Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

College students choose their job fields for many reasons. The factors that affect this

decision include family, passion, salary, and past experiences. One said that criminology

trainings are really not easy especially if you want to become a police. One should think a

hundred times on what does he or she wanted to be in the future. One should have a strong

personality, body and mind as being a criminology student requires more than these. Also, one’s

personal choice had been affected by many factors as stated by many-- education is universally

recognized as the answer to socio-economic problems of the world. Nations and individuals look

up to education to provide a cure for poverty, ignorance, drought, excessive rainfall, mental

deficiency, joblessness, bad government, poor communication system, hunger and inadequate

shelter among other things. Thus, every nation of the world aspires toward quality of life and

social status through good decision-making in selecting career choice especially students who are

about to pursue in college and found it on the aforementioned program.

Motivational factors greatly affect one’s decision in choosing a program to take. It has a

great impact when one enrolls criminology. Also, it is stated that when choosing a career in life it

will serve as one’s occupation, calling or a profession that a person may adopt during his

educational life or in some other part or till his death. It also clarifies career as the application of

a person’s cognition and capabilities, providing command over profession, timely work expertise

and a basis of developing and bettering business networks. Individuals chose career planning to

pursue the professional objectives, getting informed about upcoming opportunities, their results

and their timely evaluations.

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 Many factors influence an individual’s decision to become a police, to remain in the

service profession, and protect the community and the country. The number of people choosing

to become police has been increasing in the recent years, causing researchers to examine factors

that influence this decision. Variables such as academic achievement, personality, interests,

parental education attainment, parental expectations, socio-economic background, leisure

activities, peer pressure, socialization experiences, values, self-perception, task perception have

been examined (Kiolbassa, 2011).

Choices that people make related to their career can be categorized to be influenced by

two factors that are psychological and social. Social factors are part of an individual’s social

bonds, their parents, family, history and other characteristics of their environment. Psychological

factors can be an individual’s perception, cognitive and effective intentions, beliefs, ideas,

personality and assessments related to forthcoming environment (Ozen, 2011). Different

inquiries on the life of the students have come up with different findings. According to Boyer

(1987), “in taking a course, one of the life’s major decision is made. A lot of effort involved. The

shape and excellence of the student’s life may rest on the result.”

Making decision implies that there are choices to be considered, and in such case we

want only to identify as many of these alternatives as possible but to choose the one that best fits

with our goals, objectives, desires, values and so on (Harris, 1980). Decision making is the best

way to get one’s satisfaction, and considered as the best-required thing to do to have a successful

and very satisfying life. One decent decision that a person will do can make a huge impact in

one’s life. As observed, students usually have had a hard time what to take in college but because

of many factors and a challenge that being a criminology student brings many students choose to

undergo the program.

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 This study aims to discover the motivational factors in enrolling criminology and uncover

the reasons why the incoming first year criminology students choose the program. This research

will enlighten the youth and open their eyes as to how awesome to be part of the criminology

department as this program will develop one’s character and personality. Strengthen the

respondents’ minds, beliefs, build social interactions and cohesion among other respondents and

people around them. So, in this study they will determine the motivational factors that helps the

incoming first year students to enroll criminology. Additionally, this study attempts develop

positive impacts on why they need to enroll criminology and know its benefits before and after

finishing the course and be in the field of service protection men and the country.

This study will be conducted during the first semester of the year 2020 to 2021 at North

Central Mindanao College. This study will determine the motivational factors in enrolling

criminology in relation to becoming a police officer. The study will be focused on the first year

criminology students as they have the fresh decisions on why they choose criminology. This

research will be developed by the researchers for they believed that motivational factors greatly

affects one’s decision in life. One’s decision plays a vital role in one’s life as this will be his job

or profession for the rest of his life. The researchers will be acquainted with the first year

criminology students and with their reasons on choosing criminology.

As criminology students it is really not easy to be in the path as massive and heavy

trainings will need to be undergone. It is of vital importance to know what pushes someone to

take a program where difficult exercises will be done and makes them stick especially being a

criminology student. Therefore, it is the interest of the researchers to investigate and to discover

the motivational factors in enrolling criminology. The researchers are very much proud to

conduct this study for they believed that their field of expertise are much aligned in this study as

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being a criminology interns. The researchers are taking Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Majoring Law Enforcement Administration that is the reason they are thankful to have this study

that is aligned in their field of specialization. In this study, researchers will use their social skills

—rapport building and proficiency to have a purposeful study.

Theoretical Framework

In this study, the research will anchor theories that will support ideas of motivational

factors in enrolling criminology. These theories are: Need Achievement Theory by McClelland

(1961); Weiner’s Attribution Theory by Weiner (1985) and Two Factor Theory by Herzberg

(1959).

The Theory of Need Achievement by McClelland (1961)says that motivation has become

crucial to everyone’s behavior including loyalty, commitment and job performance levels

(Bateman & Snell 2007). Motivation is defined as those internal and/or external forces that

trigger actions that persist until a certain goal is achieved (Daft, 2006). In business firms,

these triggers of behavior are various needs that employees are striving to satisfy through various

intrinsic and extrinsic rewards they receive at work (Bateman & Snell, 2007; George &

Jones, 2006). Ryan and Deci (2000) indicated that feelings of competence and feelings of

autonomy must co-occur in order to achieve high levels of intrinsic motivation.

Motivation plays an important role in informal relationships as well as highly structured

relationships such as those found in industry and education. In education, managers use

motivation techniques to promote cooperation between employer and employees or staff. Such

cooperation enables staff to satisfy certain needs through their jobs including security, career

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interests and respect among others. If the staff expect their jobs to help satisfy these

needs, they will probably be more motivated to contribute in achieving the organization`s

objectives. This follows logically that staff motivation is therefore one of the key ingredients

in employees’ performance and productivity, given that motivated people are willing to exert

a particular level of effort for a certain amount of time toward the achievement of a particular

goal and efficiency.

