MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Sta. Elena, Marikina City

Bachelor of Industrial Technology

APPROVAL SHEET i

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the RES 421 (Special Topics in Research /

Project Study and Feasibility Writing), This Thesis entitled: DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION OF

WATERLILY AS WATER PROOF CHARCOAL MARKETABILITY has been prepared by KARL ANGELO

A. VELASCO, JOMARI B. LEABRES, DANILLO S. BARROZO JR. & NEIL JEFFERSON L. FORTIN who are

hereby recommended for oral examination.

February 22, 2018

DR. ERNESTO R. CONCEPCION
ADVISER

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the subject RES 421 (Special Topics

in Research/Project Study and Feasibility Writing.) major in Civil Technology by its Oral

Examination Committee.

DR. ALEX O. CERVERA

Chairman
PROF. JESUS O. IGNACIO MS. MARICEL L. DIVINA
Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject RES 421 (Special

Topics in Research/Project Study and Feasibility Writing) major in Civil Technology.

JOEL Q. BUNGAG, Ed.D.

Dean, College of Technology
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to the following persons who

made remarkable contributions in making this piece of work a reality.

First of all, our most glory and gratitude to God the Holy Spirit, that made

everything possible, especially this paper. Also, for all the blessings, guidance and

wisdom he lent to us.

To Dr. Ernesto R. Concepcion, thesis Professor, for dedicating so much time

and intelligence, and consistent assistance and valuable guidance during the

development of this research study.

To Dr. Alex O. Cervera, thesis consultant/critic, who shared her quality time and

encouragement with advices and full knowledge to accomplish this study.

To Mrs. Maricel L. Divina, for sharing her knowledge in the research study.

To. Mr. jesus O. Ignacio, for supporting us in the creativity of our product

To all Entrepreneurs and Charcoal Buyers who served as our respondents

who gave their time and cooperation to evaluate and offered suggestions to improve our

newly produced product.

To our parents, brothers, sisters and friends who gave their love, care, and full

support to everything we did, for all the completion and success of this research study.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

iii

DEDICATION

We, the researchers, would like to dedicate this piece of work to the one who made

everything possible and work-out, God the Holy Spirit. Also, to all our loved ones, for their

endless love and support; emotionally, spiritually, and financially they inspired us to go

on.

To all of our professor/Instructors and selected evaluators who lifted us and gave

valuable motivation and support to strive harder for this study, and lent their hands in

times of our needs and endeavor.

To our family who supports us in our study, even in times of poverty. They were an

inspirational to us to give our best, were all thankful for the very best opportunity that they

give to us that has never been replaced by anything in this world, the knowledge.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

ABSTRACT vi

The research in development and utilization of water lily as charcoal marketable has

so many advantage. proven that there is a significance difference between charcoal made of

water lily and charcoal made of wood. We prove that there are some advantages of water

proofing a charcoal example these advantages are it safe accidentally wet by rain or any liquid

substance. In water proofing of charcoal made off water lily we use a substance it calls paraffin

wax. This wax usually uses in candle. The process water proof charcoal made of water lily are this.

first boiling water and a can put the paraffin wax inside the can and wait to melt the wax. After

that get the charcoal and deep in wax wait for a second dry a wax. We prove though survey that

many charcoal buyers are satisfied in water proof water lily charcoal. The people satisfied in

water proof water charcoal because they want alternative charcoal the price of the common

charcoal in the market today is increasing but the charcoal is cheaper compare in common

charcoal.
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Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE OF CONTENT v

TITLE PAGE PAGES

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………………………………… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………………… ii

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………………… iii

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………………iv

TABLE OF CONTENT ……………………………………………………………………………..v

CHAPTER

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………. 1

Statement of the Problem …………………………………………………..2

Hypothesis ………………………………………………………………………… 3

Significance of the Study…………………………………………………….. 3

Scope and delimitation of the Study……………………………………. 4

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………… 4

II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual frame work model ……………………………………………..5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY

Foreign literature …………………………………………………………………7

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Foreign Studies ……………………………………………………………………11

Local literature ……………………………………………………………………13

Local Studies ……………………………………………………………………….15

Synthesis and relevant to the Studies …………………………………..16

III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Method of Research ……………………………………………………………...18

The popular frame and sample size…………………………………………18

Instrumentation………………………………………………………………………19

Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………………….19

Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………………………....20

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Criteria A ………………………………………………………………………………21

Criteria B …………………………………………………………………………….. 27

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary ……………………………………………………………………………..31
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………31

Recommendation………………………………………………………………..32

BIBLIOGRAPY………………………………………………………………………………… 33

APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………… 34

CURICULUM VITAE ………………………………………………………………………….39

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CHAPTER I 1

INTRODUCTION

In This chapter includes the background of the study, statement of the problem, significance of

the study and the scope and delimitation of the study.

