“DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS”

- Sciene of rearing, improvement and caring of domesticated animals is called – ANIMALS

HUSBANDARY’
- Livestock Cattle in particular are very useful in Indian agriculture.
- Cow, Buffaloes , goats & Sheep are domesticated for milk .
- Many animals as horse cattles, mules, asses, camels, elephants & randiers are used for transport.
- Sheep, rabbit and silkworms provide wool, fur & silk respectively.
- The first animal be domesticated was dog followed goat.
- Huskies are thick coated dogs used by Eskimos to draw their sledges.

Livestock –
Domesticated animals, especially the farm animals, kept for profit are collectively called live
stock.
eg. Cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goat, pigs, horses, camel.
1. Zebu-CATTLE or COW (Bos indicus) and buffaloes (Bos bubalus)
- Cattle and buffalo are most important forms of domesticated animals- they are widely used for –
a. Agriculture operations –
They are main source by pulling carts & wagons.
- They are also helpful in agriculture operations like Ploughing, harrowing, leveling etc.
b. Milk : They provide milk which is an important food having all essential nutrients.
c. Transport - They are used in driving carts for transportation of men & materials.
d. Manure & fuel
- The dung provided by them acts as a valuable manure for maintaining the fertility of soil.
- It is also used for preparation of biogas.
- Dung cakes provide cheap fuel.
e. Leather : Hides obtained from these animals are used for the preparation of leather goods.
f. Glue & Gelatin : Their bones, horns and hoofs yield glue & gelatin.
g. Meat : Beef & Buffalo meat are eaten by eaten by certain people.

Breeds of cattle –
- There is a variety of breeds of cattle & buffaloes in our country.
- All of them differ in general body build, colour, forehead, form of horns and geographical
distribution.
- The best cattle breeds occur in the drier region of the country. There are 26 breeds of cattle.
 The most important breeds of milk cows in the united states of America are Holstein, Friesian,
Jersey, Quernsey, Ayrshire, Brown swiss, Red Dane.

 In India the most important breeds of buffaloes are –

Surti, Niliravi, Nagpuri (ellichpuri), Jaffrabandi, Bandawari, Murrah, Mehsana.
 Depending upon the utility, the cattle are classified into the following groups –
i. Milch breeds ii. Draught breeds iii. General utility breeds
(Milk producing animal) (Used for working) (Used for safety)

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  Important breeds of Indian Cattle 
1. MILCH BREEDS - Distribution
1. Gir Raj , Gujrat
2. Sahiwal Punjab, Hariyana, U. P.
3. Red Sindhi Andhra Pradesh
4. Deoni Andhra Pradesh
2. DRAUGHT BREEDS Distribution
1. Malvi Raj ., M. P.
2. Hallikar Karnataka
3. Nageri Haryana , Delhi , U.P.
4. Kangayam Tamilnadu & other parts of South India
3. General Utility Breeds Distribution
1. Haryana Haryana , Punjab, M. P.
2. Ongole Andhra Pradesh
3. Kankrej Gujrat
4. Thasparkar Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh
 Feeding of Cattle : In order to get good results cattle should be given a balanced feed containing
sufficient quantities of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins minerals & water.
- Feed constitutes two main components i. e., (i) Roughage (ii) Concentrate
 Roughage contain large amount of fibre which include hay fibre and silage.
 Theconcentrate is a mixture of cereal broken grams, rice polish, cotton seeds gram bran and oil
take moisted in water.
- These are rich in proteins highly palatable & digestable
- In our country, paucity of food & fodder is responsible for low milk production.
Along with underfeeding & overfeeding also affect the productivity of animals.
 Breeding of Cattle :
- Cattle breeders select & mate type of cattle for a particular purpose.
- The breeding of cattle is done by two methods
i. Natural Breeding
a. Random breeding b. Controlled breeding
ii. Artificial breeding
1. Natural breeding –
a. Random Breeding –
- Here some pedigree bulls are kept along with the grazing cows.
- Bulls not selected for breeding are castrated and changed to bullocks.
b. Controlled breeding –
- In this type of breeding native cows are crossed with superior quality of imported bulls in
natural breeding.
- Foreign dairy breeds like Jersey (England), Holstein, Freisian (Holland), Brown Swiss
(Switzerland), Ayrshire (Scotland) have been important to give better results.
- Hybrid cows require special environment & yield more milk.

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 - Hybrid oxen is also comparatively more active & energetic.
 Some improved hybrids are Jersey, sindhi, Brown, Swiss Sahiwal, Ayrshire Sahiwal etc.

2. Artificial Breeding – The introduction of semen (sperm) in the body (vagina) of females , by artificial
means is called ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION.
- Several cows can be inseminated by semen of a single bull.
 Gestation period of cows is about 9 months & buffaloes is about 10 months.
- Cows give 8 -10 calves in complete life span.
Buffalo in actual sense is called water buffalo (Bubalus Bubalus).
- Cow is more adapted for dry conditions.
 Super Ovulation & Embryo Transplantation
- Superovulation is a techinique where in a cow is made to ovulate more ova by injection of
hormones. Lutinizing harmone (LH)
- High quality cow (e.g., more milk producling) is chosen , & is given hormonal injections to induce
super ovulation.
- Fertilization is achieved by artificial insemination
- From this cow 4 to 10 embryos are collected at a time.
- Each of the embryo is transplanted into carrier cow (Surrogate mother).
 By deep freezing ( - 1960 C) it is possible to preserve the seven days old foetus for several yyears
and transplanted when required.
 The embryo can be cut into two & Monozygotic twins can be obtained.
 This embryo transplantation technique can also be used for other livestocks like sheep & goat etc.
 Fertility in local breeds of cattle has been overcome through the use of pregnant mare serum
Gonadotropin . (LH + FSH)
 Sterile & immature cows can be induced to lactate through stibesterol.

SHEEP (Ovis Aries) – Today sheep are raised in all parts of the world
- They are reared for wool & mutton, mostly in hilly tracts.
- Sheep graze on grass & herbs.
- Farm waste, mineral mixture, oil cake and other cattle feeds can also be given.
- High Quality soft wool shahtoosh is obtamed from the animals chiru
- A sheep lives for about 13 years.

Breeding of Sheep :
- Sheep begin breeding at the age of about two yeqars & then have young obnes every year.
- After that sheep feed on tender grass weeds of pasture & hill side.
- To improve the quality of a sheep cross breeding experiments are usually done.
- For this purpose, a good quqlity wool yielding or mutton producing sheep is chosen and cross
breed with exotic breed like Dorset, Horn and Merino

Breeds - Deccani & nellore breeds are raised only for mutton.
- Patanwandi provides wool for army hosiery
- Narwari yields coarse wool

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  Four breeds yields good wool –
i. Rampur – Bushair (Brown fleece for superior cloth) ii. Lohi (Quality wool also milk)
iii. Bakharwal (Undercoat for shawls) iv. Nali (carpet wool)
GOAT ( CAPRA CAPRA)
- It is also called poor mans cow because it yields a small quantity of milk and feeds on a variety
of wild plants even prickly ones.
- Goat destroy vegetation & forests if not kept under control.
- About 19 % of world goat population occurs in India
- Goats are reared in open sheds.
Breeding of Goats :
- The wild goat Baluchistan and Sindh is the ancestral stock of all breeds of domesticated goats.
- An adult male goat is also called – billy goat or a buck and a female adult is a nanny goat or a doe.
A goat less then a year is called Kid
- The fine soft wool called PASHMINA is the underful of Kashmir & Tibbet goat.
 Common breeds of goat are malabari, Berai, Bengal Marwari, Beetal, Jamunapuri, Gaddi and
Kashmiri Pashmina.
 Some breeds of Indian Sheep 
Breed Distribution Use

1.Lohi Punjab, Raj. Milk, good quality wool.

