Introduction and Noise
Introduction and Noise
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES
Yusri Md. Yunos, PhD, [email protected]
P19- Level 5 (Workspace Room)
Course Outline:
1.50% Coursework
a. 20% Tests 1 & 2, Thursday evening, 3-7 pm, P16
Test 1, 12 October 2017 – Intro, Noise & AM
Test 2, 30 November 2017 – FM & Pulse Modulation
b. 10% Matlab Assignment
c. 15% Case study assignment
d. 5% Attendance & Quizzes
(instructions) (rubric matlab) (rubric paper)
Notes:
1.Details on the topics for tests and assignments are in the e-learning
website. Assignment rubrics and Turnitin report must be submitted too.
2. Books: Pn Syukie Makmal Perhubungan Asas (35303)
1.0 Introduction
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.1 Communication System History
• 1837 – Samuel Morse invented telegraph.
• 1858 – First telegraph cable across Atlantic (Canada – Ireland)
• 1876 – Alexander Graham Bell invented telephone.
• 1888 – Heinrich Hertz demonstrated the existence of EM waves.
• 1897 – Marconi invented wireless telegraph.
• 1906 – Radio communication system was invented.
• 1923 – Television was invented.
• 1938 – Radar and microwave system was invented for World War II.
• 1950 – TDM was invented.
• 1956 – First telephone cable was installed across Atlantic.
• 1960 – Laser was invented
• 1962 – Satellite communication More current
• 1969 – Internet DARPA Development
• 1970 – Corning Glass invented optical fiber.
• 1975 – Digital telephone was introduced.
• 1985 – Facsimile machine.
• 1988 – Installation of fiber optic cable across Pacific and Atlantic.
• 1990 – World Wide Web and Digital Communication.
• 1998 – Digital Television.
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o International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
o Started in 1865
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Why regulate telecommunication
ITU : enabling communication since 1865
1865 2017
ITU’s mission: committed to connecting the world
ITU-T
develops ICT and
telecommunication standards
ITU-R ITU-D
manages radio assists developing
spectrum and countries
satellite orbits
mtx(t) mrx(t)
s(t) Input Comm Output r(t)
Transducer System Transducer
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.3 Basic Communication System
wired / wireless
mtx(t) ptx(t) prx(t) mrx(t)
Input Transmitter
Transmission Output
Receiver
Transducer Medium Transducer
s(t) r(t)
Noise n(t)
• Receiver – receive the modulated signal, prx(t) and then convert the
signal to modulating signal, mrx(t) through the process called
demodulation.
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Analog vs Digital Systems
ANALOG DIGITAL
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
g(t) g(t)
t
Analog, continuous-time Digital, continuous-time
g(t) g(t)
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Aperiodic signal: Unit pulse signal Periodic signal: A sinusoidal signal
x(t ) A sin(2f ot )
0 2f 0 ; T0 2 1
0 f0
sin (x+y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2 2
x(t ) A sin 0 (t ) A sin(0t 2 )
0 0
Asin(0t ) cos(2 ) cos(0t ) sin(2 )
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.4.1 Harmonic signal
-A harmonic is a signal whose frequency
is an integral multiple of the frequency of
a reference signal.
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
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1.5 Transmission Medium (Guided)
Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted pair)
– Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
– Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial)
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.6 Transmission Medium (Unguided)
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Representative
applications
Transmission
Propagation
designations
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Frequency
Wavelength
modes
Frequency
media
Optical Fiber
Laser beam
1015Hz
1.7 Frequency Spectrum
Ultraviolet
10-6m
Wideband data
Visible
Infrared
1014Hz
Extra High Satellite-satellite 1G0Hz
Frequency Microwave relay
EHF Earth-satellite
Waveguide
1cm
Line-of-sight
SHF
10cm
Broadband PCS
Ultra High Wireless communication 1GHz
Frequency Cellular, Pager
UHF
UHF TV
1m
VHF
10m
Skywave
High Mobil radio
radio
Frequency
CB radio 10MHz
100m
HF
Amateur radio
Medium
Frequency
AM broadcasting 1MHz
MF
1km
Groundwave
Low
100kHz
radio
Frequency
Aeronautical
10km
LF
Submarine cable
Twisted Pair
Very Low Navigation
Cable
Frequency Transoceanic radio 10kHz
100km
VLF
Audio Telephone
Telegraph
1kHz
1.8 Communication System Efficiency
• We can measure the level of efficiency of communication system
through several ways:
– How close the received signal to the transmitted input signal?
s(t), r(t) ; Needs high quality of transmission.
s(t) Analog – Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).