Background of the Study

Natural wood charcoal had been used since 30,000 BC. Originally used in cave drawings, by 3,500

BC wood charcoal was commonly used as a fuel throughout Europe and Asia. The Egyptians used

it in Iron smelting and in producing glass. It brought the world into the Bronze Age around 2,000

BC. By 500 BC woodland management was evident, thus guaranteeing the supply of the most

influential fuel in history.

2,000 years ago, wood charcoal really took off. In AD 43-410, the Romans were coppicing on a

truly grand scale (Coppicing is cutting a tree, typically old growth tree, to ground level. This

invigorates the plant, and the root system is directed to growing a number of new shoots. These

shoots grow vigorously allowing for quicker and bountiful coppicing every 7 to 20 years.). Wood

charcoal was not only the fuel of choice at this time but was also used in making tar for caulking

and a thinner version is used in embalming. It was used in dyes, and as construction material in

wet areas where rotting was an issue. During this period wood charcoal was also used in filtration

and purification of liquids for the first time

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

From 1900 to present day, wood charcoal has been replaced as the fuel of choice to power the

civilized world. Wood charcoal, however, finds a new importance in its uses in filtration and

purification, horticulture, animal feed, and pharmaceuticals, as well as its continued use in lesser-

developed countries as a major and more healthful fuel source than wood and fossil fuels.

http://www.originalcharcoal.com/story_history.asp

The input includes the charcoal briquette water proof made of water lily, the

respondent/Evaluators were all the Entrepreneurs, Charcoal Buyers and the instructors, and the

survey questioners. In the process include the administration of survey, interpretation and

analysis of data and statistical treatment of data. The output must be evaluated of water lily

charcoal, Evaluation and Significant difference on the evaluation of the two groups of

evaluators.

Statement of the Problem

THIS STUDY AIMS TO MAKE A WATER PROOF CHARCOAL OUT OF WATER LILY

1. What are the advantages of charcoal made of water lily?

2. Is there any significance difference between charcoal made of water lily and

charcoal made of wood?

3. What are the advantages of water proofing of a charcoal?

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

4. How can water proof waterlily charcoal be produced?

5. What are the advantages of water proof waterlily charcoal in the market place?

6. How people be satisfied in this product?

Hypotheses

There is no significant difference in the evaluation of the charcoal entrepreneurs and

charcoal buyers’ respondents in the developed charcoal out of waterlily in terms of the fulfilling

aspects:

A. Waterproof

B. Burning

C. Ash

Significance of the study

The product of this study would be beneficial to the following:

Community – It helps the community on clogging of water lily in rivers.

Environment – This study will help our environment not using the trees become charcoal

Students- The students will greatly benefit from the study because it will serve as a guide to a

new study that they will develop.

Households- The water lily charcoal is efficient and money saver. Burns an hour than usual

charcoal.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Scope and Delimitations of the study

The study focus on how the charcoal briquette gets in to a market and to recycle a waste onto

charcoal and to that the people will economize than the usual charcoal. Also inform us that the

water lily can be recycled as charcoal. And it can be developed to became water proof charcoal

briquette.

1.6 Definition of terms used in the study

Charcoal- the carbonaceous material obtained by heating wood or other organic substances in

the absence of air.

Briquette-A small block of compressed coal dust or charcoal used for fuel

Waterlily-Any of various aquatic plants of the genus Nymphaea, species of which have large,

dislike, floating leaves and showy flower

Water proof- impervious to water; especially: covered or treated with a material (such as a

solution of rubber) to prevent permeation by water

Paraffin wax- a flammable, whitish, translucent, waxy solid consisting of a mixture of saturated

hydrocarbons, obtained by distillation from petroleum or shale and used in candles, cosmetics,

polishes, and sealing and waterproofing compounds.

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CHAPTER II 5

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Articles, journals, book published, and other studies that have relation to our study were

critically review in order to support and further understanding in development of our work

Figure 1

Development of charcoal briquette made of water lily marketability

INPUT PROCESS
OUTCOME
• WATER LILY • DRYING OF p
• CORN STARCH WATER LILY
• PARAFFIN WAX • EVAPORATING OF • WATER PROOF,
WAX ODORLESS WATER
• POURING OF LILY CHARCOAL
BRIQUETTE ONTO
EVAPORATED
WAX

This shows the process to be done in making the charcoal briquette water proof made of water lily.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Figure 2 6

The process of water lily charcoal in the market place

INPUT PROCESS OUTCOME

• Cheaper cost of • Advertisements • Sales

materials • News papers • Profits
• Eco-friendly • Internet pages • Income
• Easy to use • Pliers • Target market
• It can last • TV commercials
longer • Promotions

Figure 3

Evaluation of charcoal made of water lily

INPUT OUTPUT

• Water lily charcoal PROCESS • Evaluated water lily

• Respondents / Charcoal
Evaluators: Bachelor • Administration of • Evaluation and
of Industrial Survey Significant difference
Technology, Bachelor • Interpretation and on the evaluation of
in Technical Teaching analysis of data the two groups of
Education, Certificate • Statistical treatment evaluators
of Technology and of data • Comments and
Instructors suggestions for the
• Survey questionnaire developed product
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Bachelor of Industrial Technology

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY 7

A number of journals, articles, websites and studies which have some relevance to this

study were reviewed in order to get insight on how to conduct this research study and they are

hereunder presented.

