HANDOUT

FOR
CHAPTER 8

SECURITY
AND
ETHICS

Past questions
© UCLES 2015 -2020

COMPUTER SCIENCE CAMBRIDGE IGCSE 0478 JUNE SERIES Tr. Fatimah

Page | 0
 1 Choose six correct terms from the following list to complete the spaces in the paragraphs
below:

• encryption
• file name
• firewall
• HTML tags/text
• IP address
• protocol
• proxy server
• SSL certificate
• web server name

A user enters a URL. The web browser breaks up the URL into three components:

1 ........................................................

2 ........................................................

3 ........................................................

The web server returns the selected web page.

The web browser reads the ............................................................ from the selected page and

shows the correctly formatted page on the user’s screen.

A ............................................................ is used between the user’s computer and the network to

examine the data traffic to make sure it meets certain criteria.

To speed up the access to the web pages next time, a ............................................................ is

used between the computer and web server; this device uses a cache to store the website home

page after it has been accessed for the first time.

[6]

Page | 1
 2 (a) Viruses, pharming and phishing are all examples of potential Internet security

issues. Explain what is meant by each of these three terms.

Virus .........................................................................................................................................

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Pharming ..................................................................................................................................

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Phishing ....................................................................................................................................

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[6]

(b) An online bank requires a client to supply an 8-digit code each time they wish to access their
account on the bank’s website.

Rather than ask the client to use a keyboard, they are

requested to use an on-screen keypad (shown on the right) to 2 5 1
input the 8-digit code.
6 8 3
The position of the digits on the keypad can change each time
the website is visited. 9 0 4

The client uses a mouse or touch screen to select each of the 8 7

digits.

(i) Explain why the bank has chosen to use this method of entering the 8 digits.

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[2]

Page | 2
 (ii) Name and describe another measure that the bank could introduce to improve the
security of their website.

Name .................................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

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[2]

Page | 3
 3 (a) Four statements about cookies are shown in the table

below. Study each statement.

Tick (✓) to show whether the statement is true or false.

Statement True False

they are a form of spyware
they are used only in advertising
they are used to track browser use
they act in the same way as a virus
[4]

(b) Five descriptions and five security issues are shown below.

Draw a line to connect each description to the correct security issue.

Description Security issue

malicious code installed on the hard drive of a

user’s computer or on the web server; this code
hacking
will re-direct user to a fake web site without their
consent

software that gathers information by monitoring

key presses on a user’s computer and relays the
pharming
information back to the person who sent the
software

program or code that replicates itself and is

designed to amend, delete or copy data and files phishing
on a user’s computer without their consent

the act of gaining illegal access to a computer

spyware
system without the owner’s consent

creator of code sends out a legitimate-looking

email in the hope of gathering personal and
virus
financial data; it requires the recipient to follow a
link in the email or open an attachment

[4]

Page | 4
4 (a) State what is meant by the term SSL.

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(b) The following stages take place when a user wishes to access a secure website.

Put each stage in sequence by writing the numbers 1 to 6 in the column on the right. The
first one has been done for you.

Sequence
Stage
number

the encrypted data is then shared securely between the web browser
and the web server

the web browser attempts to connect to a website which is secured by

SSL 1

the web server sends the web browser a copy of its SSL certificate

the web browser requests the web server to identify itself

the web server will then send back some form of acknowledgement to
allow the SSL encrypted session to begin

the web browser checks whether the SSL certificate is trustworthy; if it

is, then the web browser sends a message back to the web server
[5]

Page | 5
5 Five computing terms are described below.

Write the name of the term being described.

Software that anyone can download for free from the Internet
and then use without having to pay any fees. The usual
copyright laws apply and a user license is important.
................................................

Software that gives the user the chance to try it out free of
charge before actually buying it. The software is subject to the
usual copyright laws. As a rule, not all the features found in
the full version are available at this stage.
................................................

Software where users have freedom to run, copy, change and

adapt it. This is an issue of liberty and not of price since the
software guarantees freedom and the right to study and modify
the software by having access to the actual source code.
................................................

Set of principles that regulates the use of computers in

everyday life. This covers intellectual property rights, privacy
issues and the effects of computers on society in general.
................................................

The taking of somebody’s idea or software and claim that the

idea or software code were created by the “taker”.
................................................
[5]

Page | 6
6 Some software can be described as free, freeware or shareware.