According to McClelland, the need for achievement is the need to attain a standard of

excellence (McClelland, 1961). It was believed that every person has an achieving motive to

some degree. However, some are constantly more achievement-oriented than others. People with

a need for achievement seek to excel and thus tend to avoid low-risk and high-risk goals. On one

hand, high achievers avoid low-risk projects because the easily attained success is not a genuine

achievement. On the other hand, in high-risk projects, they see the outcomes as chances instead

of their own efforts. People with a need for achievement prefer tasks that are challenging but

have a moderate probability of success. They need regular feedback to monitor the progress of

their achievements and have a desire to do a task better than they did in the past.

Attribution Theory by Weiner (1985) is concerned with how individuals interpret events

and how this relates to their thinking and behavior. Heider (1958) was the first to propose a

psychological theory of attribution, but Weiner and colleagues (e.g., Jones et al, 1972; Weiner,

1974, 1986) developed a theoretical framework that has become a major research paradigm of

social psychology. Attribution theory assumes that people try to determine why people do what

they do, i.e., attribute causes to behavior. A person seeking to understand why another person did

something may attribute one or more causes to that behavior. A three-stage process underlies an

attribution: (1) the person must perceive or observe the behavior, (2) then the person must

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believe that the behavior was intentionally performed, and (3) then the person must determine if

they believe the other person was forced to perform the behavior (in which case the cause is

attributed to the situation) or not (in which case the cause is attributed to the other person).

Weiner focused his attribution theory on achievement (Weiner, 1974). He identified

ability, effort, task difficulty, and luck as the most important factors affecting attributions for

achievement. Attributions are classified along three causal dimensions: locus of control, stability,

and controllability. The locus of control dimension has two poles: internal versus external locus

of control. The stability dimension captures whether causes change over time or not. For

instance, ability can be classified as a stable, internal cause, and effort classified as unstable and

internal. Controllability contrasts causes one can control, such as skill/efficacy, from causes one

cannot control, such as aptitude, mood, others’ actions, and luck.

Two Factor Theory by Herzberg (1959) explained motivation as the willingness of an

individual to do something and conditioned by actions to satisfy needs. Later, Wregner and

Miller (2003) described motivation as something that energized individuals to take action and

which is concerned with the choices the individual makes as part of his or her goal-oriented

behaviour. Following the recent definition contributed by Fuller et.al. (2008), motivation is a

person’s intensity, direction and persistence of efforts to attain a specific objective. From the

statement provided, intensity as further elaborated is how hard an individual tries to attain the

specific objective while direction is the channel to intensity towards the correct objective;

whereas persistence refers to how long someone maintains an effort to attain the specific

objective. On the other hand, Motivation is defined by Saraswathi (2011) as the willingness to

exert high levels of effort, toward organizational goals, conditioned by the effort’s ability to

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satisfy some individual need. Three key elements in the definition are further provided as effort,

organization goal, and need.

INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT OUTPUT

VARIABLE VARIABLE

Motivational
Factors/Influence
1. self-choice
1. Profile of the
2. family
Respondents
3. friends
1.1 age ORIENTATION
4. society
1.2 gender PROGRAM FOR
1.3 parents’ educational THE
Preparedness/
attainment CRIMINOLOGY
Readiness
1.4 parents’ occupation
1. physical FRESHMEN
2. mental
3. emotional
4. spiritual

Figure A. Schematic Diagram

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 Conceptual Framework

Motivational factors play an important role in choosing a life career. It will be

one’s vocation, calling or profession. Many people take a program not because they want it but it

is being influence by many factors especially being a criminology student. Also, these factors

might be the reason why they are force or it is their willingness to take the course and in this

study it will provide the clear perception as to the motivational factors in enrolling criminology.

The Figure A as the schematic diagram shows the illustration which presents the

independent and dependent variables, and the output of the research. First, the dependent

variable shows the profile of the respondents as to their age, gender, parents’ educational

attainment and parents’ occupation. Also, the motivational factors/influence may it be self-

choice, family, friends or society and the preparedness/readiness in terms of physical and mental

aspect. Second, the dependent variable shows the level of motivational factors in enrolling

criminology. Lastly, the output shows the orientation program which will be done by the

researchers to fulfill this research.

Statement of the Problem

This study will aim to identify the motivational factors in enrolling criminology and how

one’s decision will be influenced by many elements.

1. What is the profile of the respondent in terms of:

1.1 age;

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 1.2 gender;

1.3 parents’ educational attainment; and

1.4 parents’ occupation?

2. What is the motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of:

2.1 self-choice;

2.2 family;

2.3 friends; and

2.4 society?

3. How prepared/ready is the respondent in terms of:

3.1 physical; and

3.2 mental?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the

motivational factors in enrolling criminology?

5. Is there a significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of

motivational factors in enrolling criminology?

6. What is the possible orientation program can be designed based on the result of the

study?

Hypotheses

Ho1: There is a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the level

of motivational factors in enrolling criminology.

Ho2: There is a significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of

motivational factors in enrolling criminology.

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 Scope and Limitations

This study will focus on the motivational factors in enrolling criminology. It will focus

on why the respondents enrolled criminology. This study will show the factors influencing one’s

decision in choosing a program. This study will be conducted at North Central Mindanao

College. The respondents of the study will be the freshmen criminology students as they are the

newbies in the family and their decisions are still quite fresh and the most convenient

respondents of the study to have effective results.