FOREIGN RELATIVE LITERATURE

Yearly, huge number of residues and forest waste are produce. Faulty use of the biodegradable

may harm our health and our environment it may cause our atmosphere a polluted air.

Fortunately, these can be utilized as briquettes for fuels.

Charcoal briquette can be used as an alternative energy source for household use. These are

combination made from organic materials such as, grass, wood, rice, papers, leaves, and saw

dust. This material is compressed in a briquette pres. The briquette produces an environmental-

friendly since it utilized waste materials. (Shrestha n.d.)

Charcoal Briquette are useful and can be used as alternative substitute to an expensive, kerosene,

liquefied petroleum gas, and electricity. The briquette is mostly use as heating, cooking fuel. The

briquette may contain organic materials compressed and become briquette. The briquette is

different from charcoal because it is not passed large concentration of carbonaceous substance.

The use of briquette produces less greenhouse gases

(Wikipedia, 2011)
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The study investigated the potential of water hyacinths and phytoplankton scum, an aquatic

weed, as binder for production of fuel briquettes. It also evaluated some physical and combustion

characteristics. The water hyacinths were manually harvested, cleaned, sun-dried, and milled to

particle sizes distribution ranging from <0.25 to 4.75 mm using hammer mill.

The water hyacinth grinds and binder (phytoplankton scum) at 10% (B1), 20% (B2), 30% (B3), 40%

(B4), and 50% (B5) by weight of each feedstock were fed into a steel cylindrical die of dimension

14.3 cm height and 4.7 cm diameter and compressed by hydraulic press at pressure 20 MPa with

dwell time of 45 seconds. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and descriptive statistics.

Initial bulk density of uncompressed mixture of water hyacinth and phytoplankton scum at

different binder levels varied between 113.86 ± 3.75 (B1) and 156.93 ± 4.82 kg/m3 (B5).

Compressed and relaxed densities of water hyacinth briquettes at different binder proportions

showed significant difference.

Durability of the briquettes improved with increased binder proportion. Phytoplankton scum

improved the mechanical handling characteristics of the briquettes. It could be concluded that

production of water hyacinth briquettes is feasible, cheaper, and environmentally friendly and

that they compete favorably with other agricultural products.

(Journal of Combustion Volume 2013)

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Water hyacinth is an aquatic plant which can live and reproduce floating freely on the surface of

fresh waters or can be anchored in mud. Plant size ranges from a few inches to a meter in height.

Its rate of proliferation under certain circumstances is extremely rapid and it can spread to cause

infestations over large areas of water causing a variety of problems. It grows in mats up to 2

meters thick which can reduce light and oxygen, change water chemistry, affect flora and fauna

and cause significant increase in water loss due to evapotranspiration. It also causes practical

problems for marine transportation, fishing and at intakes for hydro power and irrigation

schemes. It is now considered a serious threat to biodiversity.

(WATER HYACINTH CONTROL AND POSSIBLE USES)

The feasibility of charcoal production from cotton stalks in Malawi was studied based on

experience from Sudan. The country relies considerably on biomass fuels. Of the total energy

consumption in Malawi of 2.376 MTOE in 1989, 92% was met by biomass (fuelwood: 83.6% and

charcoal: 8.3%). Petroleum fuels and ethanol contributed 5.4%; electricity, 1.6%; and coal, 1.0%.

Most of the energy (84.8%) was consumed in the household sector. The “Malawi Charcoal

Project”, which is the main charcoal project carried out in the country, attempted to produce

alternative softwood charcoal from the large resource of pine plantations but was not successful

because of unacceptability of the product for household use, long transport distances and costs,

and the equipment required for industrial uses.

