CE 411 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II

LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION, PRELIMINARIES

Yaip K Telue
BEng, BEng(Hons2A), PhD(QUT)
MIE(Aust), MIE(PNG)

Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering

PNG Unitech
INTRODUCTION: LECTURE PLAN
Lecturer: Professor Yaip Kingsford Telue /Tutor: Kingsford Telue
Subject: CE 411 Structural Analysis 2 Semester/Year: 1/2012

Week Topics (Please indicate the Depth to be achieved) Continuous Assessment Learning Objectives to be Perform.
achieved alert +
Quiz Assign Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6
1 Introduction, Stiffness matrix methods (SMM) – √ √ √
preliminary definitions, degrees of freedom, sign
convention, Moment Area theorems, Force Test 1
displacement relations.
2 Formulation of slope deflection equations, √ √ √
3 Generation of member stiffness matrix, changing √
member stiffness matrix from local to global
coordinate system, Development of structural stiffness
matrix(SSM), Partitioning of SSM, Solving Matrix for 1
Displacements and member forces
4 Application of SMM to Trusses √ √ Alert 1
5 Application of SMM to Frames √ √
6 Use of MICROSTRAN Computer Software in 2 √ √
Conducting Structural Analysis
7 Introduction to plastic analysis and design, , plastic 3 √ √
Modulus, section modulus
Mid Semester Break
8 Plastic Analysis of Frames √ √ Alert 2
9 Plastic Analysis of Frames Continues √ √
10 Plastic Analysis of Beams √ √
11 Plastic analysis of multi-bay structures Test 2 √ √ √
12 Plastic analysis of multi-storey structures 4 √ √ √
13 Revision Alert 3
Semester Break
Key:
1- Knowledge 2 - Comprehension 3- Application 4 – Analysis 5- Synthesis 6 - Evaluation
LECTURE PLAN

 Textbook:

 Coates, Coutie and Kong (Latest) Structural Analysis, Latest Edition, Chapman and Hall, London.

 Russell.C. Hibbeler, (2005), Structural Analysis, SI Edition, Prentice and Hall Pearson Education South Asia
Pte Ltd, Singapore

 Molloy Stuart, (Latest) Plastic Methods for Steel and Concrete Structures, Macmillan, London

 Assessment: 100%

 Continuous Assessment: 50%

 2 x tests 35%
 3 x Assignments 15%

 Examination (1 x 3 hours): 50%

INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

 Involves
Forces (and Moments) strength
Displacements (and rotations)
- serviceability

2 methods

Force Method * Displacement Method

Unknowns -: forces Unknowns-:

Equations: Compatibility Displacement
(of displacements) Eqns: Equilibrium of
forces.

Displacement Method is more systematic and is suitable for programming.

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

DISPLACEMENT METHOD

Moment Distribution Stiffness Method

(Hand) (Computor)

Slope deflection method is

an example of the general stiffness
method.
FORCE METHOD
Example of Force Method

Recall

P kN
M P kN
C
A 
CP
L/2 L/2
RA
RC
+

Select Rc as unknown CR

EQUATIONS. Rc

 CP   CR  0
Equation of compatibility

where the unknown force is Rc.

 We use the force Method.

PRELIMINARIES

1. STRUCTURAL ACTION

(a) TRUSS

100 kN j
4000 mm

3
mm

2 i

In a truss AXIAL EFFECTS (Forces and Displacements) DOMINATE.

 PRELIMINARIES CONTINUES…..

b) BEAMS AND FRAMES

100 kN

P kN
j k
M
i j

4m
L/2 L/2
R Y
RB
A
450
i X

4m 5m

In beams and frames FLEXURAL EFFECTS DONIMATE

(BENDING MOMENTS, SHEAR FORCES)
 
ROTATION LATERAL DISPLACEMENTS

Vi
Di
V Vj
Dj

i Mi
Mj
i j j i j
2. DEGREES OF FREEDOM (DOF)

P kN

i j
x
Dj
j

Deflected shape

We need an infinite number of displacement coordinates to define the displaced shape of cantilever
beam shown in the Figure above. But we can select a limited number of such displacements to
describe the deformed configuration of most structures, with reasonable accuracy. The number of
such displacements that we choose is called the degree of freedom of that structure.