Significance

This study will help not only the respondents but it will also beneficial to the school

administrators, teachers, students, family and future researchers. The following are the

beneficiaries of the of this study

School Administrators- This will help the institution to increase the number of their

enrollees through giving clear perception as to the benefits they can get from enrolling in one of

the prestige schools here in Lanao—North Central Mindanao College.

Teachers- It is very important that the second parents of the students will be acquainted

to their students as they are one of the important elements in the learning process. In this

research, the respondents will learn to share their reasons and experiences on why they choose

criminology as their field.

Students- Learners are the most important element in teaching. In this research, they will

be the main ingredient as they will answer questions in relation to the motivation factors in

enrolling criminology. They will reflect to the different reasons on choosing criminology as their

field may it be—personal, family or friends’ influence.

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 Family- One’s personal decision has been greatly influence by the family where they are

in. Parents also had desires for their children as to what they will be in the future. Sometimes,

they choose what they do think is best for their children. In this study, it will also help the

parents to let their children decide for themselves and not to be too dependent on them.

Future Researchers. This study will help the future researchers and make this study as

their blueprint in relation to their research. It will give them the clear knowledge about what the

study is all about and make this study useful for the upcoming years which other studies could

relate to this study.

Definition of Terms

Age- In this research, it refers to the oldness of the respondents to undergo the

criminology program.

Family- In this study, it pertains to the people where the respondents are in and also has

the motivational factor on the respondents’ decision.

Friends. In this research, it talks about the people whom the respondents usually go with

every time and has the big impact on the respondent’s decision making when it comes to their

career.

Gender- In this study, it appertains to the sexual identity of the respondents may it be a

male or a female.

Level of Motivational Factors- In this research, it refers to the influence of the

surroundings where the respondent belonged—family, friends and society.

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 Mental- In this study, it means the preparedness and readiness of the respondent in terms

of mentality or their cognitive domain.

Parents’ Educational Attainment. In this research, it refers to the degree in which their

parents had finished may it be—elementary, high school, college, masters or doctor’s degree.

Parents’ Occupation. In this study, it appertains to the work or job that the parents of the

respondents currently are having and how it influences the respondents.

Physical- In this research, it points to the preparedness and readiness of the respondents

in terms of physical aspect—body.

Self-choice- In this study, it pertains to the self-decision making of the respondent. It

talks about on their own choice on taking a course they loved.

Society- In this research, it refers of the place where the respondents lived in and

acquired most of his personal self.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is one of the first steps in research process. It consists of summary of

research carried out in the past on some directly and directly related topics. This review provides

insights to the researchers regarding what is already known and what it remains to be tested

regarding the topic of research. It guides the researchers to avoid duplication and provide useful

suggestions to further research of a given topic.

Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to review the literatures of the motivational factors in

enrolling criminology. In other words, the studies which have been undertaken by the researchers

in relation to factors affecting decision in choosing career have been reviewed.

Related Literatures

History

Over the past decades, the careers for both women and men have changed. Today, jobs

are more diverse and many jobs have shifted from one area to another. Over time, the culture and

the economy have changed. In the 1970’s, many women entered the workforce. At the same

time, people of different races were also merging into the job market, crossing lines that have

never been crossed before (Maclean, 1999). For men during this time period, it meant that they

had to compete with women for the same jobs. In the 1980’s, technology was on the rise with

computers and other electronic equipment providing faster technology (Chimerine, 1996). This

opened up more job opportunities for men and women who had the skill set to work with

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computers. Technology also changed the way employees worked in America. Computers

changed how files were stored, how information was kept, and also sped up the process of work

all together. Decision-making is the logical way of setting one’s mind to choose amidst the

possibilities to satisfy man’s ease. This is true as stated that good decision-making is an essential

skill for career success generally, and effective leadership particularly. It is true that for an

individual to be successful, the person must possess good decision-making. Every day we make

decisions, whether big or small and these decisions can make huge impacts in our lives. As the

person progresses, his or her ability to decide improve, allowing the individual to make better

and wiser decision in life. Failure to make the right decision often leads to downfall.

Methodologically speaking, decision-making is not all fun and games, some deal with people,

others deal with future careers. Graduating high school students face one of the most crucial

decisions in their lives, and that is future career decision. These students face the fact that this

certain adjudication will decide their future. Deciding on which college to attend to is not a “gut

reaction”. It requires mature and serious discussion, and may not, despite the long run, lead to

initial choice. However, during this crucial stage in each student’s life, there are some factors in

which results to confusion, and further lead to a mistake.

Some parents think that what they suggest to their children in what course to pursue is

better, yet they tend to ignore what their children desire. Other factors include: financial stability,

university prestige and of course, practicality. And because of these, some students graduate in

courses they do not really like. On the other hand, others pursue their desired course with no

doubt, and they were able to graduate with high spirits. One of the suggested elucidations is for

the parents to talk with their children. Then it is up to the child whether they will agree or not.

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Other solution involves letting the child decide on their own. Deciding for oneself helps the

individual to develop and progress in life.

Popular Career and Major Fields

There are many majors and career paths available to students. The top five college

majors are business administration and management, psychology, nursing, biology and education

(The Princeton Review, 2013). But despite of this statistics there are still students who chose to

be a policemen and women and undergone criminology to make their dream comes true. Also,

people who took different courses like business administration, information technology,

education, nurse and more choose to take an exam to become a police. In addition, a criminology

student has lots of opportunities after graduating and passing the exam for becoming a police.

Motivation is generally regarded as the drive to achieve targets and the process to maintain

the drive.

Motivation provides an important foundation to complete cognitive behaviour, such

as planning, organization, decision-making, learning, and assessments (Pintrich & Schunk,

2005). Spence and Helmreich (2003) defined achievements as task-oriented behaviour.