2. Rampur-Bushair UP, HP, Raj., Punjab, Hariyana Superior Cloth, Brown Colour fleece
3. Nali Hariyana, Punjab, Raj. Superior carpet wool
4. Bhakarwal Jammu & Kashmir Undercoat used for high quality Shawl
5. Deccani Karnataka Mutton, on wool
6. Nellore Maharastra Mutton, on wool
7. Marwari Gujrat Coarse wool
8. Patanwadi Gujrat Wool for army hosiery
Some Goat Breeds
Breeds Distribution
1. Gaddi Himachal Pradesh
2. Kashmiri Pashmina Hills of Kashmir, Tibbet, HP
3. Jamunapari UP, MP
4. Beetal Punjab
5. Marwari Rajasthan
6. Besari Maharashtra
7. Malabari Kerla
8. Bengal[[
Bihar, Orissa
 Yak (Poephagus grunnies)
- It is reared in high mountainous regions for meat, wool hide milk, transport & tilling
PIG (Sus sacrofa)
- Pig is the most economical source of meat for human beings.

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- Pig’s meat is called PORK.
- Pig’s fat is used as cooking medium and for preparation of soap.
- Its hide forms leather & its bristles are used for making brushes.
- Pigs are susceptible to extremes of heat & cold.
- The care & management of pigs is called PIGGERY.
 Feeding of Pigs Indigenous pigs survive through scavenging on garbage & kitchen waste & farm & by
products & human faeces.
- Pig keepers raise them on grass. Straw roots and grains.
- As they can feed on human faeces, they serve as secondary host for tape worm.
 Breeds & breeding –
Pig breeding has now started on commercial scale. The improved exotic types, number of which is
insignificant is maintained mostly at all the seven regional pig breeding stations of the country.
Domesticated indigenous pigs Distribution
1. Deshi UP, Bihar, Punjab, MP
2. Ghori Manipur, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh
Exotic Pigs –
1. Berkshire UK
2. Large white Yorkshire UK
3. Landrace Switzerland & Denmark
 Elephants (Elephas maximus)
- They have poor sight but sense of hearing & smell is highly developed.
- African elephants have longer tusks then Asian elephants.
- Elephant is the largest land animal.
- The gestation period is 21 – 22 months.
- Puberty in elephants occurs at b / w 8 & 12 years
Uses –
i. Elephants are used to lift & carry logs of wood across hilly patches and dense forests.
ii. The tusks of elephants provides the precious ivory used for intricate carving by skilled craftsman.
 Elephants may live for upto 90-100 years.
 Feeding - Working elephants are fed straw hay and crushed grain as a supplement.
- Daily water consumption is 140-230 litres.

Horses (Equus equus)

- Horse is firm footed fast runner, stout & intelligent
- Initially it was used for hunting game.
- Later they were employed for pulling chariots transport & warfare
- They are fast learners & faithful pests & able to adopt to all sorts of climatic conditions.
- They are reared for racing & polo
- They are also used as laboratory animals for preparing vaccines.
- Horses are employed in circus too.
- Horses are fed on oats barley, grams & hay

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- Common salt is also added to their diet.
- Green grass also be given
- As compared to other animals they have a low reproductive rate.

 Important breeds of Indian horses

Name Regions Name Regions
1. Kathiawari Raj . & Gujrat 2. Marwari Raj.
3. Zanskari Ladakh 4. Spiti Himachal Pradesh
5. Bhutia Punjab & Bhutan 6. Manipuri North eastern mountains
 Donkeys (equus asinus)
 Two kinds of donkeys are found in India –
i. Small grey ii Large white
- The wild ass of Ethiopia and Northern Africe is the ancestor of common domestic donkeys.
 Mules :- It is a sterile hybrid b /w male donkey & horse (Mule)
- In difficult terrain, mule is preferred because it is sturdier & more firm fooled then either of its parents.
- When a cross b/ w a female donkey and a male horse (stallion) is called HINNY
- Army uses two types of mules –
i. Gervice type ii. Mountain artillery type
 Mules are fed on green fodder crushed gram barley & salt
 Camel ( camelus )
- Camel is used for riding, carrying lads Ploughing , threshing grains pulling carts drats drats drawing from
wells.
- Camels hair is used for making warm garments cords & garments cords & brushes.
- Desert dwellers relish the camel’s milk & meat
- Camel’s hide used for making saddles
- There are two kind of camel –
i. Arabian one humped (camelus dromedarus) ii. Bactrian , two humped (C. Bactrians)
 Disease like anthrax, pneumonia , camel pox & Surra affect camel.
[

Adaptation in camel (Ship of desert)

1. It can easily lives in desert in sand where lot of food & water shortage pereists.
2. It can easily move on hot & slippery sand because it uses whole of foot while walking
3. On sand it can run at a speed of 25 km. per hour.
4. The camel can cover about one hundred km. if needed.
5. It can live without food & water for about 10 days continuously
6. Hump at the back of camel contains fact in the form of reserve food.
7. When storage of water is these passes very little urine (about ½ lit a day)
Poultry
- Poultry is the word used for the birds which can be bred for economic purposes.
- It includes ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls, pea fowls, pigeons, gualis, partsidges etc. for their meat &
eggs.
- Poultry and poultry products are a rich source of animal protein & right kind of fats for good health.
- In our country poultry mainly means domestication of chickens for meat & eggs.
- India stands at 6th place in poultry farming in the world.

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- In India per capita consumption annually is only 19 eggs and 20 gm of meat.
- While the nutritional advisory committee of ICMR (Indian council for medical research ) has
recommended an egg/ day i.e. 300 eggs/ annum/ person & 180 gm meat/ day / person
Poultry Farming
1. Poultry birds are easy to raise & can acclimatize to a wide range of climate condition.
2. They are prolific (highly reproductive and have short life span)
3. Their products are rich cource of money Indian breeds lay 60 eggs/year in comparision to exotic
breeds lay 270 eggs/yr.
4. Poultry farming is advantageous over other enterprises.
- It yields quick return needs little space & easy to manage
- Chickens are bred in large colonies in special places, called poultry farms
- The poultry birds are kept in dry comfortable & well ventilated cages.
- Separate rooms or compartments are made for birds of different age groups.
- The floor housing is more common.
- The floor is covered with husk & straws
- The farm is rat proof with proper drainage system
 The feed of poultry birds consists of cereals, millets oil cakes, fish & meat meal, minerals & green
vegetables, fish silage, protein concentrate
- Hen- Starts laying eggs at the age of 6 months
- Then number of eggs produced during winter are more compare then summer . (temp . effect)
 The domestic fowl (gallus dallus ) can be classified as -
(1) Indigenous (Desi) or Indian breeds –
Aseel, Ghagus, Karaknath, Brahma, Bursa, Black Bengal, Chittagong, Tellicherry etc.
Aseel is best game bird, it is used in cock fighting.
- Poultry birds exclusively grown for meat is called broilers (plymoth rocks).
 Indian breeds are slow growing, less efficient converters and produce fewer eggs (60 / years)
(2) Exotic Breeds – White leghorn , Red Rhode island, Plymoth rock, New Hampshire, Sussex,
Barred, Plymoth , Austrairop, Light , Minoreha etc.
- HH260 lays more then 260 eggs in a year & its mortality rate is low.
- The broilers (bird grown for meat), with high nutritive value have been produced by cross
breeding (heterosis)
 DUCK (Anas)
- Ducks are abundant in southern & eastern parts of India.
- It has about 20 breeds.
- Common Indian breeds are Indian runner , Syhlet meta , Nageshwari
- The exotic breeds include Campbell, Pekin, Muscori & Ayleshbury
 Geese (Anas) – Two common varieties are brown & white
 Turkey (Maleagris) – It is a recently domasticated bird.
- The important breeds are British white, broad breasted bronze, Beltsiville small white
Narfold
 Diseases of poultry
1. Viral diseases : Fowl pox, Ranikhet. (New castly)

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 2. Bacterial diseases : Fowl cholera, Salmonellosis, Coryza
3. Fungal diseases : Aspergillous
4. Parasitic diseases :
i. Internal Parasites :- Round worms, tapeworms & threadnorms
ii. External parasites : Fowlmite , chicken, mite, fleas, ticks etc.
Majority of the hens start laying eggs from the month of February and continue this practice till
August. Monosoon period is considered to be the most of suitable time for obtaining chicken from
eggs.
Common Diseases of Poultry
Some of the commonly occurring disease of poultry are as follows -
(i) Viral Diseases of Poultry
Fowlpox, infectious bronchitis , lymphoid leucosis and Ranikhet diseases are common viral
diseases of poultry. Ranikhet (New castle ) disease is the most common disease of hens and fowls
in which the affected individuals suffer from fever and diarrhea. With the progression of this
disease the birds show mucus secretion from their beaks, paralysis of wings and the birds
repeatedly moving round.
(ii) Bacterial Diseases – These include fowl cholera, Pullorum, Coryza, Mycoplasmosis and
Spirochaetosis.
(iii) Fungal Diseases – Aflotoxicosis , Brooder pneumonia and aspergillosis.
If any of the infections disease has affected a mass proportion of the chicken & hens, then the best
and safer decision, to avoid the fatal consequence, is to destroy the affected individuals . A
poultry keeper must be awared about the common diseases so as to ensure the well being of hens
and also of man.
SERICULTURE
[[