Briquetting of uncarbonized sawdust was also carried out by the Wood Industries Corporation

(WICO), but failed due to unacceptability of the products and technical problems. The estimated
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total national demand for cotton stalk charcoal (CSC) briquettes is 15,000 t yr-’ made up of 7000

and 8UOO t yr-’ for household and industrial sectors, respectively. The household demand is most

substantial in Blantyre (3500 t yr-‘) and Lilongwe (2700 t yr-I). Ngabu town was found to be the

most appropriate location for a plant to supply the Blantyre market. Of the many plant options

that were found financially and economically viable, four, using drum kilns for carbonization,

were the most attractive. These were the 800 t yr-’ agglomeration process with seasonal sun

drying operation, 2- and 3-shifts, and the 3000 t yr-’ roll process, year-round operation, 2- and 3-

shifts with financial internal rates of return of 28. I %, 38.3%, 26.6% and 40.0% respectively and

a pay-back period of three years. The agglomeration process was overall the most attractive,

though not significantly so financially. (P. B. ONAJI and R. V. SIEMONS)

The use of fuel oil and gas by the public society might be replaced by the energy from waste

materials. The waste materials such plastic, water hyacinth, coconut shell, and bagasse can be

diverted into briquette. This study was aimed to find the most optimum material to be used in

producing the briquette. The method in this study was experimental. The plastic materials used

in this research was High-density Polyethylene or (HDPE). This material then was mixed with

other environmental wastes such as water hyacinth, coconut shell, and bagasse in charcoal

powder mixed with a certain composition and molded into briquettes. The composition is 80-

20%, 60-40%, 40-60%, and 20-80% for each mixture of HDPE material with every environmental

waste. The parameters used in this study was based on ministerial regulation No. EMR 047 of
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2006 on guidelines for the manufacture and utilization of coal and coal-based solid fuel. Several

tests were conducted to measure the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content,

bound carbon, calorific value, and total sulfur. The experiment used American Standard for

Testing Materials-D(ASTM) method. As well as additional testing ignition properties of briquettes

such as testing startup, the old flame, and the rate of burning briquettes. The test results show

that the whole mixture of briquettes was able to meet the standards that have been set on the

main parameters based on regulation of Energy Minister No.047 in 2006 on guidelines for the

manufacture and utilization of coal and coal-based solid fuel. The optimum mix briquettes were

made of 20% bagasse and 80% plastics (AT20PL80) produced based on the calorific value of 9055

Kcal/Kg and starting flame time for about 71 seconds.

(Riyadi, Siska Titik Dwiyati, Ahmad Kholil, Abdi Ilahi)

FOREIGN STUDIES

In the 1920s and 1930s, X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structures of a huge range

of inorganic materials. Graphite was one of the first structures to be solved, by John D Bernal in

1924. Non-crystalline carbon materials, such as soot, coke and char, presented more of a

challenge. It was established that these carbons, like graphite, contained hexagonal carbon rings,

but the way these were linked together remained unknown. Some workers suggested that char

might have a three-dimensional network structure lying somewhere between those of graphite
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and diamond, but there was no direct evidence for this. The distinction between char and coke

was also not understood. The field remained in some disarray until the classic work of Rosalind

Franklin in the late 1940s and early 50s. Rosalind Franklin is, of course, far better known for her

work on the structure of DNA than for her work on carbon. However, before she moved into

biology she made a major contribution to our understanding of coals, carbons and graphite.

Franklin studied chemistry at Newnham College, Cambridge, graduating in 1941. She then joined

the British Coal Utilization Research Association (CURA) in London, which was carrying out a

major research programmer, important to the war effort, on the efficient use of coal. Franklin's

research focused on the porosity of coals, and she was awarded a Ph.D. for this work by

Cambridge in 1945. After the war she went to Paris to work with Jacques Méring at the Central

des Services Chimiques de l'Etat. In one of these, published in Acta Crystallographia in 1950 6,

she described XRD studies of a char prepared from the polymer polyvinylidene chloride. By

rigorous quantitative analysis of the diffraction data, Franklin was able to propose the first

reliable model for the structure of a char. In this model, 65% of the carbon in is contained in

individual graphite layers, highly perfect in structure but only about 1.6 nm in diameter, with the

remainder of the carbon being disordered. Earlier models, based on three-dimensional network

structures, were shown to be incorrect. This was followed by a detailed study of the effect of high

temperature heat treatments on the structures of cokes and chars, which probably constitutes

her most important work on carbon. This work was made possible by the availability of an early

induction furnace at the French Laboratoire de Haute Temperatures. Using this furnace, she was
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able to heat the carbon samples at temperatures up to 3000oC. It would be expected that these

very high temperature treatments would convert the disordered carbons into crystalline

graphite, which is known to be the most thermodynamically stable form of solid carbon.

Franklin's results came as a surprise: while the cokes could be graphitized by heat treatments

above about 2200oC, the chars could not be transformed into crystalline graphite, even at

3000oC. Instead, they formed a porous, isotropic material which only contained tiny domains of

graphite-like structure. These results demonstrated, for the first time, the key distinction

between cokes and chars.

LOCAL LITERATURE

Studies of Department of Science and Technology – Forest Product Research and Development

Institute (DOST-FPRDI) shows that charcoal fines for briquetting can come not only from wood

and coconut shell but also from coconut husk, coffee bean hull and other non-wood biomass

materials. In the Philippines, the first charcoal briquetting machines, studies on the production

process, as well as technology demonstrations were initiated by the DOST-FPRDI,” adds Dr.