Performances of individuals are often compared against standards or with others for

assessments. The differing perspectives of scholars result in various definitions of

achievement motivation. The original definition of achievement motivation was from Atkinson

(1964), who defined it as the comparison of performances with others and against certain

standard activities. Achievement motivation is a drive to excel in learning tasks combined

15
with the capacity to experience tried in accomplishment McClelland and Atkinson were the

first scholars to concentrate on the study of achievement motivation. For McClelland,

Atkinson, Clark and Lowell, (1953), people who strive for excellence in a field for the sake of

achieving and not for some reward are considered to have a high need for achievement. This

need has been labelled n-achievement for convenience. Atkinson and Feather (1966)

suggested that achievement motivation is a combination of two personality variables:

tendency to approach success and tendency to avoid failure. Bigge and Hunt (1980)

defined achievement motivation as the drive to work with diligence and vitality, to

constantly steer toward targets, to obtain dominance in challenging and difficult tasks and

create sense of achievement as a result.

Factors Influencing Choice of Career and Major

Many factors can influence come into play when college students choice of career path.

Students will typically take into account the quality of life they want when they are older.

Factors such as interest in field, academic ability, familiarity, economic stability, and influential

people can all play a role in the decision. Some students grow up knowing what they want to do

in life. These are the students who will go the extra mile to reach their dream job. However,

students often settle on a different path due to many factors they can’t control. Students will

research their chosen career path and explore everything about it. The salary and benefits of that

job do not play a role in this decision. In a research study the factor “match with interest” rated

over job characteristics, major attributes, and psychological and social benefits in importance

when students choose a major (Beggs et al., 2008). Students will seek out schools that are well

known for that major or trade.. Most students today are more concerned with the amount of

16
money they can earn. However, there are a few students who pursue their dreams (Mcglynn,

2007).

Many students choose their major based on their academic ability (Beggs et al., 2008).

However, some students do not have the ability or the work habits to succeed in some majors

that may require more study than other fields of studies. These students may find a better fit in a

less work intensive major that requires fewer difficult classes. This affects the career paths of

these students. Other students have the ability to handle majors with greater workloads and

choose the career path that will lead to a job requiring more education. Examples in this category

include veterinarians, doctors, or lawyers. For jobs such as these, students need more than one

degree. On the other hand, some students have the drive to put in the work in very labor intensive

fields but do not have the intelligence to perform the tasks that are needed for their chosen field

(Beggs et al., 2008). These students often receive help from tutors, special education teachers,

and special exceptions when taking exams and doing homework. Students are given every

opportunity to excel and work in their field.

Personality
Personality is another important factor in career choice. Studies have shown that students

will choose a major that they think will fit their personality type (Mihyeon, 2009).The

confidence that a student has can determine how far a student will go with their education.

Students who believe in themselves have more confidence and are more likely to go for what

they want instead of settling for something that is comfortable. The personality of students can

also play a role in choosing a major. According to studies, students who have an investigative

personality are more likely to major in science fields. Students with an artistic personality are

17
more likely to major in arts and in interdisciplinary fields. Students who are very social people

are more likely to major in the social sciences (Porter and Umbach, 2006).

Influential People
Family and friends are considered to be an influential part of students’ choice of major.

Parents who were a soldier or police most often have an impact in where students go to college.

Family role models have more of an influence on what students major in or program to take in

(Wildman and Torres, 2002). There are many people in a student’s life who can influence their

career decisions. Most of the time, parents and friends play a large role, but coaches and teachers

can also have a huge impact on a student’s life (Wildman and Torres, 2002). Teachers and

coaches can help a student to do better in school, to get into college or to get on a better path.

The impact that these adults have on young students can have a major influence on their career

path. Academic or athletic coaches are role models for students and also play a big part in

molding future generations. Coaches help prepare young men and women for the challenges

outside of high school by exposing them to challenges including situations in and out of the

classroom (Blum, 1995). How students react to these lessons early in life can play a big part in

what decisions students make down the road. A bad role model or coach can have a negative

influence leading to bad life choices, while a good role model or coach can have a positive

influence leading to good decisions.

Economic Stability and Peer Pressure

Many students believe that to live a comfortable lifestyle they need to be economically

stable. When these students look into a major or a career path, they seek out the higher salary

jobs or they look for majors that involve the most job security (Wildman and Torres, 2002). The

financial aspects that students consider include high earning potential, benefits, and opportunities

18
for advancement (Beggs et al., 2008). Given the current economy, and American culture, many

students think they need a high paying job to make it in society these days. Along with stability

during their career, some students may even look ahead to retirement. Students want to make

sure they are secure for the rest of their lives, and may look into careers that have benefits to help

them in the long run (Wildman and Torres, 2002).

Peer pressure becomes a factor in career decision making because individuals who are

closely involved with their friends tend to be involved in the decision of their friends. Take

example in career choice, if one person chooses Nursing, other will also be forced to choose

Nursing because they don’t want to be independent from them. Sometimes peers influence others

to take that certain course because they think that it is better for them to take that particular

course. As a result, the choice they made is not suited for them. ( Sokatch, 2006)

Advantages of deciding career on own: It makes them more independent, they are

responsible for their actions, they are more aware of the pitfalls in a particular avocation, they are

prepared to face the consequences of a wrong choice in career matters rather than blame their

elders, they choose what they like the most. Disadvantages of deciding career on own: teenagers

are immature, they are impulsive, and indecision can make them falter in their choice, rash

decision, succumb to peer pressures, known in all types. Teenagers some feel are too young to

decide their own career matters. Parents particularly are very concerned about their affairs. On

the other hand, in this modern day and age, teenagers are revolting against too much parental

interference and guidance.

