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Per Unit System

Per unit analysis is used to analyze power systems by normalizing all variables. This avoids issues with continually reflecting impedances across transformers. The key benefits are: (1) transformer impedances are single values regardless of side referred to, (2) components have consistent per unit values, and (3) simulations are simplified with normalized values. The procedure involves selecting voltage and power bases to calculate impedance and current bases, then converting actual values to per unit. Analysis is similar for both single and three phase systems.

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iril liquez
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83 views13 pages

Per Unit System

Per unit analysis is used to analyze power systems by normalizing all variables. This avoids issues with continually reflecting impedances across transformers. The key benefits are: (1) transformer impedances are single values regardless of side referred to, (2) components have consistent per unit values, and (3) simulations are simplified with normalized values. The procedure involves selecting voltage and power bases to calculate impedance and current bases, then converting actual values to per unit. Analysis is similar for both single and three phase systems.

Uploaded by

iril liquez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Per Unit Calculations

A key problem in analyzing power systems is


the large number of transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually have to refer
impedances to the different sides of the
transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of
all variables.
This normalization is known as per unit
analysis. actual quantity
quantity in per unit =
base value of quantity 1
Per Unit System

(1) The per-unit values for transformer impedance,


voltage and current are identical when referred to the
primary and secondary (no need to reflect impedances
from one side of the transformer to the other, the
transformer is a single impedance).
(2) The per-unit values for various components lie within
a narrow range regardless of the equipment rating.
(3) The per-unit values clearly represent the relative
values of the circuit quantities. Many of the ubiquitous
scaling constants are eliminated.
(4) Ideal for computer simulations
2
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1φ
1. Pick a 1φ VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltage bases are related by
transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts) 3
Per Unit Solution Procedure
1. Convert to per unit (p.u.) (many problems
are already in per unit)
2. Solve
3. Convert back to actual as necessary

4
Per Unit Example
Solve for the current, load voltage and load power
in the circuit shown below using per unit analysis
with an SB of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV, respectively.

Original Circuit
5
Per Unit Example, cont’d
82 (kV) 2
Z BLeft = = 0.64Ω
100MVA
Middle 802 (kV) 2
ZB = = 64Ω
100MVA
162 (kV) 2
Z BRight = = 2.56Ω
100MVA

Same circuit, with


values expressed
in per unit.
6
Per Unit Example, cont’d

1.0∠0°
I = = 0.22∠ − 30.8° p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL = 1.0∠0° − 0.22∠ − 30.8°× 2.327∠90°
= 0.859∠ − 30.8° p.u.
2
VL
SL = VL I L*
= = 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG = 1.0∠0°× 0.22∠30.8° = 0.22∠30.8° p.u.
7
Per Unit Example, cont’d
To convert back to actual values just multiply the
per unit values by their per unit base

V LActual = 0.859∠ − 30.8°× 16 kV = 13.7∠ − 30.8° kV


S LActual = 0.189∠0°× 100 MVA = 18.9∠0° MVA
SGActual = 0.22∠30.8°× 100 MVA = 22.0∠30.8° MVA
100 MVA
I BMiddle = = 1250 Amps
80 kV
Actual
I Middle = 0.22∠ − 30.8°×1250 = 275∠ − 30.8° Α
8
Three Phase Per Unit
Procedure is very similar to 1φ except we use a 3φ
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
1. Pick a 3φ VA base for the entire system, S B3φ
2. Pick a voltage base for each different
voltage level, VB,LL. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base
VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN ) 2 VB2, LN
ZB = = =
S B3φ 3S 1Bφ S 1Bφ
Exactly the same impedance bases as with single phase using
the corresponding single phase VA base and voltage base!9
Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd
4. Calculate the current base, IB
3φ S B3φ 3 S 1Bφ S 1Bφ 1φ
IB = = = = IB
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit 10


Three Phase Per Unit Example
•Solve for the current, load voltage and load
power in the previous circuit, assuming:
–a 3φ power base of 300 MVA,
–and line to line voltage bases of 13.8 kV, 138 kV
and 27.6 kV (square root of 3 larger than the 1φ
example voltages)
–the generator is Y-connected so its line to line
voltage is 13.8 kV.
Convert to per unit
as before.
Note the system is
exactly the same!
11
3φ Per Unit Example, cont'd
1.0∠0°
I = = 0.22∠ − 30.8° p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL = 1.0∠0° − 0.22∠ − 30.8°× 2.327∠90°
= 0.859∠ − 30.8° p.u.
2
VL
*
SL = =
VL I L = 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG = 1.0∠0°× 0.22∠30.8° = 0.22∠30.8° p.u.

Again, analysis is exactly the same!


12
3φ Per Unit Example, cont'd
Differences appear when we convert back to actual values

VLActual = 0.859∠ − 30.8°× 27.6 kV = 23.8∠ − 30.8° kV


S LActual = 0.189∠0°× 300 MVA = 56.7∠0° MVA
SGActual = 0.22∠30.8°× 300 MVA = 66.0∠30.8° MVA
300 MVA
I BMiddle = = 1250 Amps (same current!)
3 138 kV
Actual
I Middle = 0.22∠ − 30.8°× 1250 Amps = 275∠ − 30.8° Α

13

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