CE 401 STRUCTURAL DESIGN

LECTURE 1: STEEL CONNECTIONS-BOLTED

CONNECTIONS
Yaip K Telue
BEng, BEng(Hons2A), PhD(QUT)
MIE(Aust), MIE(PNG)

Professor and Head Department of Civil Engineering

PNG Unitech
LECTURE PLAN
Lecturer: Professor Dr Yaip K Telue/Tutor: Kingsford Telue
Subject: CE 401 Structural Design Semester/Year: 1/2012

We Topics (Please indicate the Continuous Learning Objectives to be Perform.

ek Depth to be achieved) Assessment achieved alert +
Quiz Assign Tests 1 2 3 4 5 6

1 Bolted Connections: Design requirements, 1 √ √

capacity reduction factors, Minimum Design Test
Forces, Bolt categories, design requirements 1
for Bolt connection for limit state, Bolts in
shear, tension, combined shear and tension,
ply in bearing, Bolt connection
serviceability limit state. minimum Bolt
pitch, Maximum edge distance.
2 √ √
Bolted Connections: Analysis of Bolt
Connection-In plane Bending
3 Bolted Connections: Analysis of Bolt √ √
Connection-Out of plane Bending
4 Welded Connections: Butt, Fillet , plug & √ √ Alert 1
slot welds, Weld Group Analysis, in plane 2

5 Welded Connections: Out of Plane welds √ √

6 Design of Column Base, Wind Loads. √ √
7 Design of Purlins √ √
Mid Semester Break 3 Test
8 Design of Purlins, Introduction to 2 √ √
Earthquake Loads
9 Introduction to Earthquake Loads √ √ Alert 2
10 Tutorial, Major Project-Design of building. √ √ √
11 Design of footings- axially loaded √ √

12 Design of Footings- eccentrically Loaded √ √ Alert 3

13 Revision
Break

Key:
1- Knowledge 2- Comprehension 3- Application 4 – Analysis 5
- Synthesis 6 - Evaluation
LECTURE PLAN
(a) Textbook:

 YK Telue (2012, 3rd Edition), Limit State Design of Steel Structures, PNG
University of Technology, Lae PNG.

 PNG Standard, PNGS 1003-1982, Steel Structures

 PNG Standard, PNGS 1001-1982, General Structural Design and Design Loadings
for Buildings, Part 4 Earthquake Loads
 PNG Standard, PNGS 1001-1982, General Structural Design and Design Loadings
for Buildings, Part 3 Wind Loads.
 PNG Standard, PNGS 1001-1982, General Structural Design and Design Loadings
for Buildings, Parts 1 and 2 Dead and Live Loads
 PNG Standard, PNGS MP1-1982, Design Manual, to Assist in the Application of
the Code of Practice for General Structural Design and Design Loadings for
Buildings.

 Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Structural Connections

 Australian Standard, AS 4100 1998, Steel Structures Code
 Gorenc, B, Tinyou, R and Syam, A. (2005) Steel Designers’ Handbook, 7th
Edition, UNSW Press, Sydney Australia.
 Warner, Rangan, Hall and Faulkes (1999 or Latest edition), Concrete Structures,
Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Ltd, South Melbourne. ISBN = 0 582
80247 4

(b) References

 Australian Institute of Steel Construction, Safe Loads for Structural Steel (third
edition, 1999)
 PNG Standard, PNGS 1002-1982, Reinforced Concrete Structures
 Australian Standard AS 3600-2001, Concrete Structures
 Reinforced Concrete Detailing Handbook, Concrete Institute of Australia

(c) Assessment: 100%

 Continuous Assessment: 50%

 2 x tests 20%
 2 x Assignments 10%
 1 x Major Project 20%

 Examination (1 x 3 hours): 50%

 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Types of Connections
The need to joined members
1. Can be made of bolts Bolts in Direct Shear
2. welds

N*

5/M24 Bolts

6 2x PFC
0
N*

2x 180 PFC (Placed back 60

100 mm
4 spaces at 50 mm to back)

= 200 mm
4/ M20 Bolts
10 mm thick Plate
Bolted Connections

12/M20 V* = ??
In Plane Bending Bolts/side PL 525 mm
DL =120
DLkN
=120 kN
Bolts in Tension and Shear 45