Tick (✓) the appropriate boxes in the table below to show which features apply to these three
types of software.

Software feature Free Freeware Shareware

Software source code can be freely accessed and

modified as required

All the features of the full version of the software

are not made available; the full version needs to be
purchased first

The original software is subject to all copyright laws

It is possible to distribute modified versions or

copies of the software to friends and family

[3]

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7 Secure socket layer (SSL) is used in the security of information on Internet websites.

State how it is possible for a user to know that a website is secure by looking at the web
address.

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(b) Describe three of the stages a web browser goes through to detect whether a website is
secure.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................................

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3 ...............................................................................................................................................

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[3]

Page | 8
8 A bank offers an online service to its customers. The bank has developed a “SafeToUse” system
that asks each customer to enter four randomly chosen characters from their password each time
they log in.

The customer selects these four characters from drop-down boxes. For example:

nd
Please select the 2 character

th
5 character
th
6 character
th
8 character

(a) (i) Explain why it is more secure to use drop-down boxes rather than entering characters
using a keyboard.

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(ii) Give a reason why the system asks for four characters chosen at random.

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(b) Biometrics is an additional form of

security. Give two examples of biometrics.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

Page | 9
9 Six security issues and six descriptions are shown below.

Draw a line to link each security issue to its correct description.

Security issue Description

illegal access to a computer system

Pharming without the owner’s consent or

knowledge

software that gathers information by

monitoring key presses on a user’s
Phishing
keyboard; the data is sent back to the
originator of the software

malicious code installed on the hard

drive of a user’s computer or on a web
Viruses server; this code will re-direct the user
to a fake website without the user’s
knowledge

creator of code sends out a

legitimate-looking email in the hope
of gathering personal and financial
Hacking
information from the recipient; it
requires the user to click on the link in
the email or attachment

a message given to a web browser by

a web server; it is stored in a text file;
Spyware the message is then sent back to the
server each time the browser requests
a page from the server

program or code that replicates itself;

designed to amend, delete or copy
Cookies
data or files on a user’s computer; often
causes the computer to crash or
run slowly

[5]

Page | 10
10 (a) Five statements and three types of software are shown below.

Draw lines to connect each statement with the correct type of software.

Statement Type of software

Users have the freedom to pass on

the software to friends and family as
they wish.

Free software

Users can download this software free

of charge, but they cannot modify the
source code in any way.

Users are allowed to try out the

software for a trial period only before Freeware
being charged.

Users can study the software source

code and modify it, where necessary,
to meet their own needs, without
breaking copyright laws.

Shareware

Users can obtain a free trial version

of the software, but this often does
not contain all the features of the full
version.

[3]

Page | 11
 (b) Describe three ethical issues that should be considered when using computers.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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3 ................................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(c) Security of data is very important.

Three security issues are viruses, pharming and

spyware. Explain what is meant by each issue.

Viruses: .....................................................................................................................................

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Pharming: .................................................................................................................................

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Spyware: ...................................................................................................................................

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[6]

Page | 12
 (d) Describe three tasks carried out by a firewall.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

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2 ................................................................................................................................................

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3 ................................................................................................................................................

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[3]

Page | 13
11 Six security terms and six statements are listed below.

Draw a line to match the security term with the most appropriate statement.

Security term Statement

Provides a secure connection between

Encryption web browsers and websites allowing
secure transmission of private data.

Computer that acts as an intermediary

Secure Socket
between a web browser and the
Layer (SSL)
Internet.

Legitimate-looking email is sent in the hope of

gathering personal information; it requires the user to
Pharming
click on a link in the email.

Uses rules and criteria, set by the user, to help

protect a network or system from unauthorised
Phishing access.

Malicious code installed on the hard

drive of a user’s computer; this code
will redirect the user to a fake website
Firewall without the user’s knowledge.

Scrambles data for secure transmission.

Proxy server

[5]

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Page | 15
12 A company has a number of offices around the world.

Data is transmitted between the offices over the Internet. In order to keep the data safe the
company is using Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol and a firewall at each office.
Explain how SSL protocol and a firewall will keep the company’s data safe.

SSL protocol .............................................................................................................................

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Firewall .....................................................................................................................................

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[4]

(b) A company stores personal details of its customers on a computer system behind a

firewall. Explain, with reasons, what else the company should do to keep this data safe.