In the past, some teenagers feel insecure about themselves and they think that they are

incapable of deciding their careers, since the parents of these individuals care for their child’s

future, they decide for them. But as time pass by, and as modern day dawns teenagers become

19
more rebellious. These individuals think that they are capable of handling different situations on

their own; they tend to go against their parents ‘interference and guidance. Sometimes these

revolts cause the individual to be hurt. Maturity precedes some of these individuals, they feel that

they no longer need guidance in decision making that’s why they tend to ignore school and

parent’s guidance and being affected by peer pressure. This independent action has certain

advantages, one of these are making that individual more responsible and making them aware of

the consequences of an action. Some teenagers become successful in life by being independent,

they are capable of handling different situations through the use of their mental and physical

capabilities. But all actions have consequences, one of these disadvantages is that some

individuals become too immature. Their eager desire for independence leads them to making the

wrong decision and leading them to wrong paths in life. They tend to succumb to life’s

challenges because of eagerness and unpreparedness. Today's challenging economy has been

very harsh for students who are hoping to attend higher education to further their studies and

hopefully, get better jobs upon graduating. But often, various obstacles tend to block this route

and this challenge often comes from one object: money. Pursuing your dreams after college will

always remain a possibility, with or without money said Anne Jones in her article in association

to college course decision making.

Related Studies

Roles of Gender in One’s Decision

In the past, gender roles in the work force have been uneven and unfair (Bronstein and

Farnsworth, 1998). Women usually had lower paying jobs than men (Bronstein and Farnsworth,

1998). Currently the playing field between the two are more even. However, when looking at the

workforce you can still find men and women in stereotypical job fields (Greenwood, 1999).

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Studies have shown that young men and women have different styles when it comes to choosing

a career (Mihyeon,2009). Men have a more liberal and progressive style of thinking. Women

prefer a hierarchical style of thinking (Mihyeon, 2009).

As students, they are more aware of their abilities and the courses they can cope with.

From that point, after assessing their limits, they can already anticipate if they can as students,

they are more aware of their abilities and the courses they can cope with. From that point, after

assessing their limits, they can already anticipate if they can qualify to that particular course. The

decision can be done based on what field the students excel. It is one of the bases that can be

implied. If a student prefers a course that is not suitable for him, he may not meet the Grade

Point Average that in either way may result to failure or even disqualification.

The suggestion of the researchers is it will be best if the students identify their abilities

which they can utilize for the future. It will also be coherent if they pursue the course they are

comfortable with, which holds their interest and with what can meet the arrangement of their

abilities. The constitution allows parents to bring up their children according to their own values

and beliefs. Parental responsibility includes: Providing a home for their children and; Choosing

and providing for their child’s education. Parents have the rights to make decisions about their

child’s upbringing without interference. Parenting involves providing a safe environment for

their child’s growth, providing for their basic needs, allowing them to develop their own identity,

nurturing their self-esteem, respecting them, educating them, spending time with them etc.

Parents have a duty to protect their children from abuse and neglect. Having parental

responsibility basically means that as a parent they have the right to make important decisions.

Parents are the ones who nurture and raise a child. Being a parent is not that easy, they have their

21
duties and responsibilities not only to themselves but also to their children. As their children

grow up they have needs that parents should provide.

Parents provide them their basic needs, teach moral values, show them what is right and

help them develop their own being. Parents should also provide their child’s education. We all

know that every parent dreams for their child to have a great future. For them, education is the

best treasure they can give to their child. That’s why sometimes they don’t even care how much

money it will cost them just to put their child in a school with high standard a school they

envision to help their child embodiment his skills and flourish it for him to be a great and

successful person as he grow-up. It is also part of their duty not to abuse their child. As we all

know many parents now a day abuse their own child. They punish them, bit them to death. As

parents it is not right to commit such thing, parents can’t just bit their child because he commit a

mistake or didn’t emulate their command. Children have the right to be protected, to be loved by

their parents not to be abused.

22
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODS

This chapter presents the research methods used in the study. It also discusses the

research design, research environment, subjects, research instruments and their validity, data

gathering procedures, and the statistical treatment of the data.

Research Design

The research design that will be used in this study will be the descriptive-correlational

design which involved interviewed study to collect the data in order to answer the questions

concerning the motivational factors in enrolling criminology. This design focus on the factors

concerning the motivations that influence the choice of Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Majoring Law Enforcement Administration. The aim of the design is to determine the inspiration

that the respondents had when they will choose criminology as their focus of study.

Research Environment

23
 This study was conducted at North Central Mindanao Colllege (NCMC) which lies in the

humble town of Maranding Lala, Lanao del Norte. Maranding, Lala Lanao del Norte, a town is

located along of the Highway, is One of the known municipality in the province of Lanao del

Norte. The school is composed of Catholics and Muslim students, which encourage the

researchers’ interests to choose the location for the said study.

The economy was largely dependent on agriculture its major agricultural product comes

from traditional crops like rice, corn, and coconut. Furthermore, North Central Mindanao

College (NCMC) is situated in Barangay Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte between Iligan City

and Cotabato City. This is the known school in the municipality of Lala Lanao del Norte.

Respondents and Sampling Procedures

The respondents of the study are the first year criminology students also known as the

freshmen at North Central Mindanao College. Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte who will be

officially enrolled in the school year 2020 to 2021. Each of the respondents believed to have

their own reasons on why they choose to take criminology.

The whole enrollees of the freshmen criminology will be served as the respondents for it is

believed that they have the fresh decisions in life in choosing the field. Also, the motivational

factors are still in there and it is the task of the researchers to discover and unleash the reasons on

this research. In conducting the research, the respondents will answer questions that the

researchers will be given to them and the respondents need to give their corresponding answer

religiously.