• Technology Problem
– Hardware
– Economy
– Law and Regulation
• Physical Problems
– BW
– Signal Power
– Noise
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Important Parameters
• Bit Rate, fb = 1/Tb
– Important performance parameter for digital system
– The no of bits per second, inverse of bit duration
• 10 Gb/s bit rate, 0.1 ns bit duration
– Industry keeps demanding for higher bit rate due to user demands
• Bandwidth, B
– Range of frequencies
– Characteristics of an information signal, channel medium or devices
– E.g. voice (4 to 4 KHz), optical channel bandwidth (180 to 200 THz)
and LPF (0 to 500 KHz)
– B is related to fb
– Signal bandwidth depends on analogue or digital modulation
formats e.g. BAM = fm or 2fm , BNRZ= fb/2, BRZ= fb
– Bandwidth is a valuable resource in communication system
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• Channel capacity, C
– Maximum rate for information to be reliably transmitted over a noisy
communications channel
– C = B log2 (1 + S/N) {Shannon Limit}
B is channel BW and S/N is Signal to noise ratio
– For a given SNR, channel with higher bandwidth has higher capacity
– Medium (wireless/optical links) that has larger capacity can support
more users
Unit dB in Communication
If P1 is the reference power: If V1 is the reference voltage:
P2 V2
PdB 10 log10 VdB 20 log10
P1 V1
R1 does not have to = R2
V2
PdB 20 log10
V1 R1 = R2
1mw
average
dBm - Power measurement in unit mW i.e. P1 = 1 mW power of
telephone
transmitter
dBW - Power measurement in unit W i.e. P1 = 1 W
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> 1 mW
< 1 mW
1.8.2 Types of Transmission
• Simplex
One way transmission
• Half-Duplex
Two way transmission but only one user can transmit the
signal at one time.
• Full-Duplex
Two way transmission, both users can transmit the signal at
the same time.
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.10.4 Transmission Loss
• Attenuation is a major source of transmission loss
– Occurs along the transmission medium
• Will attenuate power and cause power loss => Pout < Pin.
Power loss or power attenuation is given by:
Pin 1
L
Pout G
Pin
LdB 10 log10 GdB
Pout
Also can be calculated using :
LdB
where:
l = length of the transmission medium
α = attenuation constant
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.10.5 Attenuation
Transmission Medium Frequency Attenuation dB/km
Kabel Terpiuh (Twisted- 10kHz 2
pair Cable) 100kHz 3
300kHz 6
Kabel Sepaksi (Coaxial 100kHz 1
Cable) 1MHz 2
3MHz 4
Pandu Gelombang
Empat Segi (Rectangular 10GHz 5
Waveguide)
Kabel Fiber Optik (Fiber 3.6 x 1014Hz 2.5
Optic Cable) 2.4 x 1014Hz 0.5
1.8 x 1014Hz 0.2
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Example 1.1
Calculate signal power if its value in dBm is 0 dBm.
dBm = 10 log P2 / P1 = 10 log P2 / 1 mW = 0
P2 = 1 mW
Example 1.2
Calculate signal power in dB if its value is 1 mW.
Example 1.3
A carrier signal, vc(t) = 100 cos 10t Volt was suppressed by 20 dB.
What is the carrier’s new amplitude?
dB = 20 log V2 / V1 = 20 log 100 / 1 = 40 dB
New carrier amplitude = 40 dB – 20 dB = 20 dB ;
20 log V = 20 dB ; V = log-1 1 = 10 Volt.
Therefore, vc(t)new = 10 cos 10t Volt 36
1.9 Noise
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.9.1 Types of noise
• An undesired disturbance within the frequency band of interest; the summation
of unwanted or disturbing energy introduced into a communications system
from man-made and natural sources.
• A disturbance that affects a signal and that may distort the information carried
by the signal.
Noise
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.9.3 Thermal Noise
• Thermal noise is the Electronic noise - generated by the thermal
agitation of the charge carriers (the electrons) inside an electrical
conductor in equilibrium, which happens regardless of any applied
voltage.
• Current flows due to the free electrons will create noise voltage, n(t).
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
This type of noise was first measured by John B. Johnson at Bell Labs in 1928. He described his
findings to Harry Nyquist, also at Bell Labs, who was able to explain the results.
Pn TB
Pn kTB Watt
where
Pn = noise power (Watt)
k = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
T = Temperature (K)
B = BW spectrum system (Hz)
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
It can be modeled by a voltage source representing the noise of the non-ideal
resistor in series with an ideal noise free resistor.
Vn, Noise
voltage source
Rn, Noise
=
source Rn, noise
free
• Noise source will be connected to a system with the input resistance RL.
• Therefore, total noise power is Pn.
• With the concept of maximum power transfer i.e when Rn = RL all the
power will be transferred to the load.
• Also called as impedance matching.
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Vn, Noise
voltage source
VL RL, system input
Rn, Noise resistance
free
• SNR o is always less than SNRi , due to the facts that the
existence of noise in the receiver itself. In the receiver usually
constitute a process of filtering, demodulation and
amplification.