The production of silk from the silk worm by rearing practices on commercial scale is called
sericulture . (Sericulture is the rearing of silk worms for the production of raw silk.)
- First of all the silk worm were discovered in china by LOTZU EMPRESS of KWANG Ti in 2697
B.C.
- In India sericulture is an ancient industry dating back at least to the second century B. C.
- In India major silk producing centers are in Assam , Bengal, Madras, Punjab, Kashmir and
Karnataka
- Silk production in India is 2, 969 tonnes per year
- India ranks 3rd in the production of silk. Mysore (Karnataka) is the leading silk producer state.
Type of silk from silkworm

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a Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori feeds on Mulberry–Mulberry Silk
b Tasar Silkworm (Antherea roylei) – which feeds on oak – Tasar silk
c Eri or Arundi silkworm (Attacus ricini) – feeds on castor – Eri silk
d Munga silkworm (Antherea assama) feeds on oak and other forest trees – Munga silk
Thiopalia religiosa feeds on machilus & fucus species - Devmuga silk.
 Silk fibre is a protein produced from silk glands of silkworm.
- Silkglands are modified salivary gland of the larvae of caterpillar of the insect Bombyx mori
(Mulberry silk moth)
- These caterpillar form a cocoon around them
- The cocoon are cooked in hot water this process is called stiffing & the silk fibre is unwound from
cocoons
 India is the only country in the world having all four varities of silk
 Life history of silk worm( Bombrx mori )
- Adult silk worm is white creamy moth of 5 cm hairy body.
- Female lays 400 -500 eggs upon leaves of mulberry plants, fertilization is internal.
- Hatching in summer takes about 10 days
- Larva (caterpillar) has five instar after four moultings (lifespan 25-30 days)
- It spines its own silken cocoon
- 5th instar caterpillar (develops salivary glands stops feeding & secrete clear viscous fluid. The
secreted fluid comes out through spinneret (a narrow pore situated on the hypophayx) and takes
the form of long fine thread of silk ( 1000 -1200 metres in 3 days) which hardens on exposure to
the air and wrapped around the body of the caterpillar in the form of a covering called as
COCOON.
- This secretion forma two cases of fibres, cemented together by sericin & carotenoids pigments.
- Entire cocoon is formed within 3 days
- Weight of cocoon is 1. 8 to 2.2 gm
- During metamorphosis of pupa (chrysalis) histolysis & histogenesis occur
- Full grown pupa is called Imago.
- Adult moth comes out of cocoon after 10-12 days of pupa life
- Life span of adults 3-4 days only
Reeling and spinning :
- The process of removing the threads from the killed cocoon is called as reeling. (Post cocoon
processing)
Diseases of silk worm :
(1) Maggot disease : Caused by Tricholga sorbillans (fly)
(2) Pebrine : Caused Nosema bombycis (protozoa).
(3) Polyhedrosis : Caused by viruses.
(4) Flacherie : Caused by certains viruses and bacteria.
(5) Green muscardine : Fungal disease of silk worms.
 Central sericulture station : Berhampore (W. B.)
 Central research & training institute (Mysore)

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 Apiculture

- The scientific method of care & management of honey bees is called APICULTURE.
- Although bees are very active throughout the year but in winter they become sluggish & are very active in
spring.
- They show polymorphism & good division of work.
The diameter of a normal bee hive is about 30-90 cm. In it the number of bees is about 50 -60 thousands.
- Bees are pollinators for sunflower, Brassica, apple & pear.
Social Organisation :
- A highly organised division of labor is found in the colony of honey bee.
- Each colony has more then 40,000 to 50,000 individual consisting of 3 casts –
Important species of Honey-bees :
(i) Apis dorsata (Rock bee) – It is also named as saarang bee. It is of largest size and produces highest yield of
honey. However, it is of highly aggressive nature and migratory species, which is not suitable for rearing
by man.
(ii) Apis indica (Indian Mona-bee) – It lives across the whole country of India and is smaller in size then
saarangbee It is mild in nature , so that it is easily manageable during rearing. Mona-bee yields about 3-4
kg. of honey per hive.
(iii) Apis florae (Bhringa-bee) – This bee is amallest in size and of timid nature. It only yields about 250 gms of
honey every hive. Hence is not suitable for commercial purpose.
(iv) Apis mellifera (European bee) – This bee is of mild nature. It yields 9 -10 times more honey then mona-bee
. It is the most useful bee for commercial purpose. The Italian variety of this species is by far the most
important variety.
1. Queen :- It is about 15-20 mm long and its body is about three times larger & 3 times heavier then a worker
bee. The legs & wings are short but crop is long. It has ovary which is filled with eggs.
Only one queen develops from fertilized egg ( i.e., it has 32 chromosomes). It feeds on Royal jelly.
Its sole function is – Reproduction. It lays 2000 eggs everyday. One queen lays approx. 1500000 egg in its
whole life time.
2. Drones :- About 100 male bees are present in one hive . These are approx. 7 -15 mm long. In these salivary
and wax secreting glands and strings are absent.
Like the queen they also depend on worker bees for nutrition.
Their sole duty to fertilize the queen. Drones are developed from unfertilized eggs so there are only 16
chromosomes present in them.
3. Worker :- Their number is maximum in a hive . These are the smallest bees. Their wings and mouth parts
are very strong . Their mouth parts & legs are modified to suck the nectar of flowers and to collect the
pollen grains respectively. Pollen basket is present on hind leg (tibial) for collection of pollen.
Pocket like wax glands are present at base 2nd to 5th abdominal segment.
Worker bees are sterile females. These are developed from fertilized eggs. Due to high labor the life time of
a worker bee about 6-8 weeks.

Modern method of apiculture

Modern method of apiculture makes use of artificial bee hive. There are more convenient as these may be
reused and can be shifted easily to safer place in adverse weather conditions. In addition to above, these
areeasy to handle and can be carred in a simple and easy manner.

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Procurement and rearing of honey-bees – Male honey-bees (drones) are usually captured in the evening hours
while they are swarming . After procurement , they are introduced in the brood chamber of the artificial
hive. A queen and some workers obtained from a nutural bee-hive are released into the artificial hive. Here
they are fed with a artificial diet contaning 2/3 parts of sugar and 1/3 part water, for some days. The
queen of the hive needs to be replaced by a new one every year. The old queen is removed out of the hive .
A small amount of the honey from this hive is applied on the fresh queen’s body and the same is released
into brood chamber. The artificial bee-hives prepared in such manner are placed in open fields or gardens
or at some appropriate place.
The site where the hives are placed should be moist and clean . A good flowering crop and other plants as
a source of nectar and pollen grains to the honey-bees must be available within the circumference of 1 -2
kms from the hive. In the condition of overcrowding of males, some of them including a queen should be
removed from that hive. A perennial source of clean water is also essential in the close vicinity of the hive.
Honey bees produce honey and wax which are very useful commodities to man. They also play an
important role in pollination of agricultural and horticultural fields.