Aggangan. (DOST-FPRDI)

According to Engr. Belen B. Bisana, head of DOST-FPRDI’s Bio-Energy and Equipment

Development Section (BEEDS), “Compared to plain charcoal, briquettes are less messy and easier

to handle because they are compact and uniform in size. They are also easy to ignite, burn slowly,

give more intense heat per unit volume and are almost smokeless when burning. Charcoal
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briquettes made from agroforest wastes may lessen the extensive charcoaling of wood, thus

helping protect what is left of the country’s forest resources.” (Engr. Belen B. Bisana,)

The briquettes burn clean with very little smoke, according to researchers of the Los Baños-Based

Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Ecosystems Research and Development

Bureau (DENR-ERDB).

"The ash of water hyacinth is also valuable as a fertilizer," the ERDB research team led by Engr.

Santiago Baconguis reported. ERDB, headed by Director Celso P. Diaz, is also involved in studies

using cellulosic (plant) materials in charcoal briquette production. Other researchers involved are

Alexander Malabanan, Dominador Pangga, Jesus Posadas, and Zoilo Alvarez.

Charcoal briquettes made from water lily are excellent fuels that can substitute wood-based and

petroleum-based carriers, they said. (PhilstarGlobal2014)

Water hyacinth also known as water lily is a free-floating perennial plant that can grow to a height

of 3 feet. The dark green leave blades are circular to elliptical in shape attached to a spongy,

inflated petiole. Underneath the water is a thick, heavily branched, dark fibrous root system. The

water hyacinth is a very aggressive invader and can form thick mats. If these mats cover the entire

surface of the rivers they can cause oxygen depletions and fish kills. (NagaCentralSchool.1 Focus

Study)

Starting out as a backyard industry nearly a decade ago, the water lily handicraft business

especially in Las Piñas City is booming as more people take notice of the wide range of products

that can be made out of the plant that grow in abundance even in urban waterways. Some of
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these products were put on display at the 7th Water Lily Festival held on Thursday at Carnival

Court, BF Resort Village, Las Piñas City, a brainchild of former Rep. Cynthia Villar that promotes

water lily-based livelihood projects.

These included baskets, trays, chests, bags, traditional bags (bayongs), hampers, cabinets, lamp

shades of different shapes and sizes—and even a dining table complete with chairs. The smaller

items range from coasters to slippers. (INQUIRER.NET)

LOCAL STUDIES

In the Philippines, particularly in the province of Aurora, illegal cutting of trees is rampant due to

the following purposes such as; merchandizing, house construction, kaingin making and/or

charcoal production. Traditional wood charcoal production process requires digging of holes to

bury chopped trees then cover either with clay or sand then finally make a fire beneath the hole.

The wood charcoal that was baked was gathered and put inside the sacks carried it home

and Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT) Research International Journal, Volume 3,

December 2010 then collect the fine charcoal residue that had been accumulated at the bottom

of sacks, mixed with clay to form a briquette. This mixture was first used by toddlers while

playing, putting a small amount of carbon and rolled it over on their palms to come up with

various images then dried them under the sun until its beneficial uses was accidentally discovered

when burned up. At first, they called

this as “charcoal crush” but were changed into “tiny coal” after several years. Now, it was called

charcoal briquettes when manufacturing process has changed dramatically due to the
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appearance of new industrial technologies. Selling of Charcoal Briquette in the Philippines was

made by Kamado. Company since 2003 with different label. The first type was sold intermittently

in2003-2005 and was labeled "Product of the Philippines." Second type of these briquettes which

was labeled "Product of Thailand" was sold in 2006. Selling of third type briquettes labeled with

"Product of Indonesia" was happened in 2007, and finally, late year of 2007 when they sold their

"Try-It-Yourself" charcoal one Bay, with no country of origin identified. Each of the new offerings

was decidedly inferior.5 Year 2009, modern Charcoal Briquetting Technology was introduced in

the province through the initiative effort of Senator J. Angara, funded by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources Office and implemented by the Aurora State College of

Technology through the Research Department. Thus, People’s Organization Based in Baler

received a one unit of this briquetting machines and now enjoying the benefits brought by his

technology.