Research Instruments and their Validity

24
 In this study, the researchers will use questionnaires to determine the motivational

factors in enrolling criminology. The validity of the date will be checked by the thesis adviser

and the college instructors for the contents validation. In determining the level of motivational

factors in enrolling criminology the respondents will answer the questionnaire that the

researchers will give to them. This will modify the motivational factors from the different

respondents’ profile.

25
 Figure B. Locale of the Study

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers will plan for a questionnaire on the motivational factors using the

Schematic Diagram as a basis for the questionnaire making to determine the level of motivation

factors in enrolling criminology. Then, they will determine the number of targeted respondents.

Then, the researchers will prepare a letter to the Dean of College of Criminology asking

permission to conduct a study. The researchers will set a date to conduct the study. Then, they

will ask assistance from the teachers to supervise the conduct of the study and also to help on the

distribution of the questionnaires with the permission of the dean. The researchers will then

gather the data, evaluate, analyze and interpret the results of the survey and validate the results

together with the adviser and statistician. Lastly, the researchers will give recommendations

26
regarding the result of the study-- Motivational Factors in Enrolling Criminology in North

Central Mindanao College.

1. planned for a questionnaire on

the motivational factors using the
2. determined the number
START Schematic Diagram as a basis for
of targeted respondents.
the questionnaire making to
determine the level of motivation
factors in enrolling criminology

3. prepared a letter to the Dean

4. set a date to conduct the study of College of Criminology
asking permission to conduct a
study

5. asked assistance from the teachers to 6. gathered the data, evaluate, analyze
supervise the conduct of the study and and interpret the results of the survey and
also to help on the distribution of the validate the results together with the
questionnaires with the permission27
of the adviser and statistician
dean.
 7. gave recommendations regarding the
END result of the study-- Motivational Factors
in Enrolling Criminology in North
Central Mindanao College.

Figure C. The Flowchart of Data Gathering

Statistical Treatment

To have accurate interpretation of the gathered data, the following statistical tools were

utilized:

1. Frequency and Percentage- These will be used in the distribution of the respondent’s

responses. This will be applied in the first problem of the study as to the profile of the

respondents—age, gender, parents’ educational attainment and parents’ occupation.

2. Average Weighted Mean- This will be used to determine the perception of the

respondents in relation to motivational factors in enrolling criminology. This will be

applied on the second and third questions of study as to the motivational factors/influence

28
 —self-choice, family, friends, and society and the preparedness/readiness of the

respondents—physical and mental.

3. Chi square- This statistical treatment will be used to determine the significance of the

relationship between the profile of the respondents to the level of motivational factors in

enrolling criminology and the significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to

the level of motivational factors in enrolling criminology

Chapter 4

PRSENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter discusses the data that are shown in the tables. Data were analyzed,

interpreted, and supported by the literature and studies.

Problem 1. What are the profiles of the respondents’ in terms of:

29
 1.1 Age;
1.2 Gender;
1.3 Parents’ Educational Attainment; and
1.4 Parents’ occupation?

Table 1. Age of the Respondents

Age Frequency Percentage (%)

17-18 9 30.0%
19-20 13 43.3%
21-22 8 26.7%

Total 30 100.

Table 1 shows the age of the respondents. Majority of the respondents’ ages ranges from

19-20 which has 13 respondents and has a percentage of 43.3%. Ages 17-18 have 9 respondents

with 30%. However, ages 21-22 has only 8 respondents and has 26.7%.

This data implies that majority of the respondents has that age level of teenagers. Therefore, age

that ranges from 19-20 implies that these were students in the college level.

This supports the idea that all age group of respondents obtained lower points than they

were expected. On the other hand, these points increased with age and the highest average

recorded by the respondents who were at the age of 20 years old in the aspect of attitude while

respondents with the age below 20 years showed lowest average mean points for the aspect of

knowledge. It is a fact that both knowledge and experience increase with age. This is clearly

30
observed in the high average of points received by those 31 years old or above [ CITATION

Nee11 \l 1033 ].

Table 2. Gender of the Respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 11 36.7%
Female 19 63.3%
Total 30 100%

Table 2 shows majority of the respondents were female with a total of 19 students as

shown in the total percentage 63.3%. On the other hand, male only has 11 respondents as shown

in the total percentage of 36.7%

These imply that majority of the interviewed respondents during the conduct of the study

were female than male respondents, it might be due to the accessibility and availability of

students to most likely have motivation in enrolling the course.

The study of Nee & Sani (2011) dispute the study since it female were most likely show

keen observation in terms of motivating themselves. In this study the male: female ratio is not

having much differences compared to the other works where 23:77 were recorded.

Table 3. Status of the Respondents

31
 Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Table
Single 28 93.3%
3 shows
Married 2 6.7%
majority of
Widow/Widower 0 0
the

Total 30 100%

respondents were single with a total of 28 students as shown in the total percentage 93.3%. On

the other hand, married only has 2 respondents as shown in the total percentage of 6.7%.

These imply that majority of the interviewed respondents during the conduct of the study

were single, it might be due to the fact that they are still pursuing their degree of choice.

Due to the fact that criminology students were still students within the criminal justice

system after graduation, it is particularly important to assess their life status of criminology

students to determine that they held less punitive views toward offenders than did students

majoring in other academic disciplines[CITATION Exa12 \l 1033 ].