 Life history of honey bee

- After fertilization the queen lays about 2000/ eggs/ days
- One egg in each broad cell
- The egg hatches in about 3 days
- After hatching a white larva (maggot) emerges which is fed by workers
- Worker larvae are full grow after 5 days
Nurse bees – From the 4th day all the worker bees provides food which consist pollen & honey to all baby
bees.
From the 7th day Royal jelly is secreted from the maxillary glands of worker bees, Larva, pupa & queen
bee are fed on this royal jelly.
From 12th to 18th day secretion of wax gland also starts.
- Propolis is a gum like substance which is used by bees to repair the old & destructed parts.
- Eggs destined to become drones are unfertilized & are lais in cells of slightly greater diameter then those of
workers
- the egg hatched in royal chamber is looked after by workers & fed with royal jelly so that it convert into
queen.
- The time required to produce a queen from egg to adult is about 15-16 days, for a worker -4days, & for a
drone 24 days
 Nectar collection & Honey preparation
- One worker is ordered to collect 450 gms of honey, it needs 40,000 to 80,000 trips to flowers for nectar &
pollen
- Nectar is a sugary substance in the flowers.
- Nectar is stored in the crop
- Sucrose is acted upon by the enzymes present in the saliva & changed into glucose levulose & fructose
- The hydrolised nectar is regurgitated by the workers & is stored in the storage cells of bee hive
- Extra amount of water is evaporated by the fanners
This concentrated product is called Honey
Communication by dance :-
Those bees which go out for search of food have highly developed visual & taste sense for correct
recognition of route. Bees recognised their route with the help of position of sun & smell of flowers.
Bee communicate with each other so that all other members also find the food source.

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 Ernst spytzner 1788 explains that honey bees have a definite kind of communication medium.
This special type of speed is called “ Dance of honeybee.”
After that Karl Von Frish 1969 also explains the “ Dance of honeybee” and he got noble prize for
that.
- The following type of dances can be seen in honey bees.
1. Round Dance :- This dance indicates that the food source is about less then 75m from a hive. The
direction of food source can be identify with the help of smell of flowers which is present on the
body of a scout honey bee.
2. Tail wagging Dance :-
With the help of this dance bees give the information of that food source at a very far distance. In
it direction & distance of food source are indicated according to the position of sun. When the
honey bee is flying in a straight line it wagging its tail and wings to produce the sound.
Distance of a food source can be identified with the help of speed of dance, speed of wagging tail
& spped of sound.
- It the motion is in upper side of a straight line with then food source will in the same direction of
sun.
- It the motion is in lower side of a straight line then food source will be in opposite direction of
sun.
- Honey- It is an aromatic viscid , sweet material consists of 17% water, sugar protein, minerals
vitamins etc. Its specific gravity is 1.45 to 1.48
i. Water - 17-20% ii Fructose - 40-45%
iii. Glucose - 32-37% iv. Sucrose - 12%
v. Enzymes & pigments - 2.21% vi. Ash - 1%
vii Vitamins - B, B6, C& D
Bee wax – It is very useful by product of bee keeping industry
- It is obtained from bee hives
- This is a secretion of workers bees abdominal glands
- It is prepared from a plant substance (pollen) called ‘PROPOLIS’
- The propolis gives the wax a hardly nature

 LAC CULTURE Lac is resinous secretion of last segment of Laccifer (Tachardia) lacca or Lac insect
- The insect is parasite lives and breeds on the following host plants
i. Kusum – Schleichera oleosa ii. Babul – Acacia nilotica
iii. Ber – Zizyphus mouritanas iv. Palas – Butea monosperma
v. Peepal – Ficus religiosa vi. Mango – Mangifera indica
vii. Sal – Shorea robusta viii. Fig – Ficus carica

Lac Insect :- They secrete a gum like substance which covered them from all the sides & after that a 1-2
inch thick layer is formed around the branches.
Branches of trees are cut down and then dipped into hot water so that the gummy substance can
be separated. It is done for the preparation of Lac.
Now some chemical are also added to prepare the lac which is available in markets.

12
In india the largest lac producing state is BIHAR, followed by MP, West Bengal & Maharastra
- India produces 75% of the total world production
- The lac is a secretory product of lac glands
- The secretion covers the body of insect
- Lac is used in printing industry, preparation of gramophone records, electrical appliances, in varnish ,
polish bangles cosmetics lacwax & lacdye
Salient Features of lac Insect
Lac insent has separate male and female individuals which exhibit sexual dimorphism. Males are 1.2-
1.5mm in length and have red coloured body. Males are smaller then females which measure about 5 mm
in length. Female posseses delicate body which is oval in shape. Head, thorax and abdominal regions in a
female are not very much distinct. Further the female are devoid of wings and have a bright red body, it
lives in a chamber made of resin.
A female insect lays about 200-500 eggs in its resin chamber. After 6 weeks of egg laying, a first instar larva
is hatched out of the each egg. It is also called nymph. These nymphs are active individuals , and
eventually escape out from the resin chamber. Now these gather on the small twigs of succulent plants.
The dermal glands present in the body of nymph secrete lac which dries after its contact with the air.
Nymphs continuously derive their nutrition in the form of sap from the succulent plants. After 6-8 months
of stable form the nymphs undergo metamorhosis. Now they develop into wingless females (about 70% of
total nymphs) and winged males (about 30% of total nymphs). A lac insect, living on a single host plant,
repeates it life cycle twice, one during October- November, and the other during June –July every year.
Lac insect sucks the plant sap by introducing its mouth parts into plant tissue. The quality of lac depends
on the nature of host plant. The best quality of lac is obtained by the lac insent which have been reared on
ber and palas plants. This lac is named as Kusumic lac.
Lac Cultivation
Lac is cultivated by both the methods, viz., natural and artificial methods. However, the artificial the
artificial method is considered to be more developed and reliable method. In artificial propagation , small
twigs of the host plant are tied with the other host plant, in a way that the twigs touch the later at many
places. This facilitates easy entry of nymphs into another host through swarming. After the propagation,
the lac secreted by the insects is obtained at adequate time. This is known as harvesting. The lac produced
before swarming is called immature lac or aril ac, while that produced after swarming is called mature lac.
The lac initially collected is collected is called seed lac which after purification gives button lac. Kiri lac is
the lac with many impurities. (Obtained from Keria lacca)
In India about 2 crores kg of lac is produced every year, which is more then 6% of the total world
production. Of the total production of India, 50% is contributed by the Chhota Nagpur region of Bihar . Lac
is a very useful material which is used for manufacturing bangels, utensils, toys, polish, varnish and for
electrical goods. Ladies in India use lac in colouring material , mahawar, as a cosmetic to make up their
feet. Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum (Ranchi) is engaged in the research and extension
programmes to promote and improve the lac culture in India.
 Composition of Lac

1. Resin - 68-90% 2. Dye - 2-10

3. Wax - 6% 4. Albuminous matter (Glue) – 5-10
5. Sugar - 4% 6. Water - 3%

13
 Fisheries

- Fishes & other aquatic animals are reared and caught for food which is rich in protein vit A & D
- Pisciculture is rearing catching & management of fishes.
- Culture fishery is the raising of raising of fishes in tanks & ponds.
- Capture fishery is management of catching of fish without actually raising them.
- The per capita consumption of fish in India is estimated at 1.52 kg/ yr.
- India is at present the 6th formost sea food producing nations in the world. Blue Revolution is an effort to
increase fish yield in India.
-
 Cultivable sps. of fresh water fishes –
 Indogenous sps 
1. Labeo rohita (Rohu) - most common carp
2. Labeo calbasu (Calbasu)
3. Catla catla (Catla)
4. Wallage attu (Malli)
5. Clarias betrachus (Magar)
6. Mystus singhala (Singhara)
7. Heteropneustes heteropneusts (Singhi)
8. Channa (Murrels)

 Exotic spa.
- Cyprinus carpio (common carp)
- Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp)
- Hypopthalmicthys molitrix (Chinese carp / silver carp)
- Osphronemus goramy (gaurami)
- Tilapia mossambica

 Marine fishes –
1. Hilsa (Hilsa) – Coastal India
2. Aluitheronema (Salmon) – East & west coast
3. Sardinella (Sardine) – West & south coast
4. Harpodon (Bombay duck) - Coastal Maharashtra
5. Stomaleous (pomphret) – Indopacific coast
6. Anguilla (Eel), Mackerel
7. Chanos chanos (Milk fish)
8. Mugil (grey mullet)
 For efficient utilization of different type of food in the pond it is necessary to cultivate 2 or 3 types of fishes
together.
This is called composite or mixed farming.
 The major carps catla, rohu & Mrigal form a satisfactory combination in the ratio of 3 : 3: 4.
Selection of cultivable fish species is an important aspect of fish culture. Culturable fishes should have a
high food value (both in quantity and quantity ), high reproductive and growth rates, higher disease
resistance capacity, tolerance against the environmetal fluctuations, an easy acceptance towards natural and
artificial food and