Eg. Dj and j are sufficient in this case.

(if axial Deformation is neglected..)

In general we consider structures as a network of members and Nodes. Nodes are introduced at
member ends, supports and Member Intersections.

2 Nodes in this case of a prismatic cantilever.

The nodal displacement (and rotation) components are called degree of freedom (DOF)

The knowledge of the Nodal displacements is enough to completely define the displaced shape of
the structure as members between nodes take on a definite elastic curve based on their end
displacements, loading and geometry properties.
 2. DOF CONTINUES……

(a) For plane (2-D) structures.


Node u

There are 3 DOF per Node for BEAMS OR FRAMES

v

Node u

And there are 2 DOF per Node for TRUSSES

2. DOF CONTINUES
3-D Structures

v
y
x
u
x
z

6 DOF/NODE for BEAMS OR FRAMES

u
x

3 DOF per Node for a TRUSS

2. DOF: NODES & MEMBERS
members B

FRAME TRUSS

A
D C

Nodes
BEAM

Members
2. DOF: TRUSS & FRAME
TRUSS
1 4
4

3 6
1 5

2 2 5

3 7

5 Nodes
 2 x5  2  2  6 ACTIVE DOF

FRAME

5m 5m 7.5 m 7.5 m 7.5 m

6 Nodes
 6 x3  18 DOF
18  3x3  9 DOF

IF AXIAL DEFORMATION IS PERMITTED.

2. DOF: BEAM

BEAM

1 3 4 5
2

15DOF
15  3  1  1  1  9 DOF
IF AXIAL DEFORMATION IS ALLOWED
2. DOF: MORE EXAMPLES-EQUATIONS

DEGREES OF FREEDOM

More Examples

200 kN
24 kN/m
4 1 2
2E 2E

4m
I I
100 kN

EI

6m
3

10 m 5m 5m

Note that Nodes 2, 3 & 4 are restrained and if axial deformation is neglected, Node 1 cannot move
 or  it can only rotate.

1 DOF  Just 1 Equation

2. DOF: MORE EXAMPLES-BEAM

20 kN

3
1 D1
2
1
4m 2m

2 DOF at Node 1 Axial Deflection is Negelected

1 DOF at Node 2

 3 DOF system  3 Equations

2. DOF: TRUSS

1 4
4

3 6
1 5

2 2 5

3 7

5 Nodes
5 x 2 DOF
Active DOF = (5 x 2) – (2+2) = 10 -4= 6
2. DOF: PLANE FRAME

Θ1
D D

Θ2 2 3

Deformed shape
1

If we neglect axial deformation

2 DOF at Node 2
1 DOF at Node 3 since D2 = D3.

In the above Plane Frame

Node No. 1 2 3 4
ACTIVE DOF 0 + 2 + 1 + 0 = 3 DOF
3. SIGN CONVENTION

3. SIGN CONVENTION

y
V12
V21

M 12
M 21 x
i j U21
U12

Positive sense for internal moments (and displacements)

Q1

M1
P1
3. SIGN CONVENTION CONTINUES…

JOINT

Positive sense for external forces (or displacements)

y
x2
2
x1
1
y2
y1

1 x
2

Positive sense for Displacements

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS
Tutorial Problems
Q3.
For the following:
(i) Y
Label and identify the number of nodes and members 1
100 kN
Determine the total number of degrees of freedom (DOF), the restrained DOF and the
Active DOF

4000 mm
3

mm
1
Q1.
2
2 3 X

1 2
4000
mm

Q4.
2m

y’ 50 kN
4 300
3 Y
1
2 1
x’ 80 kN

20

3000 mm
Q2. kN 2 3

mm
3 X
4

B
3000
y’ mm

Q5.
x’
C o
15 100 kN

o A
30 B C

30o
D
P = 10 kN

4m
L=2m
45
A 0

4m 5m
4. MOMENT AREA THEOREMS
4. MOMENT AREA THEOREM

Theorem 1

x2 M M
Change in slope from point 1 to point 2 is 
x1 EI
dx  area of the
EI
Diagram between the points
1 and 2.

