LECTURE NOTES

ADANA ALPARSLAN TURKES SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MAT 211 - LINEAR ALGEBRA

Week 2 / Distance Education

Assist. Prof. Dr. Tahsin KOROGLU

October 2020
INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

 If a, b, and c are real numbers, the graph of an equation of the form;

ax  by  c
is a straight line (if a and b are not both zero), so such an equation is called a
linear equation in the variables x and y.

 However, it is often convenient to write the variables as x1, x2, …, xn,

particularly when more than two variables are involved. An equation of the
form;
a1 x1  a2 x2  ........  an xn  b
is called a linear equation in the n variables x1, x2, ….…, xn.
 Here a1, a2, …, an denote real numbers (called the coefficients of x1, x2, …, xn,
respectively) and ‘b’ is also a number (called the constant term of the
equation). A finite collection of linear equations in the variables x1, x2, …, xn
is called a system of linear equations in these variables.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

 As an example
2 x1  3x2  5x3  7
is a linear equation; the coefficients of x1, x2, and x3 are ‘2’, ‘-3’, and ‘5’, and
the constant term is ‘7’.
Other examples to the linear equation;
1
y  x  3z  1
2
x  2y  3z  9

 Note that each variable in a linear equation occurs to the first power only.
Some non-linear equation examples;
 x  y  z2  4 is not a linear equation since z2 is not in first-degree.
 x  z 2  12 is not a linear equation, because the value of 𝑧 2 will be
z ≥ 0 for ‘z’ and will be z ≤ 0 for ‘-z’.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Some non-linear equation examples;

 x  yz  z  5 is not a linear equation since the variable should not be in
the form like the multiplication of ‘yz’.
 y  sin x is not a linear equation because trigonometric and exponential
functions should not be existed.

Solutions of Linear Equations

 Given a linear equation a1x1 + a2x2 +……..+ anxn = b, a sequence s1 , s2 , ……, sn
of n numbers is called a solution to the equation if;
a1 s1  a2 s2  ........  an sn  b
that is, if the equation is satisfied when the substitutions x1=s1, x2=s2, ..…,
xn=sn are made. A sequence of numbers is called a solution to a system of
equations if it is a solution to every equation in the system.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

 For example, x = -2, y = 5, z = 0 and x = 0, y = 4, z = -1 are both solutions to

the system;
xy z  3
2 x  y  3z  1

Linear Systems with no solution;

 A system may have no solution at all, or it may have a unique solution, or it
may have an infinite family of solutions. For instance, the system
x+y=2
x+y=4
 has no solution because the sum of two numbers
cannot be ‘2’ and ‘4’ simultaneously. A system that
has no solution is called inconsistent; a system with
at least one solution is called consistent.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Linear Systems with unique solution;

 When only two variables are involved, the solutions to systems of linear
equations can be described geometrically because the graph of a linear
equation ‘ax + by = c’ is a straight line if a and b are not both zero.

 Moreover, a point P(s, t) with coordinates ‘s’

and ‘t’ lies on the line if and only if
as + bt = c
 that is when x=s, y=t is a solution to the
equation.
 Hence the solutions to a system of linear
equations correspond to the points P(s, t) that
lie on all the lines in question.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Linear Systems with many solutions;

 In particular, if the system consists of just one equation, there must be
infinitely many solutions because there are infinitely many points on a line.

the equations are;

3x - y = 4
-6x + 2y = -8,
which have identical graphs.

 This graphical method has its limitations: when more than three variables
are involved, no physical image of the graphs is possible. It is necessary to
turn to a more “algebraic” method of solution.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Matrix
A matrix is a set of elements, organized into rows and columns;
rows

 
columns

 
 


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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Matrix locations/size defined as rows x columns (R x C)

 d11 d12 d13 

D  d 21 d 22 d 23 
d 31 d 32 d 33 
d i j : ith row, jth column
1 4 7  1 4 
A  2 5 8 A  2 5
3 6 9 3 6
Square (3 x 3) Rectangular (3 x 2)
m=n

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Description Type into MATLAB Meaning

1 4 7 
Matrix(X) X=[1 4 7 ; 2 5 8 ; 3 6 9]
X  2 5 8
;=end of a row 3 6 9

Reference matrix values (X(row, column))

Note the : refers to all of row or column and , is the divider between rows and columns

3rd row X(3, :) 3 6 9

2nd element of 3rd column X(2,3) 8

 4
Elements 1 & 2 of column ‘2’ X( [1 2], 2)  
5
Prime diagonals of matrix (X) a11 = 1, a22 = 5, a33 = 9

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Special types of matrix

0
 
All zeros size 3x1 zeros(3,1) 0
0
 
ones(2,2) 1 1
All ones size 2x2  
1 1

Row Matrix
If the matrix consists of only a row, it is called the row matrix.
Example: A = [1, 7, -2, 3] is a ‘1 x 4 row matrix’.

Column Matrix
If the matrix consists of only a column, it is called the column matrix.
3
Example: A  4  is a ‘3 x 1 column matrix’
1 

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Augmented Matrix
Consider the following system;
3x1  2 x2  x3  x4   1
2 x1  x3  2 x 4  0
3x1  x2  2 x3  5x4  2
of three equations in four variables. The array of numbers;
3 2 1 1  1
 
2 0 1 2 0
3 1 2 5 2 
occurring in the system is called the augmented matrix of the system. Each
row of the matrix consists of the coefficients of the variables (in order) from
the corresponding equation, together with the constant term.

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

For clarity, the constants are separated by a vertical line. The augmented
matrix is just a different way of describing the system of equations. The array
of coefficients of the variables;

3 2 1 1 
2 0 1 2  is called the coefficient matrix of the system.
 
3 1 2 5

 1
 0  is called the constant matrix of the system.
 
 2 

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Elementary Operations
 The algebraic method for solving systems of linear equations is described as
follows. Two such systems are said to be equivalent if they have the same
set of solutions.
 A system is solved by writing a series of systems, one after the other, each
equivalent to the previous system. Each of these systems has the same set
of solutions as the original one; the aim is to end up with a system that is
easy to solve. As an illustration, we solve the system x + 2y = -2, 2x + y = 7 in
this manner.

 At each stage, the corresponding augmented matrix is displayed.

The original system is;
x  2y  2 1 2  2
 
2x  y  7 2 1 7

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

 First, subtract twice the first equation from the second. The resulting system is;

x  2y  2 1 2  2 
 
 3y  11  0 3 11 
which is equivalent to the original. At this stage we obtain y = -11/3 by
multiplying the second equation by -1/3. The result is the equivalent system;

x  2y   2  1 2 2 
  11 
11 0 1 
y
3  3 
 Finally, we subtract twice the second equation from the first to get another
equivalent system.
16  16 
x
3 1 0 3 
 
11 0 1 11 
y
3  3 
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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

Elementary Operations

 The following operations, called elementary operations, can routinely be

performed on systems of linear equations to produce equivalent systems.
(I) Interchange two equations.
(II) Multiply one equation by a nonzero number.
(III) Add a multiple of one equation to a different equation.

Example:

Find all solutions to the following system of equations;

3x + 4y + z = 1
2x + 3y = 0
4x + 3y - z = -2

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

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INTRODUCTION TO MATRICES

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