14
 Should be well compatible to the other fishes present in the pond or the aquatic habitat.
The above criteria are fulfilled only by a few species of fishes, which are called as major carps .Therefore , the
culture of these fishes are practiced in India at a large scale . At present three main species of the indigenous carps in
India are included as the category of major carps. The three species are – Labio rohita, Catla catla and Cirrhinus
mrigala. These species alongwith certain exotic carp species are cultured together in a fish pond. This technique is
called composite fish culture . An appropriate ratio among the individuals of various species is observes at the time of
stocking the pond with fishes.
Important Steps of Fish culture
The major steps followed in the fish culture practice are briefly described in following lines-
(i) In the beginning of the culture programme, a suitable site for the establishment of a fish farm, is selected in
accordance to the standard criteria. a number of ponds of different types are then constructed and a dependable source
of water is ensured to supply water into the nursery ponds, rearing or raising ponds and stocking ponds. the size,
shape and depth of water in these ponds differ from each other.
(ii) Fishery ponds are usually Treated with lime to maintain an appropriate pH of pond water, Organic and inorganic
manure and fertilizers are supplied in the pond to encourage the growth of planktons and other organisms that serve as
natural food for fishes (this is called fertilization of pond) . It is quite essential to remove the harmful aquatic weeds,
predatory fishes and the harmful insects from the pond before introducing fish seed into the pond.
(iii) Fish seed is procured from the natural breeding places of fishes or may be collected from rivers during monsoon
season.
(iv) In order to obtain pure seed of the desirable fish species, healthy males and females of a superior fish species are
selected. These are then induced to breed artificially by (Hypophysation) giving in them the injections of pituitary
extract (containing FSH or LH) or of a synthetic hormone like human chorionic gonadotropins (HC G) .This
stimulates female for spawning and the males to emit (containing sperms) on the ova to fertilize them.
(v) The fertilized eggs from the breeding pond are collected and transferred into hatcherires or hatching pits where they
hatch to give rise to small hatchling or sac fry.
(vi) The Juvenile sac fry are now transferred from the hatcheries into nursery ponds, where they develop into fry. These
fry by feeding on zooplanktons and phytoplanktons , present in nursery ponds, grow in size and change into
fingerlings . Fry are also fed by artificial food.
(vii) The fingerlings in next step, are transferred into rearing or raising ponds (this is called thining),where they feed on
both natural and artifical food. In rearing ponds, the fingerlings grow upto a size of 15-20 cm long. Now these are
transferred into stocking ponds.
(viii) In the stocking pond the fingerlings soon become adult and attain table size (edible size) in about 6-9 months. These
are given adequate food in these ponds and due care is given to protect them from diseases and other hazardous
agents.
(ix) When the fish in pond have attainend a suitable table size , the fishes are captured by usingfish gears like hooks and
lines, drag net, gill net, cast nest. This is called harvesting . These fishes are then taken to landing centres from where
they are disposed off by selling into market.
Our country has sufficient water resources including thousands of the ponds in rural areas, These pounds may be used
for fish culture together with the piggery, duck rearing, goat . which This along with providing employment to rural
people, may also be an additional source of income . (Integrated fish culture)
Certain premier institutes in India viz, Central Inland Capture Fisheries Research Institute (CICFRI), Barrackpore
(W.B.); Central Marine Fisheries Research institute (CMFRI), Kochi (Kerala); Central Institute of Fresh water
Aquaculture (CIFA), Bhubaneshwar (Orissa) and manyother institutes , are continuously engaged in the research and
extension studies in the field of fisheries to make it more beneficial.

15
By-Product of fishing industry :-
1. Isin glass :- It is a high grade collagen produced from air bladder or swim bladder or certain fishes like cat
fishes & carps. The isin glass prepared in Russia is of best quality.
2. Fish oil –
- Dry oil is obtained from Salmon & Hersing.
- Semi dry oil from carps. Liver oil contains vit A, D, E & C.
3. Fish meal – It is prepared from wastes of fish oil. Wastes of cod industry is called “White fish meal”.
It contains Calcium (5.36%) phospholipids (3.42%) and iodine. for younger animals it has proved to be a
good nutritive diet.
4. Fish protein :- Used inpreparation of ice cream, pharmaceuticals , paints, varnishes, textile, paper and
cosmetus.
5. Fish flour :- It is highly nutritive food and prepared by solvent extraction process easily digested by infants
of 3-4 months.
6. Fish skin – of some fishes like shark & rays are used for covering card cases, jewel boxes, scabboards etc.
The skin of cod salmon and other fishes are also tanned and converted into leather.

ANIMAL BREEDING
Animal breeding aime at improving the genotypes of animals to make them more useful to us. The chief
objectives of animal breeding may be summarized as follows : (i) improved growth rate. (ii) increased
production of milk, meat, egg, wool, etc. (iii) superior quality of resistance to various diseases . (v)
increased productive life, and (vi) increased or, at least, acceptable reproduction rate, etc. A variety of
strategies have been used for breeding of animals . The main approaches for animal breeding , viz.,
inbreeding, out-crossing and interspecific hybridization, are briefly described below, based mainly on the
breeding work with cattle.

Inbreeding :-

All domesticated animals have male and female individuals. As a result , they are strictly corss-fertilised ,
and highly heterozygous. Each domesticated animal species consists of several distinct breeds that differ
from each other in several morphological and other features . You are familiar with the important breeds of
cows, buffaloes, poultry, etc. Animals belonging to a single breed differ from each other in genotype
because of the mode of their reproduction and their heterozygous nature. Therefore , mating between
animals of the same breed provides opportunities for genetic impotent.
The breeding strategy based on inbreeding is as follows. Superior cows and superior bull of the same breed
are identified and mated in pairs. The progeny obtained from such mating are evaluated and superior males
and females are identified for further mating. A superior female, in the case of cattle , is the cow that
produces more milk or lactation. On he other hand , a superior male is that bull, which gives rise to
superior progeny as compared to those of other males. Inbreeding , as a rule, increases homozygosity.
Advantage : Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are eliminated by selection. It also helps in a
accumulation of superior genes and elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore , this approach increases
the productivity of inbred population. Practically every breed was developed by some type of inbreeding .
Disadvantage : But continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and even
productivity (inbreeding depression). Whenever this becomes a problem the selected animals of the
breeding population should be mated with such superior animals of the same breed that are unrelated to
those in the breeding population.

16
Cross-breeding :-
In this strategy, superior males of one bred are mated with superior females of another breed. Cross –
breeding allows the desirable qualities of two different breeds to be combined in a combined in a single
breed. The progeny animals may themselves be used as hybrids for commercial production. Alternatively,
they may be subjected to some form of inbreeding and selection to develop new stable breeds that may be
superior to the existing breeds. Many new animal breeds have been developed by this approach.
Progeny produced through cross-breeding may be mated according to various schemes to achieve specific
objectives. For example , cows of an inferior breed may be mated to bulls of a superior breed. In each
successive generation, the progeny cows are mated to the bull of the same superior breed that was used in
the original cross. Thus in 6-7 generations, the progeny will be almost similar to the breed of bull used for
the mating . But these progeny would retain some original advantageous conditions, etc., of the other breed
from which the cows were used in the original mating.
Interspecific Hybridisation :-
In this strategy, male and female animals of two different species are mated. The progeny obtained from
such a mating are usually different from both the parental species. In some cases, the progeny may combine
desirable features of both the parents, and may be of considerable economic value. An example of this type
is mule, which is produced from a cross between female horse (mare) and male donkey. Mules are sturdier
and hardier then their parental species, that are well suited for hard work in difficult terrains like
mountainous regions.

ANIMAL DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL

Domesticated animals suffer from a variety of diseases. In animals , disease may be defined as a state of
discomfort associated with an abnormal function of the animal body . Diseases may be caused by mutant
genes (genetic diseases). improper nutrition or pathogens. Genetically diseased animals are strictly
excluded during animal breeding. Generally , animals are raised on properly balanced diets to avoid
nutritional disorders and to ensure optimum performance. Domesticated animals suffer from diseases caused
by (a) viruses, (b) bacteria, (c) protozoa , (d) fungi and (e) animals , like worms. Such diseases are
commonly known as infectious diseases because they are caused by pathogenic infections. Many of the
infectious diseases are known as contagious diseases since they spread to healthy animals by contact with
diseased animals, or with the materials that were in direct contact with the diseased animals. Some of the
infectious diseases may spread to human from the animals , e.g. anthrax.