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
1.10 Noise Calculation
S
SNR 10 log dB
N
• Noise Factor, F
Si N i
F
So N o
G
Ni
Na
No
N o GNNi N a GG( N i NNai )
i
o
Nai
Noisy Amplifier
where N ai
Na and Pn N i kTi B
G
Te F 1Ti
N ai Te
F 1 F 1
Ni Ti 47
1.10.3 Cascaded Connection
• In communication system cascaded connection is commonly
used:
• Below is the example of cascaded connection.
antenna
F1 , Te1 F3 , Te3
Si S1 S2
Ni N1 N2
G1 G3 So
Ti F2 , G2 , Te2
Nai1 Nai2 Nai3 No
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Level 1: Si F1 , Te1 Level 2:
Ni S1 S1 S2
G1 F2 , G2 , Te2
Ti N1 N1 N2
Nai1 Nai2
S 2 G2 S1
S1 G1Si
N1 G1 N i N ai1 G1G2 S i
G1kTi B G1kTe1 B N 2 G2 N1 N ai 2
G1kBTi Te1 G1G2 N i N ai1 G2 N ai 2
G1G2 kTi B G1G2 kTe1 B G2 kTe 2 B
Level 3: G1G2 kBTi Te1 G2 kTe 2 B
F3 , Te3
S 0 G3 S 2
S2
G3 So
N2
Nai3 No
G1G2G3 Si
N o G3 N 2 N ai 3
G2G3 N1 N ai 2 G3 N ai 3
G1G2G3kTi B G1G2G3kTe1 B G2G3kTe 2 B G3kTe3 B
G1G2G3kBTi Te1 G2G3kTe 2 B G3kTe3 B
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SNRi
Ftot
SNRo
Si
Ni
So
No
Si
kTi B
G1G2G3 S i
G1G2G3 kBTi Te1 G2G3 kTe 2 B G3 kTe 3 B
G1G2G3 kBTi Te1 G2G3 kTe 2 B G3 kTe 3 B
G1G2G3 kTi B
Ti Te1 T Te 3
e2
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
Te1 T Te 3
1 e2
Ti G1Ti G1G2Ti
We have:
T
F 1 e
Therefore:
Ftot F1
F2 1 F3 1
Ti G1 G1G2 50
Friss’s Formula:
Total Noise
Ftot F1
F2 1 F3 1 ... Fn 1
Figure:
G1 G1G2 G1G2 ...Gn 1
CAUTION!!!!!!!!!!!
-This formula works in linear.
-Values e.g. SNR, F, loss, gain
etc are normally given in dB!
(need to convert to linear first)
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Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perhubungan
Example 1.4
One operational amplifier with a frequency range of (18-20) MHz has
input resistance 10 k. Calculate noise voltage at the input if the
amplifier operate at ambient temperature of 270C.
Vn2 = 4KTBR
= 4 x 1.38 x 10-23 x (273+ 27) x 2 x 106 x 104
Vn = 18 volt
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Example 1.5
Noise generated in amplifier of 5 MHz bandwidth is represented by
amplifier input noise power of 0.082 pW. Calculate noise factor and
noise figure if the amplifier was fed with the
(a) source input signal match the temperature of 300 K
(b) source input signal match the temperature of 100 K
Ni No
= 0.021 pW
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Example 1.6
An antenna is connected to an amplifier with noise temperature, Te = 125 oK,
gain, G = 108. Given the bandwidth, B = 10 MHz and output receiver noise, No
= 10 W. Determine the antenna temperature, Ti and noise factor, F of the
receiver.
N o N i N e G
KTi B KTe B G
KB Ti Te G
10 1.38 10 23 10 106 Ti 125108
Ti 600 o K
Te 125 N i N e 100
F 1 1 1.2 or F 1.2
Ti 600 Ni 82.8
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Example 1.7
Three amplifiers, ABC was connected in series. Noise figure and power
gain of the amplifiers are given below:
Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
An input signal of 50 dB higher than noise level was fed at the input of the
network. Calculate:
(a) Total noise factor
(b) SNR at the output
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Solution:
Amplifier A : GA = 20 dB FA = 3 dB
F 1 F3 1
F F1 2 Amplifier B : GB = 10 dB FB = 5 dB
G1 G1G 2
Amplifier C : GC = 5 dB FC = 10 dB
10 1 10 1
5 / 10
103 10
100 100 10
3.16 1 10 1
1.99 A B C
100 1000
1.99 0.0216 9 10 3
2.03
(a) Noise Factor = 10 log10 2.03 = 3.05 dB
n(t)
Noise Uniform
Freq
Gaussian
Noise voltage amplitudes are assumed to have a Gaussian distribution.
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Terms and Definitions
Gaussian probability density function (pdf)
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Autocorrelation and Power Spectral
Density
• Finding the frequency content of a random process. Define
autocorrelation at times t1 and t2 as
Ƞo
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Band-limited Noise
• Any communication system that uses modulation typically
have a bandpass filter at the front end of the receiver.
Ƞo/2
Ƞo/2
N/2
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Bandpass Representation of the noise
• It can be shown that
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• Thus, the average power in each waveform nc(t) and ns(t) is
identical to the power of the bandpass noise, n(t)
N
Ƞo/2
Ƞ
No
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