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Page | 16
 (c) When a customer enters the website, a message is displayed:

“RockICT makes use of cookies. By continuing to browse you are agreeing to our use of
cookies.”
Explain why the music company uses cookies.

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[2]

(d) The music company is concerned about the security of its

website. The company uses a proxy server as part of its security

system. Describe the role of a proxy server in the security system.

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[4]

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13 (a) Selma has some important personal information that she needs to email to her employer. She

wants to make sure that if the personal information is intercepted, it cannot be understood.

State how Selma could email her personal data more securely.

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(ii) Describe how your chosen solution works.

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14 Three security issues that could affect users online are phishing, pharming and

spam. Explain what is meant by each security issue.

Phishing ...........................................................................................................................................

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Pharming ..........................................................................................................................................

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Spam ................................................................................................................................................

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[6]

(c) Data transferred over a network is encrypted to improve data

security. The system uses 64-bit symmetric encryption.

(i) Explain how encryption improves data security.

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(ii) Explain one method that could be used to increase the level of security provided by the
encryption.
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Page | 19
15 (a) Lola is concerned about the risks to her computer when using the Internet.

She wants to use some security methods to help protect her computer from the risks.

Identify a security method she could use for each of the following risks. Each security
method must be different.
Describe how each security method will help protect Lola’s computer.

(i) Computer virus

Security method ................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

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[3]

(ii) Hacking

Security method ................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

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[3]

(iii) Spyware

Security method ................................................................................................................

Description ........................................................................................................................

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[3]

Page | 20
 (b) Lola is also concerned that the data she stores could be subject to accidental damage or
accidental loss.
(i) State three ways that the data Lola stores could be accidentally damaged or
accidentally lost.
1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(ii) Give two methods that Lola could use to help keep her data safe from accidental
damage or accidental loss.
1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[2]

Page | 21
16 A law company holds a lot of sensitive data about its clients.

It currently requires employees to enter a username and a password to log-in to an account.

Each password must be 8 letters.
The company wants to increase the security of the log-in system.
Identify two improvements the company could use to make the log-in system more

secure. Explain how each improvement increases security.

Improvement 1 ..........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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Improvement 2 ..........................................................................................................................

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Explanation ...............................................................................................................................

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[4]

Page | 22
17 An art gallery has a website that is used to display and sell art.

The gallery uses Secure Socket Layer (SSL) to provide a secure connection when selling

art. Describe the process of SSL and how it provides a secure connection.

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(b) The art gallery also uses a firewall.

Six statements are given about firewalls.

Tick (3) to show if the statement is True or False.

True False
Statement
(3) (3)

Firewalls are only available as hardware devices

Firewalls allow a user to set rules for network traffic

Firewalls will automatically stop all malicious traffic

Firewalls only examine traffic entering a network

Firewalls encrypt all data that is transmitted around a network

Firewalls can be used to block access to certain websites

[6]

Page | 23
 (c) The art gallery is concerned about computer ethics relating to its website.

Explain what is meant by computer ethics and why the art gallery is concerned about
computer ethics.
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18 A music company wants to send a new music file to many radio stations. It will send the music
file the day before the release date so that the radio stations can store the file ready for release.
The music company does not want the radio stations to be able to open the music file until 09:00
on the release date.
Identify two security measures and describe how each measure can be used to make sure the
music file cannot be opened until the release date.
Security measure 1 ..........................................................................................................................

Description .......................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................................

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Security measure 2 ..........................................................................................................................

Description .......................................................................................................................................

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[4]

Page | 25
19 Priya creates a website to sell her old comic books and superhero figures.

(b) Priya uses cookies in her website.

Five statements are given about cookies.

Tick (✓) to show if the statement is True or False.

True False
Statement
(✓) (✓)
Cookies can be used to store a customer’s credit card details

Cookies can be used to track the items a customer has viewed on a website

Cookies will corrupt the data on a customer’s computer

Cookies are downloaded onto a customer’s computer

Cookies can be deleted from a customer’s computer

[5]

(c) Priya stores her website on a webserver.

To transmit the website data to the webserver she uses parallel duplex data

transmission. Describe how data is transmitted using parallel duplex data transmission.

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(d) Priya has a URL for her website.

State what is meant by a URL.

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 (e) Priya is concerned about a denial of service attack (DoS) occurring on her webserver.

