect thousands of devices at once giving
the user the true sense of ‘real-
time’ experience.

•This means the computing & processing can

move to cloud and resulting in smaller IoT
devices, maintenance by optimizing network
for the telecom operator.
Cellular Generations (5G)
• Maturity of MU-MIMO and achieving data speeds of up to 35 Gbps.
• 5G technology may use a variety of spectrum bands, including millimetre wave
(mmWave) radio spectrum, which can carry very large amounts of data a short
distance.
• 5Gcan enable new services that can transform industries with ultra-reliable, available,
low-latency links like remote control of critical infrastructure, vehicles, and medical
procedures.

The Revenue Impact: As per Qualcomm, 5G will extend its arms out into the
enterprise and will see a massive growth. $13.2 Trillion dollars of global economic
output, 22.3 Million new jobs create, $2.1 Trillion dollars in GDP growth.
Summarizing Generation Usage
Generation Speeds (Summarized)
Connectivity in Generations
Connectivity in Generations
Wireless Local Loop
• Wireless local loop (WLL), is the use of a wireless
communications link as the "last mile / first mile"
connection for delivering plain old telephone
service (POTS) or Internet access to customers.
Local Multipoint Distribution
Service [LMDS] (not used now).
• Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) is a broadband wireless access
technology originally designed for digital television transmission (DTV).
• It was conceived as a fixed wireless, point-to-multipoint technology for
utilization in the last mile. LMDS commonly operates on microwave frequencies
across the 26 GHz and 29 GHz bands.
• Maximum Distance is 2.4 km.
WLAN
• Stands for "Wireless Local Area Network."
• A WLAN, or wireless LAN, is a network that
allows devices to connect and
communicate wirelessly.
• Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE
802.11 standards and are marketed under
the Wi-Fi brand name.
• Unlike a traditional wired LAN, in which
devices communicate
over Ethernet cables, devices on a WLAN
communicate via Wi-Fi.
• In a LAN, data is transmitted over physical
cables in a series of Ethernet packets. In a
WLAN, packets are transmitted over the
air.
Bluetooth
• Bluetooth is a wireless technology
standard used for exchanging data
between fixed and mobile devices over
short distances using UHF radio
waves in the industrial, scientific and
medical radio bands, from 2.402 GHz
to 2.480 GHz, and building personal
area networks (PANs).
• It was originally conceived as a wireless
alternative to RS-232 data cables.
• Short range (10m, extendable to 100m)
• 1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 voice
channels, up to 3 Mbps.
END
Difference Among…..