SYNTHESIS AND RELEVANCE TO THE STUDY

Charcoal production in tropical regions of the world is often perceived to have devastating

ecological and environmental effects and governments, public forestry institutions and non-

government organizations have been particularly concerned about these charcoal-related

impacts. The most commonly cited impact is deforestation, i.e., the clearance of forest or

woodland. At a small spatial scale this may indeed be the case but on a larger landscape scale

charcoal production most frequently results only in forest degradation. Much of the charcoal in

tropical countries is commonly made in traditional earth and pit kilns with a wood-to-charcoal
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conversion rate of about 20% and in 2009 the contribution of charcoal production to

deforestation in tropical countries with the highest rates of deforestation is estimated at less

than 7%. A large proportion of the area utilized for charcoal production has the potential for rapid

forest recovery especially with good post-harvest management. There are conflicting reports on

the effects of deforestation on catchment hydrology with the majority of small catchment studies

indicating increased runoff and low evapotranspiration while studies of large basins have shown

no such changes. Emissions of greenhouse gases from charcoal production in tropical ecosystems

in 2009 are estimated at 71.2 million t for carbon dioxide and 1.3 million t for methane. The

failure of past charcoal policies to address environmental impacts and achieve sustainability can

be attributed to erroneous assumptions and predictions by national and international

organizations regarding wood-based fuels. Possible ways of enhancing charcoal policies’

legitimacy and therefore effective implementation are multi-stakeholder participation and

demonstration of coherence with globally recognized principles, goals and relevant international

regimes, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In this way charcoal production can

significantly contribute to poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.

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CHAPTER 3 18

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the method of research will be used in the study. the population frame

and sample size, sources of data, data gathering instruments and statistical technique used in

the study.

METHOD OF RESEARCH TO BE USED

This study used experimental research method focused on development and utilization of water

lily as a charcoal marketability

THE POPULATION FRAME AND SAMPLE SIZE

The data gathered in the research were from all Marikina Polytechnic College student (Charcoal

Entrepreneurs & Charcoal Buyers).

Table 1.

presents the distribution of respondents. The actual number of respondents from different

places.

N % N

ENTREPRENEURS 15 50 15

CHARCOAL BUYER 15 50 15

TOTAL 30 100% 30
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

INSTRUMENTATION 19

The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data

for the student’s profile. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher’s

readings. Previous studies, professional literature, published and unpublished thesis relevant to

the study. In the preparation of the instrument the requirements in the designing of good data

collection instrument were considered. For instance, statement describing the situations or

issues pertaining was toned down to accommodate the knowledge preparedness of the

respondents. Open-ended options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views

related to the topics or issues. In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses

of the students. Preference for the use of structure questionnaire is premised on several research

assumptions a) cost of being a least expensive means of gathering data, b) avoidance of personal

bias c) less pressure for immediate response and giving the respondents a greater feeling of

anonymity. In the end, it encouraged open responses to sensitive issues at hand. In addition, the

instrument was validated by few consultant and former professors before it laid on to the study.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The research asks a permission to Marikina polytechnic college, office of the president to allow

the researcher to have an interview for the students who use charcoal. After interviewing the

students count the number of the student who uses charcoal.

After knowing the number of students who use charcoal will know the number who interested

to buy this researched charcoal.

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF THE DATA 20

Mean- is the average of all numbers and is sometimes called arithmetic mean.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CHAPTER IV 21

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter discusses the data analysis and findings from 45 questionnaires completed by the

people who has a charcoal business and entrepreneurs who’s using charcoal. The purpose of this

study was to identify if the water lily charcoal is applicable in all areas.

The objectives of the study were to identify CHARCOAL USERS.

• Knowledge about charcoal using.

• Knowledge about water lily.

• Knowledge about charcoal as a business.

• Individual perspective to water lily as charcoal.

• Knowledge about charcoal marketability.

The data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed by our RESEARCH professor.

The two sections of the questionnaires were:

• CRITERIA A: APPEARANCE & TEXTURE

• CRITERIA B: HEAT EFFICIENCY

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

22

SCALE:

5 - STRONGLY AGREE (SA)

4 - AGREE (A)

3 -MODERATELY AGREE (MA)

2 -DISAGREE (D)

1 -STRONGLY DISAGREE (SD)

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

23

5 4 3 2 1

CRITERIA (SA) (A) (MA) (D) (SD)

A. APPEARANCE/TEXTURE

1. The texture of the water proof waterlily charcoal is smoother

than usual charcoal

2. The water lily charcoal is not far from the usual design of the

charcoal briquettes.

23. It is more useful than the usual charcoal it last longer than the

usual and has lesser of ash

4. The water can’t be easily to penetrate inside of the charcoal

because of wax.

5. The water lily charcoal is easily stored and transported.

6. The water lily charcoal has a normal size than the other

common charcoal.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 1 24

THE TEXTURE OF THE WATER PROOF WATER LILY CHARCOAL IS SMOOTHER THAN USUAL

CHARCOAL.
ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
1. The texture of the water proof waterlily 70% 10% 10% 5% 5%
charcoal is smoother than usual charcoal
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
1.The texture of the water proof waterlily 50% 20% 10% 15% 5%
charcoal is smoother than usual charcoal

TABLE 2

THE WATER LILY CHARCOAL IS NOT FAR FROM THE USUAL DESIGN OF THE CHARCOAL

BRIQUETTES.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
1. The water lily charcoal is not far from the 80% 5% 5% 5% 5%
usual design of the charcoal briquettes.
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
1. The water lily charcoal is not far from the 50% 20% 10% 10% 10%
usual design of the charcoal briquettes.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 3 25