Infections can occur through skin. digestive tract, respiratory tract, conjunctiva, urogenital tract, placenta,
umbilicus and egg. It is a good policy to implement measures for the prevention of infectious diseases, some
of which are as follows.
(i) Isolation of animals suffering from or suspected to be infected with an infectious disease :
(ii) Proper disposal of the waste and all materials that were in contact with the diseased animal.
(iii) Proper cleaning and disinfection of the animals house and other materials that were in contact with
diseased animal.
(iv) Transfer of healthy animals to a pasture other then that used by diseased animals.
(v) Vaccination of animals
(vi) Injection of antiserum into healthy animals whenever an epidemic is expected.
(vii) The authorities of the veterinary department should be immediately informed of cases of infectious
diseases. This will allow them to initiate measures to prevent the spread of these diseases.

17
 Main Infection diseases of Domestic animals
Disease (s) Pathogens Symptoms
A. Bacterial diseases
1. Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Blood mi8xed frothy secrection from
external openings of body, increased
respiratory rate.
2. Hemorrhagic septicaemia Pasteurella multocida High fever , pneumonia , respiratory
distress, laming (pain during walking),
septicemia.
3. Black quarter Clostridium chauvoei Fever , swelling in neck.
4. Brucellosis Brucella abortus Placental swelling, abortion, reduced
fertility.
5. Bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis Tubercle nodes in lungs and lymph nodes
6. Botulism in respiratory distress.
Clostridium botulinum Paralysis of jaw , neck, leg, muscles,
increased salivation, respiratory blockage.
Stiffness in jaw and legs, opisthotones.
7. Tetanus Clostridium tetani (excessive strain in neck region)

B. Viral disease High fever, stomatitis , sever diarrohorea

1. Rinderpest Paramymo-virus Fever, Lesions in mouth, hoof , mammary
glands and teats.
2. Foot and Mouth Picorna-virus Rashes on mammary glands and teates,
Disease (FMD)
3. Cowpox Orthropox-virus Changed behaviour , high excitability,
low fever, reduced appetite.
4. Rabies Rhabdo-virus
madness , paralysis Jaundice, urine red and frothy, high fever
C. Protozoa disease haemoglobinuria.
1. Babesiosis Babesia sps. High fever, anaemia, animal lean and
Swelling in lymph nodes, high fever,
2. trypanosomiasis Trypanosome evansi thin. anaemia.
3. Theileriosis Theileria sps.
Liver damage and fibrosis, swelling in
D. Helminth born diseases lungs, intestinal obstruction
1. Ascareiasis Neoascaris vitulorum Bleeding from liver, anaemia , fibrosis of
bile duct.
2. Fasciolasis Fasciola spes. Severe diarrhorea, decreased appetite,

3. Trichuriasis Trichuris sps. anaemia Alopecia, patches on skin , pus in infected

area.
E. Fungal disease Lesions in lungs, respiratory system
1. Ringworm Trichophyton sps. disorders, abortion.
2. Aspergillosis Aspergillus sps. Decreased appetite, liver damage, bloody
3. Aflatoxicosis Aspergillus flavus diarrhea, anaemia.

18
 BACTERIAL DISEASES

Animals suffer from several bacterial diseases. For example, cattle suffer from anthrax. mastitis, pneumonia,
etc. Here , anthrax is discussed in some detail.
ANTHRAX :-
Anthrax is caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis . This disease is contagious and affects cattle,
buffaloes, horse, sheep and goats ; it can also spread to human beings . In animals, anthrax spreads through
contaminated feed, water and pastures.
Symptoms and diagnosis :-
In very acute cases, there is increased respiration, and blood-mixed foamy discharge from mouth, nose and
anus. In such cases, the infected animals may die within minutes. But in subacute and chronic cases, the
infected animals have high fever (up to 41.10C), and increased pulse and respiration rates. There is
discharge of black, shiny and foamy material from natural openings of animals. The infected animals die
within 2 to 3 days. The anthrax bacterium used up the oxygen carried by the animal blood. As a result , the
animals die due to a lack of oxygen.
Disease diagnosis can be confirmed by microspcopic observation of the bacterium in the blood of patients ,
or by culturing the bacterium present in the blood on a suitable medium.
Treatment :-
In the case of human beings a suitable antibiotic like ciprofloxacin is quite effective, particularly if used in
the initial stages of the disease. But in cattle , ciprofloxacin may be effective only in chronic cases.
Streptopenicillin, sulphonamide, orytetracycline & Anthrax antiserum can also be used with good results. In
any case, antiserum should be given to all healthy animals to protact them from the disease.
[

Prevention and control :-

The general measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be followed. The healthy animals should
be vaccinated. Animals that have come in contact with diseased animals should be given anthrax antiserum
to protect them from the disease.
VIRAL DISEASES
Animals suffer from a variety of viral diseases. For example , cattle suffer from Rinderpest, food and mouth
disease, cowpox , etc.
RINDERPEST
This diseases is caused by a virus and is highly contagious . The virus is present in all the fluids and
secretions from the body of diseased animals. The disease spreads rapidly by direct contact with patient
[
animals, through contaminated feed, water, worker and their clothes, and by flies.
Symptoms :-
Initially, the infected animal developes fecer (40.0 to 42.40C), loses appetite, develops constipation, and
passes hard faeces that often are covered with blood. In the final stages of the disease, animal suffers from
loose motions, and gives off offensive odour. The body temperature declines and may go down below
normal. The animal usually dies in about 7 days.
Treatment :-
Treatment is effective only when it is started in the initial stages of the disease. Injections of
sulphamethazine sodium is often effective. Injection of Rinderpest sntiserum is highly effective , especially
when combines with injection of sulphamethazine sodium.
Prevention :-
All the measures for prevention of infectious diseases should be implemented. It is highly desirable to
vaccinate

19
 the animals against rinderpest . In 1954 , a massive vaccination programme was initiated in India . This
project has been highly successful, and rinderpest is not longer a dreaded disease.
Foot and Mouth Disease (F.M.D.) or Apthous Fever
It is a fast spreading disease or ruminants and artiodactyla. It usually infects tetrapods viz., cow, buffalo,
sheep, goat, pig etc. Although it is not a fatal disease, the milk and wool production and working capacity
of the infected animals is reduced substantially . Therefore this disease is of economic importance. India
suffers a great economic loss to this disease every year.
This disease is caused by the infection of Picorna virus group. Transmission of disease is mainly by contact
with infected food and water. Air infected with this virus can also spread the disease. These viruses may
survive even upto two years after the infected animals has been cured.
Symptoms –
Initially there is high fever (1040C - 1060C ) for 1-2 day the animals stops feeding and ruminating and
becomes lethargic . The infected animals suffers from stomatites, drooping salivation, vesicles appear on
mouth, tongue, gums, feet and teats. The tongue of the animal drops out and the animal may suffer from
mastitis and abortion. The infected animal may die of heart failure . This disease is more dangerous in
[
young cows.
Diagnosis –
The diseases is diagnosed by testing the vesicles and their secretion.
Treatment –
There is no specific treatment of FMD. The vesicles are washed with potassium permagnate solution to
prevent secondary infection. After washing some antibacterial powder an ointment is applied on wounds.
During this time the infected animal should be fed on soft food. Treating the infected (diseased) animal with
antipyretics and antibiotics viz., Tetracycline injection etc. is beneficial.
Preventive Measures –
Healthy animals should be kept away from the infected animals. The calf should not be given the milk of
infected cow. Calves should be vaccinated when they are four month old and later on booster doses should
be given after consultion with doctor.
DISEASES CAUSED BY PARASITIC ANIMALS
Animals are attacked by a number of parasitic animals , e.g., tapeworm , round worms, flukes, ticks etc.
These parasites are mainly of two types : (i) ectoparasites, and (ii) endoparasites. Ectoparasites live on the
skin , e.g., ticks, while endoparasites live within the animal body e.g., round worm, liver flukes, etc. Both
types of parasites transmit pathogens and, thereby , help in the spread of the concerned diseases. Some of
these parasites, e.g., tapeworm . also infect human beings.
Ascaris is an end parasitic nematode that infects many animals, including humans. A scaris larvae enter
animal body through mouth along with contaminated feed. The larva enter into the intestine tissue, and
migrate to liver. lungs, spleen, pharynx, and kidneys, and re-enter the alimentary canal via oesophagus.
They caused damage to all those organs through which they pass during their migratory phase. By the time
the larvae reach intestine again, they develop into adult male and female individuals. The adult nematodes
cause wounds . In the intestine and interfere with animal digestion . The affected animals may show
symptoms like constipation, diarrhea and anemia. In severe cases, the animal may even die.
The female adult of Ascaris lays numerous eggs. Which pass out along with the animal faeces. The eggs, in
due course of time, hatch into larvae, which remin associated with. When cattle feed on these grass, the
larvae enter alimentary canals of these animals.