L
P P
a a
2a

A a I1 B I2 I1 C
ΘA D
2

DC/A = L ΘA
Reference
Tangent

 Mdx 
D  x d   x Note x is measured from point 2.
 EI 
Similarly
x2 x2
M M
 D2 3   x dx D2 1  x dx
x3
EI x1
EI

Theorem 2:

The deflection of point 2 measured with respect to a reference tangent at another point1
x2 M
 x dx for the member
= x1 EI
M
ie the first moment of Area of the Diagram between point 2 and point 1
EI

TAKEN ABOUT POINT 2.

5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS
5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS

Mij Mij
j
i i
Vj Vi
Lij
M ji
EI
M ji
EI
From (1) & (2)
Using MA theorem 1,
EI 1 1
i 
Lij 1
M ij  M ji  2i  Mij  Mij  Mij
EI 2 …………..Equation 1
Lij 2 2
4 EI
 Mij  
 M ij  M ji 
EI Lij
2i
Lij
IF =1
Using MA Theorem 2
4 EI
Di
j
0 Mij   STIFFNESS FACTOR
Lij
1 M ij Lij 1 M ji 2
0 Lij  Lij Lij
2 EI 3 2 EI 3 1 2 EI
Mji  Mij 
2 Lij
M ij  2M ji
Mji 1
Carry over Factor = 
1 Mij 2
M ji  M ij
2 (COF)
………………..Equation 2

From Eqn 1 & 2

1
C. O. F (carry over factor) =
2
5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS CONTINUES….

Mij Mij
j
i i
Vj Vi
Lij
M ji
EI
M ji
EI
From diagram above when taking moments about j (use statics)

1
Mij  mij  Vi lij  0
2
3 Mij 6 EI
 Vi   2  Vj
2 Lij L ij
5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS CONTINUES….
Now if we apply unit rotation at j we get:

4 EI 2 EI
Mji  Mij 
Lij Lij
y
x2
2
x1
1
y2
y1

1 x
2

And if we apply rotations  & j at  & j respectively as shown above then we will get:

2 EI
Mij  2  j 
Lij
2 EI
Mji    2j 
Lij

2 EI
Mij  2i  j 
Lij
2 EI
Mji 
Lij
5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS CONTINUES….
More examples of Force Displacement Relations

CASE 1 Dj / i

Mij Mji
i j
i

Vi Vj
Lij

M ij
EI

i  j   Mij 1 1 MijL

x x 
From equation 3
EI 2 2 EI

Dj / i 
Mij x L 1 2
x x L
Mij x L2
 3 Mij l 2
EI 2 3 3EI Dj  x x L
i
EI 2 3
But

Dj  Li Mij L2
i 
EI 3
Mij x L2
 L i  3EI
3EI L is missing  Mij 
L2
 Mij  3EI i
L  Modified Stiffness
 3E I  L i
j  i   i  3EI
 L  2 E I 2  , when i  1
Lij
 5. FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONS CONTINUES….

Case 2 Mij

i
Mji
Vi
i j
Vi
Lij
M ji
EI

Using M-A Thms 1 MijL2ij

Di / j 
6 EI

1 Mij 1 Mij
0 Lij  Lij 6 EI
2 EI 2 EI Mij  Di
L2ij Mij & Mji are the same thing.

 Mij  Mji Mji & Lij are equal (note) Vi  ?

Vj  ?
Thm 2 Vi 
12 EI
Di  Vj
L3ij
 1 Mij 1 1 Mij 2 
Di / j  / Di /  /  Lij Lij  LijLij  /
 2 EI 3 2 EI 3 
6. FIXED END MOMENTS

6. FIXED END MOMENTS

w kN/m

A B
C C
L metres

M-A Theorem

M 2  wl 2 
0 L   L 
EI 3  8EI 
Thm 1
WL2
m 
12
6. FIXED END MOMENTS-TUTORIAL NO: 2

Tutorial No 2.

Determine the Fixed End Moments for the beam fixed at both ends and
subjected to a point load at mid-span
For the same beam fixed at both ends but the load is at distance a from Node A and distance
b =L-a

P kN

A B
C L /2 L /2 C
6. FIXED END MOMENTS

Fixed End Moments

From Coates, Coutie and Kong (1992)
AREAS OF COMMON SHAPES