IT IS MORE USEFUL THAN THE USUAL CHARCOAL IT LAST LONGER AND HAS LESSER OF ASH

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
1.It is more useful than the usual charcoal it last 50% 20% 10% 20% 0%
longer than the usual and has lesser of ash.
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
1 It is more useful than the usual charcoal it last 60% 20% 10% 5% 5%
longer than the usual and has lesser of ash

TABLE 4

The water can’t be easily to penetrate inside of the charcoal because of wax.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
1.The water can’t be easily to penetrate inside 25% 33% 21% 21% 0%
of the charcoal because of wax.
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
1.The water can’t be easily to penetrate inside 40% 20% 20% 10% 10%
of the charcoal because of wax.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 5 26

The water lily charcoal is easily stored and transported.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
5. The water lily charcoal is easily stored and 70% 10% 5% 10% 5%
transported.
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
5. The water lily charcoal is easily stored and 60 30% 10% 0% 0%
transported.

TABLE 6

The water lily charcoal has a normal size than the other common charcoal.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
6. The water lily charcoal has a normal size than 50% 30% 10% 5% 5%
the other common charcoal.
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
6. The water lily charcoal has a normal size than 60% 20% 10% 10% 10%
the other common charcoal.
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CRITERIA B 27

B. HEAT EFFICIENCY

1. It has a lesser ash

2. It can be easily burned.

3. It has no odor.

4. It has a long burning period.

5. It has a high burning efficiency.

6. It has a high energy content.

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 1 28

It has a lesser ash

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
7. It has a lesser ash. 34% 22% 11% 11% 22%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
7. It has a lesser ash 20% 20% 10% 10% 40%

TABLE 2

It can be easily burned.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
8. It can be easily burned. 90% 10% 0% 0% 0%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
8. It can be easily burned. 70% 20% 10% 0% 0%
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 3 29

It has no odor.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
9. It has no odor 11% 6% 5% 1% 2%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
9. It has no odor 20% 20% 10% 10% 40%

TABLE 4

It has a long burning period.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
10. It has a long burning period. 60% 40% 0% 0% 0%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
10. It has a long burning period. 90% 10% 0% 0% 0%
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

TABLE 5 30

It has a high burning efficiency.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong

Agree Agree Disagree
11. It has a high burning efficiency. 50% 20% 10% 10% 10%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
11. It has a high burning efficiency. 30% 10% 10% 20% 30%

TABLE 6

It has a high energy content.

ENTREPRENEURS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree
11. It has a high energy content. 40% 10% 10% 10% 30%
CHARCOAL BUYERS Strong Agree Moderately Disagree Strong
Agree Agree Disagree

11. It has a high energy content. 20% 10% 10% 0% 60%

The tables shown the percentage between the two correspondents of entrepreneurs and the

charcoal buyers that respond to our survey. All of the percentage inside the table is the average

of the result based on survey

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CHAPTER V 31

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The effectiveness of using the charcoal and to sustain the daily need of the community.

To bring the research on to the marketable standard in the community, to save our environment

on the invasion of water lily in clogging the rivers and also help the consumer chose the right

thing they could buy to saves money.

CONCLUSION

The researcher conclude that the charcoal briquette is mostly need in a community it is

the cheapest way to saves money and to save the nature of a country. they added a wax for the

better texture of a charcoal for that the consumer won’t get dirt when they touch the charcoal

and it wasn’t easy to penetrate the water inside because of the wax that cover the surface of a

charcoal. It was cheap because it has a long-lasting burning period in one charcoal briquette can

boiled 2 litters of water. This was the best way for the consumers to buy it was the alternative

for the gas fuel.

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

RECOMMENDATION 32

The researchers offer the following recommendations, guided by the results obtained

from this research;

1. The charcoal briquette is cheaper that using of fuels and the usual charcoal.

2. No need to pour gasoline to burn the charcoal briquette because it is easy to be

burned.

3. It has a lesser ash so the there is no more waste to be trashed.

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

BIBLIOGRAPHY 33

ONLINE REFERENCES

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briquette

https://prezi.com/jurltpe0-pqg/related-literature-and-studies/

https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/miombo/Research/CharcoalResearch.html

http://www.charcoalproject.org/category/resources-2/studies/
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

34
LETTER OF REQUEST FOR CONTENT VALIDATION

February 21, 2018

DR. ALEX O. CERVERA

INSTURCTOR
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Dear Sir;

Greetings!

The undersigned students are currently conducting research entitled “Utilizing and
Development of Water Lily as Waterproof Charcoal in Marketability” as requirement in RES
421 (Special Topics on Research/Project/Study) subject in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor in Industrial Technology.