20
Treatment :-
Treatment of Ascaris is based on administration of specific medicines, such as piperax, piperazine adipate,
wormex , etc
DISEASES CAUSED PROTOZOA
Several diseases of animals are caused by protozoan parasites. Examples of such diseases are tick fever,
coccidiosis , etc.
Tick fever
This diseases is caused by several species of Babesia, a protozoan parasite, which is spread by ticks. In
India, tick fever In caused mainly by Babesia bigemina. The parasite enters into red blood cells (RBCs) and
destroys them.
Symptoms :-
In the acute form of this diseases, animals develop high fever (41.1-410 C) and stop feeding. But in the
chronic form of tick fever, there is irregular fever, and constipation followed by diarrhea. A clear diagnostic
feature of the disease is the presence of pear-shaped protpzoan parasite within the RBCs.
Treatment :-
The infected animals are administered a suitable medication , e.g., injection of trypan blue, acaprin , or
berenil. A single injection of berenil is ordinarily sufficient to cure the animal. In addition, sanitation
measures and a suitable insectide treatment are implemented to eradicate the ticks.
Prevention and control :-
Tick fever carn be prevented by effectively controlling the ticks. Insecticide treatments are used to
eradicated ticks from animals.
V-Diseases Caused by Fungi
Several types of diseases in animals and birds are caused by different species of fungi. Aflatoxicosis or
Mycotoxicosis is one such disease which has been described below.
Aflatoxicosis
This is a fungal disease which occurs due to feeding on food infected with fungus. Scientists believe that
these fungi produce a toxic substance aflotoxin (mycotoxin) . Therefore the disease which arises due to
these toxins is called Aflatoxicosis or Mycotoxicosis.
toxic substance aflatoxin, is produced by Aspergillus flavus and some other species of Aspergillus. These
toxins are insoluble in water and are not affected by heat (heat resistant) . Aflatoxin is rapidly formed by
fungi in groundnuts, cotton seeds and in some other grains. Infection fo fungi occurs by a sudden change in
humidity and due to rain.
Aflatoxicosis affects almost all the animals and birds but the young ones of ducks resulting in death of the
bird of animal.
Symptoms –
Animals suffering from this disease show loss of appetite, decreased growth, bloody stool, anaemia,
lazyness and blindness. Animals move around themselves and develop mental disorders, hydrocoel, ascites
etc. A higher death rate is seen in the affected animals.
Diagnosis –
The disease can be diagnosed by microscopic examination of the fungus.
Treatment –
To detoxify aflatoxin, antifungal agents like propionic acid, calcium propionate should be mixed in food and
the grain should be kept in sun for 2-3 days. The diseased animal should be given liver tonic, protein and
methionine.

21
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

 Huskies are thick fur coated dogs and used by Eskimos to draw their sledges.
 India ranks first in milk output in world.
 Common silk is mulberry silk.
 Mulberry specially grown for silkworm is called moriculture.
 Marine animals are richer in Iodine
 Shark Liver oil and cod liver oil are very good source of vit. A and D.
 Aquaculture is rearing and management of useful aquatic plants and animals like fishes, oyster, prawns
mussel etc.
 Pisciculture is rearing, catching and management of fishes.
 Culture fishery is the raising of the fishes in tank and pond.
 Capture fishery is management of catching of fish without actually raising them.
 Broiler :- Chickens reared exclusively for meat.
 Angoora wool :- It is obtained from Angoora rabbit.
 NDRI (National Dairy Research Institute) was established during first five year plan at Karnal (Haryana).
Pinctada vulgaris is a common oyster for pearl culture industry in India.

22
 “DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS” EXERCISE

Questions : From Previous Competitive Exams

1. The young chickens raised specially for 8. Fish used in biological control of mosquito
meat ar called – [MPPMT – 94] is – [MPPMT - 93]
(1) Hen (2) Broilers (1) Gambusia (2) Hilsa hilsa
(3) Cockereals (4) Pullets (3) Scalophagus (4) Gold Fish
2. In which the parthenogenesis is observed
– [CPMT – 75,83] 9. If the source is opposite to the direction of
(1) Honey bee (2) Silk worm sun and distance is more then 75 metres
(3) Earth worm (4) House fly then honey bee will convey the direction
3. Commercial lac is produced form - by - [MPPMT- 93]
[CPMT – 73] (1) Clockwise round dance
(1) The nest of a type of bird (2) Upright down tail waving dance
(2) The exudation of a type of insent (3) Anticlockwise round dance
(3) The scale of a type of fish (4) Opposite to 2
(4) The root of a plant
4. Honey bee after discovering the new 10. Domestication of silk worm is called –
source of nector / honey can convery this [CPMT – 86, 91]
information but (1) Sericulture (2) Pisciculture
(1) Cannot convey the direction (3) Apiculture (4) Horticulture
(2) Can convery the direction by round or
tail waving dance 11. Which set is of beneficial insects, to man-
(3) Can convey the direction by round (1) Honey bee, Lac insect, cochineal insect
dance only (2) Silk worm, honey bee, wasp
(4) Can convey the direction by tail (3) Honey bee, silk worm , cockroach
waving dance only (4) None of the above
5. Maximum fat contents are present in the
meat of - [CPMT – 86] 12. Silk is produce by – [CBSE – 94]
(1) Park (2) Mutton (1) Larva (2) Cocoon
(3) Beef (4) Chicken (3) Larva & adult moth (4) Adult moth
6. If a honey bee is conveying an information
13. Pearl producing indian species is -
, byround dance then the distance of
[MPPMT - 93]
source will about – [CPMT -82]
(1) PINCTADA INDIA (2) P. VULGARIS
(1) 1000 mtrs (2) 50 mtrs
(3) OSTREA INDICA (4) O. VULGARIS
(3) 2000 mtrs (4) 150 mtrs
7. Domestication of honey bee is called –
14. Largest silk producing state of India is -
[CPMT – 83]
[MPPMT - 93]
(1) Sericulture (2) Apicuiture
(1) Karnataka (2) Bihar
(3) Tissue Culture (4) Pisciculture
(3) Bengal (4) Assam

23
15. The insect thrives on morus alba is 25. Honey is collected by : [BIH, PMT 94]
(1) Lac insect (2) Cochineal insect (1) Wasp (2) Housefly
(3) Honey bee (4) Silk moth (3) Butterfly (4) Bee
16. Queen is specified for – [PMT – 75] 26. Ranikhet disease is connected with :
[MPPMT 95]
(1) Administration (2) Making hive (1) Honey Bee (2) Hens
(3) Egg laying (4) Collection of food (3) Fishes (4) Pigs
17. Silk industry is related to : [CPMT 86, 91] 27. Induced breeding (Hypophysation ) is
(1) Sericulture (2) Apiculture carried out in case of : [MPPMT 95]
(3) Pisciculture (4) Horticulture (1) Pisciculture (2) Apiculture
18. A queen Honey Bee lays eggs of : (3) Sericulture (4) Lac culture
[NCERT 90] 28. Silk is a product of : [CBSE 95]
(1) One type from which all castes develop (1) Cuticle of larva
(2) Two types, one forming queen, dron (2) Cuticle of adult
and workers (3) Salivary gland of larva
(4) Salivary gland of adult
(4) Unfertilized eggs die while fertilised
29. Rearing of bees is : [RPMT 96]
ones form all castes. (1) Horticulture (2) Apiary
19. Lac is a product of : [CPMT 81, BHU 85, (3) Apiculture (4) Poultry
APMEE 95, BIH. PMT 96]
30. Which is a product of insect body :
(1) Faecal matter [DPMT 96]
(2) Secretion from body (1) Honey, wax and silk
(3) Excretion frody (2) Silk, lac and wax
(4) Excess food oozing out of the body (3) Royal jelly, wax and lac
20. Silk is produced by : [AIIMS 83, JIPMER (4) All the above
85, RPMT 94, CBSE 88, 94, BHU 98] 31. Lac is produced by : [APMEE 96]
(1) Larva (2) Adult moth (1) Males
(3) Both A and B (4) Cocoon / Pupa (2) Females
21. Which amongh the following is real (3) Far more by females then males
(4) More by males than females
product of Honey Bee ? [CBSE 94]
(1) Honey (2) Pollen
32. Silkworm larva spins silk from :
(3) Bee wax (4) Propolis [APMEE 96]
22. Super ovulation and embryo (1) Inside to outside
transplantation are ment for improving : (2) Outside to inside
[JKMCEE 94] (3) Random fashion
(1) Human rece (2) Livestock (4) Anterior to posterior side
(3) Poultry (4) Plants
23. Worker Bees are : [BIH . PMT 94] 33. Three carp fishes, Catla Labeo and
(1) Fertile males (2) Fertile females Cirrhina, can be grown together in the
same pond more economically as they
(3) Sterile females (4) Sterile males
have : [APMEE 96]
(1) Positive interactions
24. The young chicken raised specifically for (2) Commensalism
meat are called : [MPPMT 94] (3) Symbiosis
(1) Broulers (2) Cockerels (4) No competition for food
(3) Pellets (4) Hen

