Name Date

Molecular Genetics
Section 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material

Main Idea Details

Scan Section 1 of the chapter. Identify the results of three DNA

experiments.

1. Accept all reasonable responses.

2.

3.

Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define nucleic acid.
nucleic acid a biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code

New
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define each term. In the box to the
right, make a sketch to help you remember each term.
double helix shape of a DNA molecule

consisting of two strands of

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

nucleotides that are twisted into

a coil and held together by the

nitrogenous bases

nucleosome a structure found in chromosomes

in which DNA is coiled around

histone proteins

Academic
Vocabulary Define transform to show its scientific meaning.
transform to cause a change in type or kind

118 Molecular Genetics

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Section 12.1 DNA: The Genetic Material (continued)

Main Idea Details

Discovery of the Complete the table below about geneticists and their discoveries.
Genetic Material
Scientist Discovery Year
I found this information
Fredrick Griffith discovered a transforming factor 1928
on page . that could change rough bacteria
SE, pp. 326–328 into smooth bacteria
RE, pp. 127–129 identified DNA as the transforming 1931
Oswald Avery
factor
Alfred Hershey and proved that DNA was the genetic 1952
Martha Chase material in a virus
James Watson and discovered that the structure of DNA 1953
Francis Crick is a double helix

DNA Structure Organize the characteristics of nucleotides by filling in the

I found this information graphic organizer below.
on page . Characteristics of Nucleotides
SE, pp. 329–331
RE, pp. 130–131
All nucleotides have
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

a five-carbon a negative one of four

sugar phosphate nitrogenous
group bases

In DNA it is In DNA they are

cytosine, guanine,
deoxyribose
adenine, and thymine

and in RNA it is and in RNA they are

cytosine, guanine,
ribose
adenine, and uracil

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Molecular Genetics
Section 12.2 Replication of DNA

Main Idea Details

Scan Section 2 of the chapter. Write three questions that come to

mind from reading the headings and the illustration captions.

1. Accept all reasonable responses.

2.

3.

Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define template.
template a molecule of DNA that is a pattern for synthesis or a new DNA

molecule

New
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define the following terms. Then
look through the section to find a sentence with each term. Write
the sentence. Sentences will vary.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

DNA polymerase enzyme that creates chemical bonds between nucleotides using a

DNA strand as a template

Okazaki fragment small segments of DNA made as DNA polymerase copies DNA 3' to

5' on the lagging strand

semiconservative method of DNA replication in which strands separate, serve as

replication
templates, and produce DNA molecules each containing one original

strand and one new strand

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Section 12.2 Replication of DNA (continued)

Main Idea Details

I found this information Complete the table below on the role of each protein in DNA
on page . replication. The first one has been done for you.
SE, pp. 333–335
RE, pp. 132–133 Stage of DNA
Protein Replication Activity
DNA unwinding unwinds and unzips the
helicase DNA
DNA joining links DNA sections after
ligase RNA primer is removed

DNA base pairing, forms new strand by base

polymerase joining pairing; removes RNA
primer and fills in with DNA

RNA unwinding adds on RNA primer to

primase each DNA strand

Single- unwinding, keeps the strands separate

stranded base pairing during replication
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

binding
protein

Comparing DNA Contrast the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA
Replication in replication.
Eukaryotes and Eukaryotes Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Number of origins for DNA many one
I found this information replication
on page . Where replication takes nucleus cytoplasm
SE, p. 335 place in the cell
RE, p. 132

S UMM ARIZE Analyze how the activity of DNA polymerase is consistent with
Watson and Crick’s model of semiconservative replication.
Watson and Crick predicted that DNA replication is semiconservative, meaning the parental

strand serves as template for the daughter strand. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that creates

the daughter strand using the parental DNA as a template.

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Molecular Genetics
Section 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein

Main Idea Details

Scan the headings and boldfaced words for the section. Predict two
things that you think might be discussed.

1. Accept all reasonable responses.

2.

Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define synthesis.
synthesis the composition or combination of parts to form a whole

New
Vocabulary Write the correct term in the left column for each definition below.
transcription

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

process in which RNA is synthesized from DNA
codon a group of three nitrogenous bases in DNA or mRNA that code for
one amino acid
RNA nucleic acid made of ribose, phosphate, and one of four
nitrogenous bases—adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil
intron intervening DNA sequences that are transcribed and then removed
from the final mRNA
translation process by which mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein
messenger RNA long strands of RNA that are complementary to one strand of DNA
exon protein coding sequences in DNA that are transcribed into mRNA
and translated into protein
transfer RNA small RNA molecules that transport amino acids to the ribosome
RNA polymerase an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of mRNA using DNA as a
template
ribosomal RNA RNA molecules that make up part of the ribosome

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Section 12.3 DNA, RNA, and Protein (continued)

Main Idea Details

Central Dogma Compare and contrast RNA and DNA by writing at least five
characteristics of their structure and composition in the Venn
I found this information
on page . diagram. Accept all reasonable responses.
SE, pp. 336–337
RE, pp. 134–135
RNA Both DNA
single strand; are nucleic acids; double strand;
has ACUG for have sugars, but has ACTG for
bases; uracil different ones bases; thymine
binds with binds with
adenine adenine

State the central dogma of biology.

DNA RNA proteins

codes for directs the
synthesis of

Compare the function of each type of RNA molecule by

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

completing the table.

Type of RNA Function
mRNA carry genetic information from the nucleus to the
cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis
rRNA form part of the ribosome

tRNA carry amino acids to the ribosome

Sequence the steps in transcription of RNA.

A portion of the RNA polymerase joins RNA

DNA molecule nucleotides using the DNA
unzips. strand as a template.

The mRNA strand is The mRNA leaves the

released and the DNA nucleus and enters the
strands rejoin. cytoplasm.

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Molecular Genetics
Section 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation

Main Idea Details

Scan the illustrations and tables in Section 3. Predict the effect of

mutations on organisms.
Accept all reasonable responses.

Review
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define prokaryote.
prokaryote simple organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles and DNA

organized in chromosomes

New
Vocabulary Use your book or dictionary to define the following terms.
gene regulation the ability of an organism to control the expression of genes in

response to the environment

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

mutagen a substance, such as chemicals or radiation, that causes

mutations

mutation a permanent change in the DNA sequence

operon a section of prokaryotic DNA that contains the genes for the proteins

in a metabolic pathway

Academic
Vocabulary Define substitution and write a sentence to show its scientific
meaning.
substitution the act of replacing one thing with another

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Section 12.4 Gene Regulation and Mutation (continued)

Main Idea Details

Prokaryote Gene Describe gene regulation in prokaryotes by using the terms below
Regulation to complete the paragraph.
I found this information • E. coli • metabolic pathway • proteins
on page . • environment • operator • repressor
SE, pp. 342–343 • genes • promoter • RNA polymerase
RE, pp. 139–140 E. coli
An operon is a cluster of genes in . These
genes make proteins that work together in one
metabolic pathway . An operon is able to respond to
changes in the environment . The operator is a
segment of DNA that acts as a switch for transcription, turning the
operon on or off. When the operon is on, [RNA polymerase] binds
to the promoter and transcribes the DNA. When the
operon is off, a repressor blocks transcription.

Compare and contrast the trp operon and the lac operon.

Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Trp Operon Lac Operon
Responds to the tryptophan allolactose
presence of
Transcription is no tryptophan is allolactose is present
turned on when present
The repressor is tryptophan binds no allolactose is
active when to it bound to it
When the operon is synthesize digest lactose
turned on, the cell tryptophan
can

Eukaryote Gene Analyze the ways eukaryotes control gene expression.

Regulation
Molecule Effect on Gene Expression
I found this information determine the body plan of an organism by control-
Hox genes
on page . ling gene expression during embryo development
SE, pp. 344–345
Nucleosomes control gene expression by inhibiting
RE, p. 141 transcription of DNA in chromosomes
Small inhibit gene expression by binding to a protein that
interfering RNA degrades specific mRNA molecules in the cytoplasm
Transcription regulate genes so that a gene is turned on at the
factors right time and in the right amounts

128 Molecular Genetics