LL = 160 kN
5@
70 =
350

16 mm Side Plate

45
60 mm 250 mm 250 mm 60 mm

250 UC 89
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Out of Plane Bending

Bolts in Tension and Shear

1000 mm

A DL=150 kN

LL= 100 kN

L=
30
A
00
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

More Examples of Out of Plane Bending

Bolts in Tension and Shear
500 mm
V* = 150 kN 250 UC 89

70

4@
70
16 mm PLATE (PL)
=
280
70

20 mm PL
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Design Requirements for Connections

Requirements for design of connections are included in Section 6.5 and 6.8 of these notes for the bolted and
welded connections respectively. Further procedures can be obtained from AS 4100 and other references
published by Australian Steel Institute (refer to references section of these notes).

Capacity Reduction Factors

Following are the appropriate capacity reduction factors in accordance with AS 4100-1998

Bolts (in shear or tension  = 0. 8

Plates (ply) in bearing  = 0.9
Other connection components (except main member)  = 0.7
Butt Welds  = 0.9
Fillet Welds  = 0.8
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Minimum Design Force

The following are the minimum forces specified by the code (AS 4100). For moment joints (rigid
construction) minimum moment of 50% of the member design capacity. For Simple Construction – a
minimum shear force of 40 kN.

At ends of tension or compression members – a minimum force of 30% of the member design capacity. For
Splices – minimum of 30% of member design capacity, except by the full effort of a man using a standard
podger spanner. All the force that may be transmitted by bearing in a compression splice provided fasteners
are provided to transmit a minimum of 15% of the member design capacity.

Net Area of Tension Members

The net area of tension members is covered in Section 2.1 of this book.
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

REQUIREMENTS FOR BOLT CONNECTIONS

Bolt Categories
The three common bolting categories or procedures are the snug tightening, fully tension friction mode (TF)
and the fully tension bearing mode (TB). These are denoted as:
/S: ‘Snug-tight’, bolts tightened by a few impacts of an impact wrench or /TB: Fully tensioned bolts used in
‘bearing’ mode and /TF: Fully tensioned bolts used in ‘friction’ mode.

S, TB and TF bolts of the same grade all have the same strength limit state shear, Tension and bearing
capacities. TF bolts should be used where slip under loads must be avoided such as when subject to impact or
vibration. The serviceability limit state must be satisfied in this design mode. However the strength limit
stated must also be satisfied as for TB bolts.
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table 6-1 shows the bolting categories and bolt grade, ultimate tensile strength and the methods of tensioning. The
bolt sizes and areas for computing the shear and tensile stresses are given in Table 6-2.

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: BOLTS AND BOLTING CATEGORY
Bolting Bolt Grade Method of Tensioning Ulitimate tensile Strength (fuf) MPa
Category
4.6/S 4.6 Snug tight 400
8.8/S 8.8 Snug tight 830
8.8/TF 8.8 Full tensioning 830
8.8/TB 8.8 Full tensioning 830

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: AREAS OF TENSIONING OF BOLTS

Areas mm2 TF, TB Tensioning. Max length for
Bolt Size Ao Ac As Tension ½ turn ¼ turn
(diameter) Shank Core Tension Nu (kN) (mm) (mm)
M12
M16 201 144 157 90 120 240
M20 314 225 245 145 120 240
M24 452 324 353 205 160 350
M30 706 561 325 160 350
M36 1017 817 475 160 350
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Design Requirements of Bolt Connection for Strength Limit State
Bolt in Shear

The design shear force of the bolt is denoted as:

Vf.* Vf ........................................................................................................................................Equation

Error! No text of specified style in document.-1
Where  = 0.8 and the nominal shear capacity is given by Equation 6-2.

Vf = (0.62 fuf ) kf nA…………………………………………………………......…………….Equation

Error! No text of specified style in document.-2

Where n = number of shear planes

A = area of bolt = Ac or Ao
Ac = core area of bolt, used when threads intersect the shear plane.