Table 4. Parents’ Educational Attainment of the Respondents

Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage (%)

M Elementary Level/ Graduate 1 3.3%

a
s High School Level/Graduate 15 50.0%

32
t Vocational Graduate 2 6.7%
e
College Level 11 36.7%
s
Masters’ Degree 1 3.3%

Total 30 100.%

Parents’ Occupation Frequency Percent

Labor 4 13.3

Fisherman 1 3.3

Mechanic 1 3.3

Farmer 8 26.7

Teacher 2 6.7

Driver 8 26.7

Housewife 1 3.3

OFW 2 6.7

Guard 1 3.3

Gov't Employee 1 3.3

Police 1 3.3

Total 30 100.0

33
 Table 5 shows different occupation of respondents’ parents. Majority of the parents’

occupation were farmer and driver which both have a total 8 respondents and 26.7 calculated

percentage.

This data further implies that the occupation of the parents were those who are below

the average level. This determines the motivation of students to pursue the degree of criminology

course.

Students chose their course according to the demand of life in their situation. Due to

students self-selecting their major, however, any similarities found among C&CJ majors may

simply be an artifact of them commencing college as a more homogenous group. The question

then is whether or not C&CJ majors begin their college careers as a more likeminded group

compared to their non-C&CJ counterparts[CITATION Why20 \l 1033 ].

Problem 2. What is the motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of:

2.1 self - choice;

2.2 family;
2.3 friends; and
2.4 society?

Table 6. Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Self - choice
Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. One’s personal decision greatly affects 4.17 AGREE
his likeness onto the course he will be
taking. Also, the higher of chance to
finish the course.

34
 2. Taking up criminology course is what I 3.80 AGREE
really want since I was young. Many
opportunities are being given when one’s
finished the program.
3. Earning a lot of money is my priority and 3.77 AGREE
I found it in this program. Being a
policeman is I think the first step to
achieve all of my auditions.
4. Whenever I choose a course, I always 4.00 AGREE
ensure that it will lead me to fulfill my
ambition and build my future career and I
see it when I take criminology.
5. It is important that one should choose 4.03 AGREE
what he/she wants to be in the future
because it is his/her career we are talking
about.
Total Weighted Mean 3.95 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00
Strongly Agree 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 6 presents the Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Self - choice. Table shows that the respondents AGREE that it is important that one should

choose what he/she wants to be in the future because it is his/her career we are talking about

(M=4.03), and whenever he/she choose a course, he/she always ensure that it will lead me to

fulfill my ambition and build my future career and he/she see it when he/she take criminology

(M=4.00), however, taking up criminology course is what I really want since I was young. Many

opportunities are being given when one’s finished the program (M=3.80).

This implies that majority of the respondents agreed that it is by self-choice in

choosing criminology as their primary option. Criminology was a self-choice for most of those

who take the course. Although perhaps useful in inspiring creative inquiries, this essay argues

that human agency should not be embraced as criminology’s single background assumption or be

35
its organizing concept. Positivist study of causality cannot be avoided if the criminological

enterprise is to be scientific, to take seriously developmental processes across the life course, and

to be the basis for progressive interventions[ CITATION Cul17 \l 1033 ].

Table 7. Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Family
Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. When parents choose a course for me I 3.67 AGREE
cannot stand but to agree with what they
want me to be.
2. Choosing a career is an extremely 3.77 AGREE
important decision that impacts an
individual ‘s entire future, so parents play
the role of choosing what they think their
child needs to be in the future.
3. When it comes to my future, it is my 3.73 AGREE
family who decides on my career path.
4. My family supports my decision and they 3.97 AGREE
respect it wholeheartedly.
5. I feel so controlled over my family when 4.03 AGREE
they want me to pursue their frustrations
like becoming police when in fact it is
not my interest.
Total Weighted Mean 3.83 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 –
5.00 Strongly Agree 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 7 presents the Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Family. Table shows that the respondents AGREE they are controlled over their family when

they want him/her to pursue their frustrations like becoming police when in fact it is not my

interest (M=4.03), however, statement like parents choose a course for me I cannot stand but to

agree with what they want me to be has the lowest mean (M=3.67).

36
 This implies that family was sometimes dominant in the field of choice of those

students who never wanted to be criminology student in the first place. Yet, choosing a career is

an extremely important decision that impacts an individual‘s entire future, so parents play the

role of choosing what they think their child needs to be in the future.

Unemployment rate in the country is commonly associated with the misfit graduates

produced by universities and colleges and the workforce needed by different companies. The

wrong choice of course taken by most of college students adds to the unemployment and

underemployment rate of newly graduate students[ CITATION Pas14 \l 1033 ].

Table 8. Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Friends
Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. Whatever my friends choose for career 3.80 AGREE
path, I always agree to what it is because
we don’t want to separate ways.
2. My friend graduated as criminology and 4.23 STRONGLY
now he is a successful policeman and this AGREE
leads me to wanting to become a person
as he is.
3. It is my childhood friend who influence 3.87 AGREE
me to follow the path of his father as
policeman and I always get attached to it
as I witnessed how great it is to become a
public servant; police.
4. I get pressured by my friends who took 3.87 AGREE
the same degree and this leads me to
taking the same degree.
5. Enrolling different course as my friends 3.47 AGREE
makes me feel alienated that is why as
friends we should stick together—taking
same course.
Total Weighted Mean 3.84 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00
Strongly Agree 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

37
 Table 8 presents the Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Friends. Table shows that the respondents STRONGLY AGREE To the statement ‘my friend

graduated as criminology and now he is a successful policeman and this leads me to wanting to

become a person as he is’ with the highest mean of (M=4.23). On the other hand, statement like

‘Enrolling different course as my friends makes me feel alienated that is why as friends we

should stick together—taking same course’ have the lowest mean of (M=3.47).

This implies that peer influence or friends are common causes of field choice.