(i) Explain what is meant by a denial of service attack.

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(ii) Give one security device that can be used to help prevent a denial of service attack.

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Page | 27
 20 When customers access Victoria’s website they will be given the message:

This website uses cookies. An explanation of their purpose can be found in our cookies policy.

(i) Explain what is meant by cookies.

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(ii) Explain why Victoria would use cookies as part of her website.

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21 A finance company is concerned that its employees are being distracted by using gaming
websites at work.
Explain how a firewall could help prevent this distraction.

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(b) The finance company is also worried about the security of the data stored on its servers.

The company has decided to encrypt the data to improve the security.

Describe how the data are encrypted.

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 (c) The finance company realises that its computer systems have been hacked.

The company thinks that spyware was used to obtain a user’s password.

Explain how spyware could have been used to obtain the user’s password.

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(b) All modern smartphones can be secured with a biometric system that is built into the phone.

(i) Identify two biometric systems that would be suitable for securing a smartphone.

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(ii) Explain why modern smartphones are secured with a biometric system.

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22 Hans has a website selling comic books. Customers can create an account to buy the comic
books.

Customers enter a username and password to log in to their account.

Customers may worry about keylogging software being used to gain unauthorised access to
their account.

(i) Describe how keylogging software can be used to gain unauthorised access to a
customer’s account.

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(ii) Identify a feature that Hans can add to the website to limit the threat of keylogging
software.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) Hans makes sure data transmission for his website is secure.

(i) State how customers can check that the personal details they enter into the website will
be transmitted securely.

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(ii) Explain how a customer’s browser checks that the website is secure.

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Page | 31
23 A company collects and stores data about its customers. The data is stored on a server in the
company’s office.

The data is transmitted to cloud storage to create a back-up.

The data is encrypted using symmetric encryption before it is sent to the cloud storage.

Describe how the data is encrypted.

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(b) Give three other methods that can be used to secure the data in the office.

Method 1 ...................................................................................................................................

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Method 2 ...................................................................................................................................

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Method 3 ...................................................................................................................................

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[3]

Page | 32
24 Meena buys products for her business using the Internet.

The Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol is used for transferring data when she buys
products.

One layer of the TLS protocol is the handshake layer.

(i) Describe the purpose of the handshake layer.

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(ii) Identify the other layer of the TLS protocol.

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(iii) Identify another protocol that can be used to transfer data securely.

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(c) Meena visits a website to buy products for her business.

The browser uses a small file to store the details of the products she views. This allows the
website to display advertisements for other products she may like.

The small file also stores her log-in details.

Give the name of this type of file.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

Page | 33
25 Uma is concerned about risks that she may encounter when using the Internet.

Two of the risks she is concerned about are phishing and pharming.

Give one similarity and two differences between phishing and pharming.

Similarity ...................................................................................................................................

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Difference 1 ..............................................................................................................................

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Difference 2 ..............................................................................................................................

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[3]

(b) Identify two other risks that Uma could encounter when using the Internet.

Risk 1 ........................................................................................................................................

Risk 2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) Uma uses a firewall to secure the data on her computer.

(i) Uma tells her friend that a firewall can only be software-based.

Tick (3) to show whether Uma is Correct or Incorrect.

Correct

Incorrect
[1]

(ii) Describe how the firewall helps to keep Uma’s data secure.

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Page | 34
26 Thomas has an online business that sells homemade furniture. He has a web server that hosts
his website for his business.

Thomas is worried about a denial of service (DoS) attack on his web server. Describe what
happens in a denial of service attack.
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Page | 35
27 Edie uses a firewall to help prevent her children from accessing websites that she does not want
them to see.

Describe how the firewall helps prevent her children from accessing these websites.

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(b) Edie is concerned that her children may download a virus when accessing websites.

State what is meant by a virus and explain what could happen if a virus was downloaded.

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(c) Edie explains to her children how to identify if a website is secure.

(i) Give two ways that her children can identify if a website is secure.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) Describe how a browser checks that a website is secure.

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28 Clive has a laptop computer that he uses for his business. He enters a username and password
to log in to his laptop.

Clive is worried about spyware being used to find out his username and password.

Describe how spyware could be used to find out Clive’s username and password.

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(b) The threat of spyware makes Clive concerned about typing a password to log in to his

laptop. Give an example of how Clive could log in securely without typing a password.

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