Ao = shank area of bolt, used when threads do not intersect the shear plane
kr = joint length factor = 1 for Li < 300
Li > 1 to > Li/5200 ≥0.75
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Bolt in Tension

The design tension force is given by Equations 6-3 and 6-4 viz:
Ntf.*  Ntf………………………………………………………………………….…………….Equation
Error! No text of specified style in document.-1
Nominal tension capacity Ntf = Asfuf………………..…………..………………………………..Equation
Error! No text of specified style in document.-2

As = tensile stress area of bolt

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1: Capacities of Grade 4.6/S Bolts
fuf = 400 MPa,  =0.8
Bolt Size Shear Capacity for Shear Capacity for Axial Tension
threads excluded from threads included in the
shear plane. shear plane.
 Vfx (kN) Vfn (kN) Ntf (kN)

M12 22.4 15.1 27.0

M16 39.9 28.6 50.2
M20 62.3 44.6 78.4
M24 89.7 64.3 113
M30 140 103 180

Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-2: Capacities of Grade 8.8/S, 8.8/TB, 8.8/TB Bolts
fuf = 830 MPa,  =0.8
Bolt Size Shear Capacity for Shear Capacity for Axial Tension
threads excluded from threads included in the
shear plane. shear plane.
 Vfx (kN) Vfn (kN) Ntf (kN)

M16 82.7 59.3 104

M20 129 92.6 163
M24 186 133 234
M30 291 214 373
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Bolts Subject to Combined Shear and Tension

(Vf.*/Vf)2 + (Ntf.*/Ntf)2  1.0 ……………….……………………………………………Equation

Error! No text of specified style in document.-1
Where  = 0.8 and Vf and Ntf as previously defined.

Ply in Bearing

Design bearing force

Vb*.   Vb…………………….........……………………………………….…………………….Equation
Error! No text of specified style in document.-2
 = 0.9
where Vb is the plate (ply) bearing capacity and shall be the lesser of 3.2 df tp fup or tp fup.
df = thickness of fastener (bolt)
tp = thickness of the plate (ply)
fup = fu for the plate (ply), usually 410 Mpa
ae = edge distance in direction of force (measured from centre of hole) to edge of plate or to edge of next
hole.
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Both Connection Serviceability Limit State (8.8/TF only)

Shear

Design shear force

Vsf.*  Vaf……………….......……………………………………..…………………………….Equation
Error! No text of specified style in document.-1

 = 0.7

where Vsf =shear capacity of bolt friction = nei Nti …...……………………………………….Equation

Error! No text of specified style in document.-2

 = friction (slip) factor = 0 .35 for clean ‘as-rolled’ surfaces. Test evidence is required for other surface
conditions.
nei = number of friction interfaces
Nti = minimum bolt tension at installation

Combined Shear and Tension

(Vsf*./Vsf) + (Ntf.*/Ntf)  1.0…….………………………………………………………………..Equation

Error! No text of specified style in document.-3
 = 0.7
Where Ntf = nominal tension capacity of the bolt

NOTE: The serviceability limit state is checked only when no slip is required. When this is done the
strength limit state must also be checked
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
1.1.1 Design Details for Bolts
Minimum Pitch (p)

p  2.5df

Where p = pitch i.e distance between centres of bolts

df = bolt (fastener) diameter

Maximum Pitch

p  the lesser of 14 tp or 200mm, normally

p  lesser of 32 tp or 300mm, no design force,
p  lesser of (4 tp + 100 mm) or 200 mm, outside line of fasteners in the direction of force.
tp - thickness of thinnest plate connected.

1.1.1.1 Maximum Edge Distance

ed  the lesser of 12tp or 150 mm

tp = is the thickness of the thinnest outer connected plate
BOLTED CONNECTIONS-DIRECT SHEAR

1.1 ANALYSIS OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

The analysis of bolted connections in direct shear, in the plane of bending and out of plane bending are
presented in the follwing sections.