24
34. Fish introduced in India by foreigners is : 45. Which is not a plant fibre :
[CBSE 96] [MPPMT 2000]
(1) Labeo rohita (2) Mystus singhala (1) Coir (2) Silk
(3) Pompret (4) Clasius batrachus (3) Sunn Hemp (4) Manila Hemp
35. Best aquarium is located at :[MPPMT 96] 46. Hormone used for inducing lactation in
(1) Vishakhapathnam sterile cows is : [HAR. PMT 2000]
(2) Chennai (1) Estrogen (2) Progesterone
(3) Tarapur, Mumbai (3) Relaxin (4) Stibestrol
(4) Z.S.I. Calcutta
36. To increase milk yield, cow is given : 47. Jaffarbandi, Murrah and Meshasna are
[AIIMS 97] breeds of : [MANIPLA 2000]
(1) Sorbitol (2) Stilbesterol (1) Cow (2) Buffalo
(3) Prolaction (4) Ganodotrophin (3) Goat (4) Sheep
37. In Silkworm, if juvenile hormone is absent 48. Maximum silk is product in : [B.V. 2000]
at the time of larval moulting, the worm (1) Assam (2) Karnataka
will : [CBSE 97] (3) Gujarat (4) Kerala
(1) Die
(2) Moult into larval 49. Tassar silk is obtained from :
(3) Moult into pupa [MANIPAL 2001]
(4) Moult into adult (1) Antheraea roylei (2) Bombax mori
(3) Apis indica (4) Apis dorsata
38. Name of sheep cloned for the first time is :
[AIIMS 97] 50. Fishes reared in culture fishery in India
(1) Dolly (2) Polly are : [MANIPAL 2001]
(3) Molly (4) Holly (1) Salmon and Rohu
39. Nagpuri buffalo is : [KARNATAKA 97] (2) Salmon and Catle
(1) Milker (2) Draught cattle (3) Catla and Magur
(3) Dual purpose (4) Grazer (4) Rohu and Catla
40. Which amongst the following is used in 51. Exotic breeds of poultry are :
raising super-milk cows : [CBSE 97] [MANIPAL 2001]
(1) Artificial insemination with pedigree (1) White Leghorn and Rhode Island Red
bull (2) Rhode Island Red and Andalusian
(2) Embryo transplantation
(3) Superovulation of high yielding cow (3) PLymoth and Andalusian
(4) All the above (4) White Leghorn and Andalusian
41. Inland fisheries are : [MPPMT 97] 52. Best milch breed of cattle is :
(1) Deep sea fishing [KARNATAKA 2001]
(2) Capturing fishes from sea coast (1) Red Sindhi (2) Deomi
(3) Raising and capturing fishes in fresh
water (3) Holstein- Friesian (4) Sahiwal
(4) Oil extraction from fish 53. A viral disease of silkworm is :
[MARNATAKA 2001]
42. Silkworm is : [MPPMT 98] (1) Muscardine (2) Pebrine
(1) Beetle (2) Worm (3) Maggot disease (4) Flacherie
(3) Fly (4) Moth
43. Which of the following is not a plant 54. MOET (Multiple Ovulation Embryo
product : Transfer ) is method of :
[AFMC 98] [KARNATAKA 2001]
(1) Hemp (2) Silk (1) Fish cultivation
(3) Cotton (4) Flax (2) Hybridisation of cattle
44. Pisciculture is rearing and production of : (3) Birth control
{AMU 99] (4) Cloning of sheep
(1) Fishes
(2) Birds 55. Larva of Bombyx mori is :
(3) Reptiles [KARNATAKA 2001]
(4) Wool yielding animals (1) Caterpillar (2) Trochophore
(3) Nymph (4) Cocoon

25
56. Oak Silkworm is : [BIHAR PMT 2001] 59. Which endangered animal is the
(1) Bombyx mori source of the world’s finest, lightest,
(2) Antheraea roylei warmest and most expensive wool-the
(3) Antheraea assamica shahtoosh :-
(4) Attacus ricini [CBSE 2003]
(1) Nilgai (2) Cheetal
57. Life span of worker honey bee :- (3) Kashmiri goat (4) Chiru
[CBSE 1999]
(1) 30 days (2) 15 days 60. The world’s highly prized wool
(3) 45 days (4) 10 days yielding ‘Pashmina ‘ breed is :
[CBSE 2005]
58. Which statement is correct – [CBSE 2000] (1) Kashmir sheep – Afghan sheep
(1) A. Indica is largest wild honey bee cross
(2) Wax is waste material of honey bee (2) Goat
(3) V. Frish discovered the transmission (3) Sheep
methods in honey bee (4)Goat – sheep cross
(4) Drone of honey bee is diploid

“DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS’ ANSWER KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 4
Que. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 4 2 1 3 3 2
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 2
Que. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 4 2 2 1 4 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 3 4 2

26
DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS STATE PMT EXAMS EXERCISE

1. The respiratory organs of silkworm is : 8. Wax is obtained from :

[West Bengal JEE – 2004] [MP PMT – 2005]
(1) Lungs (2) Tracheae (1) Apiculture
(3) Malpighian tubles (4) Skin (2) Aquaculture
(3) Lac culture
2. The gestation period of elephant is about (4) Sericulture
[Bihar – 2003]
(1) 11 moths (2) 15 months 9. Pebrine disase is found in :
(3) 22 months (4) 32 months [MP PMT – 2001]
(1) Fish food (2) Honeybees
3. Oak silkworm is : [Bihar – 2001] (3) Silk moth (4) Hens
(1) Antherea roylei
(3) Apis florae 10. Queen bee is adapted for :
(3) Bombyx mori [MP PMT – 2006]
(4) Claias batrachus (1) Laying eggs
(2) Laying eggs and rearing the
4. Which of the following species of silkworm youngs
are found in India : [Bihar – 2001] (3) Preparing honey
(1) Bombyx mori (2) Antherea paphia (4) controlling other bees
(3) Keira (4) All of these
5. ‘Ranikhet’ disease concerned with 11. Silk is produced by : [MP PMT – 2006]
[MP PMT – 2005] (1) Cuticle of larve
(1) Cattles (2) Cats (2) Salivary glands of larva
(3) Poultry (4) Silk moth (3) Cocoon
6. Which of the following is a fresh water fish (4) Salivary gland of adult
: [MP PMT – 2005]
(1) pomphert (2) Rohu 12. Lac is obtained from :
(3) Sardine (4) Salmon [MP PMT – 2003]
7. Eri silk moth feeds on : [MP PMT – 2005] (1) Laccifer (2) Bombyx
(1) Mulberry leaves (2) Arundi leaves (3) Dactylopius (4) Lytta
(3) Ficus leaves (4) Neem leaves
13. Commercial silk is obtained from :
[MP PMT – 2003]
(1) Cocoon/ pupa
(2) Caterpiller
(3) Adult moth
(4) Both egg and adult moth

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Ans. 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1

27