In view of this, may we humbly request you to be one of the content evaluators of the
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Your comment and suggestion will be used to further improvement for our final copy of
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Thank you for anticipation of this request.

Respectfully yours,

Karl Angelo A. Velasco

Research Leader

Note

Mr. Ernesto Concepcion

RES 421 Professor
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

LETTER OF REQUEST FOR CONTENT VALIDATION 35

February 21, 2018

MR. JESUS O. IGNACIO

INSTURCTOR
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Dear Sir;

Greetings!

The undersigned students are currently conducting research entitled “Utilizing and
Development of Water Lily as Waterproof Charcoal in Marketability” as requirement in RES
421 (Special Topics on Research/Project/Study) subject in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor in Industrial Technology.

In view of this, may we humbly request you to be one of the content evaluators of the
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Your comment and suggestion will be used to further improvement for our final copy of
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Thank you for anticipation of this request.

Respectfully yours,

Karl Angelo A. Velasco

Research Leader

Note

Mr. Ernesto Concepcion

RES 421 Professor
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

LETTER OF REQUEST FOR CONTENT VALIDATION 36

February 21, 2018

MRS. MARICEL L. DIVINA

INSTURCTOR
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

Dear Sir;

Greetings!

The undersigned students are currently conducting research entitled “Utilizing and
Development of Water Lily as Waterproof Charcoal in Marketability” as requirement in RES
421 (Special Topics on Research/Project/Study) subject in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor in Industrial Technology.

In view of this, may we humbly request you to be one of the content evaluators of the
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Your comment and suggestion will be used to further improvement for our final copy of
Waterproof Water Lily Charcoal.

Thank you for anticipation of this request.

Respectfully yours,

Karl Angelo A. Velasco

Research Leader

Note

Mr. Ernesto Concepcion

RES 421 Professor
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

APPENDIX 37

CONDUCTING SURVEY
MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

APPENDIX 38

DISCUSSING THE PRODUCT

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CURICULUM VITAE 39

KARL ANGELO A. VELASCO

22 Bantayog st Concepcion 1 Marikina City

Email Add. [email protected]

Contact # 09366714472

PERSONAL INFORMATION

• AGE 20 years’ old

• DATE OF BIRTH July 26 1997

• HEIGHT 5’8”

• WEIGHT 65 Kg

• RELIGION Born-Again Christian

• CIVIL STATUS Single

• CITIZENSHIP Filipino

• SEX Male

• Language Tagalog/English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Marikina Polytechnic College

Bachelor in Industrial Technology

2014-2018
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Secondary Marikina High School 40

2010-2014

Primary H. Bautista Elementary School

2004-2010
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CURICULUM VITAE 41

DANILO S. BARROZO JR

111 Champaca 2 Fortune Marikina City

Email Add. [email protected]

Contact # 09461607162

PERSONAL INFORMATION

• AGE 20 years’ old

• DATE OF BIRTH April 30 1997

• HEIGHT 5’4”

• WEIGHT 50 Kg

• RELIGION Catholic

• CIVIL STATUS Single

• CITIZENSHIP Filipino

• SEX Male

• Language Tagalog/English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Marikina Polytechnic College

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

Bachelor in Industrial Technology 42

2014-2018

Secondary Fortune High School

2010-2014

Primary Fortune Elementary School

2004-2010
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CURICULUM VITAE 43

JOMARI B. LEABRES

374 E Dela Paz st Sto nino Marikina City

Email Add. [email protected]

Contact # 09261631890

PERSONAL INFORMATION

• AGE 20 years old

• DATE OF BIRTH October 14 1997

• HEIGHT 5’7”

• WEIGHT 55 Kg

• RELIGION Iglesia ni Cristo

• CIVIL STATUS Single

• CITIZENSHIP Filipino

• SEX Male

• Language Tagalog/English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Marikina Polytechnic College

Bachelor in Industrial Technology

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

2014-2017 44

Secondary Sto nino National High School

2010-2014

Primary Sto nino Elementary School

2004-2010
 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

CURICULUM VITAE 45

NEIL JEFFERSON L. FORTIN

361 Bonanza Phase 3 Fortune Marikina City

Email Add. [email protected]

Contact # 09213191826

PERSONAL INFORMATION

• AGE 19 years’ old

• DATE OF BIRTH May 8 1998

• HEIGHT 5’5”

• WEIGHT 65 Kg

• RELIGION Iglesia Ni Cristo

• CIVIL STATUS Single

• CITIZENSHIP Filipino

• SEX Male

• Language Tagalog/English

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary Marikina Polytechnic College

Bachelor in Industrial Technology

 MARIKINA POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE
Sta. Elena, Marikina City
Bachelor of Industrial Technology

2014-2018 46

Secondary Marikina High School

2010-2014

Primary Parang Elementary School

2004-2010