Direct Shear Example

Check that the 5-M20 grade 4.6 bolts can carry the required maximum axial force, N * = 540 kN. (assume no
eccentricity and all bolts carry equal components of N*). The tie consists of 2- 125 x 125 x 8 angle (placed
back to back) (fy = 320 MPa, fu = 440 MPa) and is connected to the 150 x 16 gusset plate by 5-M20 bolts.
(Plate fy = 250 MPa and fu = 410 MPa).
5/M20 Bolts
*
N ≤  Nt =  0.85 kt An fu
or
60

N* ≤  Nt =  Ag fy N*=540 kN

kt = 1.0
 = 0.9
Plate fy = 250 MPa 2x 125 x125 x 8 Angle
Plate fu = 410 MPa (Placed back to back)
4 spaces at 50 mm
= 200 mm
t.Sp2/4Sg
 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Check 2- 125 x 125 x 8 angle (placed back to back) (f y = 320 MPa, fu = 440 MPa)

Ag = 2 x 1900 mm2 t = 7.8 mm 1

2

N*
An1 = 2 x1900 – (22 x 7.8) x 2 = 3456.4 mm2

60
An2 = [1900 - (2 x 22 x 7.8) + (7.8 x 502/(4x 60)] x 2 2x 125 x125 x 8 Angle
= [1900 - 343.2 + 81 .3] x 2 = 1638.1 x 2 = 3276.4 mm2 (Placed back to back)

 Nt =  Ag fy = 0.9 x 320 x 1900 x 2x 10-3 = 1094 kN

 Nt =  0.85 kt An fu = 0.9 x 0.85 x 1.0 x 3276.4 x 440 x 10-3 = 1103 kN

 Nt (angle) = 1094 kN >N* (Connection) = 540 kN  OK.

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Plate
1
Plate fy = 250 MPa 2
5/M20 Bolts
Plate fu = 410 MPa 60

Ag = 150 x 16 = 2400 mm2 N*

An1 = 2 400 – (22 x 16) = 2400 – 352 = 2048 mm2

An2 = [2 400 – (22 x 16 x 2) + (16 x 502/(4x 60)]

= [2400 - 704 + 166.7 = 1862.7 mm2

 Nt =  Ag fy = 0.9 x 250 x 2400 x 10-3 = 540 kN

 Nt =  0.85 kt An fu = 0.9 x 0.85 x 1.0 x 1862.7 x 410 x 10-3 = 584.2 kN

 Nt (Plate) = 540 kN >N* (Connection) = 540 kN  OK.

5/M20 Bolts
60

N* = 540 kN

2x 125 x125 x 8 Angle

(Placed back to back)
4 spaces at 50 mm
= 200 mm
BOLTED CONNECTIONS
Bolt Capacity

Minimum centre to centre spacing of bolts = 2.5 x df = 2.5 x 20 = 50 mm  OK

For 5 M20 Grade 4.6 bolts

N*= 540 kN (This is a tension force as far as the angle and the gusset plate are concerned. However it is a
shear load on the 5 bolts. i.e the total shear force on the 5 bolts)

 V*per bolt = 540/(5x2) = 54 kN (note bolts are in double shear) (this is the shear force on one bolts.

From Safe Load Tables

 Vfn = 44.6 kN/bolt (threads included in the shear plane) < V* =54 kN NOT OK !

 Vfx = 62.3 kN/bolt (threads excluded in the shear plane) > V* =54 kN OK !

 Ntf = 78.4 kN (Not required here as bolts are not in tension)

OR calculate Total  Vf = 2 x 44.6 x 5 = 446 kN < N * = 540 kN NOT OK! So the connection will fail at
the bolts. (If the threads are included in the shear plane).
BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Check Edge distances ae

ae = 1.5 x df = 1.5 x 20 = 30 mm

Check Bearing and Tearing Stresses with Section 9.3.2.4 (AS 4100)

Plate

V* = 540/5 = 108 kN
Vb = 3.2 x df tp fup = 3.2 x 20 x 16 x 410 x 10-3 = 419.8 kN (Bearing)
Vb = ae tp fup = 30 x 16 x 410 x 10-3 = 196.8 kN (Tearing)
 Vb = 0.9 x 196.8 = 177.1 kN > V* = 108 kN OK.

Angle

V* = 540/(5 x 2) = 54 kN
Vb = 3.2 x df tp fup = 3.2 x 20 x 7.8 x 440 x 10-3 = 219.6 kN (Bearing)
Vb = ae tp fup = 30 x 7.8 x 440 x 10-3 = 103.0 kN (Tearing)
 Vb = 0.9 x 103 = 92.7 kN > V* = 54 kN OK.

30 mm edge distance is OK.