Influence of peer affects the learning process of a student therefore, pressure, and their words of

encouragement means so much to those who were influenced.

Choosing the right profession in accordance to college degree obtained is very essential. Also,

correct staffing is a significant element for an organization to achieve its very purpose of

existence. Peer influence, as one of the common factor of college degree choice is common

nowadays [ CITATION Aye20 \l 1033 ].

Table 9. Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Society
Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. I always see policemen in my place and 3.50 AGREE
it influences me to be like them.
2. The society needs trustworthy servants 4.03 AGREE
who will dedicate their lives to the
country and I think I am ready to fulfil
this responsibility.
3. Many people don’t have the respect to 4.03 AGREE
the public servants such as policemen

38
 and by becoming one of them I want to
regain the trust and respect that once was
lost.
4. It is indeed the need of the society to 3.80 AGREE
have a secure and safeguard its people
that is why I choose to become a
criminology student as when I graduate
and become police I will be of great help
to the society where I am in.
5. The rising demand of the society in 3.73 AGREE
police service pushes me to enrol
criminology for me to fill this need.
Total Weighted Mean 3.81 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 9 presents the Motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology in terms of

Society. Table shows that the respondents AGREE To the statement ‘The society needs

trustworthy servants who will dedicate their lives to the country and I think I am ready to fulfill

this responsibility.’ with the highest mean of (M=4.03) and ‘Many people don’t have the respect

to the public servants such as policemen and by becoming one of them I want to regain the trust

and respect that once was lost’ (M=4.03). On the other hand, statement like ‘I always see

policemen in my place and it influences me to be like them.’ have the lowest mean of (M=3.50).

This implies that society is common causes of field choice. Influence of the society

affects the learning process of a student therefore, pressure, and their words of encouragement

means so much to those who were influenced.

The competence that people have in choosing the field of interest indicates sufficiency of

knowledge and skills that enable someone to act in a wide variety of situations. Similarly,

39
competency is a series of knowledge, abilities, skills, experiences and behaviors, which leads to

the effective performance of individual activities[ CITATION Aye20 \l 1033 ].

Problem 3. How prepared/ready is the respondent in terms of:

3.1 physical;

3.2 mental;

3.3 emotional; and

3.2 spiritual?

Table 10. Respondents’ preparedness in terms of Physical

Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. When taking a criminology course, one 4.83 STRONGLY
should have a strong body that could AGREE
resist massive trainings.
2. Maintaining healthy eating habits and 4.37 STRONGLY AGREE
good body structure is at most important
in a course like criminology.
3. As a criminology student, I always have 4.23 STRONGLY AGREE
my own routine of exercises done at
home to keep my body strong.
4. Massive trainings are of great 4.07 AGREE
significance to ensure how strong one’s
body is.
5. Good exercises are at most important 4.03 AGREE
specially building the strength of your
body in preparation for heavy trainings
as a criminology student.
4.30 STRONGLY
Total Weighted Mean
AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

40
 Table 10 presents the respondents’ preparedness in terms of Physical. Table shows

that the respondents STRONGLY AGREE To the statements ‘When taking a criminology

course, one should have a strong body that could resist massive trainings’ with the highest mean

of (M=4.83), ‘Maintaining healthy eating habits and good body structure is at most important in

a course like criminology’ (M=4.37), and ‘As a criminology student, I always have my own

routine of exercises done at home to keep my body strong’ (M=4.23).

This implies that in pursuing criminology course, one must be strong enough to do the

things that needed them to be strong such as trainings, workshop and etc.

Law enforcement can be a physically and mentally demanding occupation. It is well

known that health and fitness is highly related to job performance, career longevity and safety.
There is insufficient research on the development of higher education-based coursework in
criminal justice programs that emphasize the development of healthful behavior patterns and
physical fitness[CITATION Hea18 \l 1033 ].

Table 11. Respondents’ preparedness in terms of Mental

Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. Mental health is of vital importance 4.23 STRONGLY
specially in the secrecy of the course. AGREE
2. Good decision making comes from a 3.93 AGREE
good understanding of one’s course as it
will help you to really know everything
about what you are taking/having as a
profession.
3. Whenever I made decisions, I always 3.60 AGREE
ensure to fulfil until the end.
4. Having change decisions only worsen is 3.97 AGREE
not good as being criminology student
needs to have fix mind and decisions to
lead the team.
5. Whenever I think for a decision I only 4.03 AGREE
not decide for myself, I always ask my
comrades if it is for the best or the
opposite.
Total Weighted Mean 3.95 AGREE

41
 Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 –
5.00 Strongly Agree2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 11 presents the respondents’ preparedness in terms of Mental. Table shows that

the respondents STRONGLY AGREE To the statements ‘Mental health is of vital importance

especially in the secrecy of the course’ with the highest mean of (M=4.23), while statement

‘whenever I made decisions, I always ensure to fulfill until the end’ (M=3.60). This implies that

in pursuing criminology course, one must be mentally focused and determined. This will help

them to strengthen other aspects of preparedness because the biggest factor comes from mental

stability.

Criminological theories examined include social learning, social stress, social control,

rational choice, and social disorganization. In addition, the “criminal careers” and “local life

circumstance” methodologies are reviewed. It is argued that adopting a criminologically

informed framework that takes into account within-person changes over time will contribute

greatly to our understanding of the factors that affect violence among people with mental

disorder living in the community, and enhance the capacity of research to support effective

evidenced-based case management programs aimed at reducing violence [CITATION Und06 \l

1033 ].

Table 12. Respondents’ preparedness in terms of Emotional

Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. Being easily got affected with the 3.90 AGREE
happenings around me weakens my
being.

42
 2. In order for me to overcome challenges, I 3.97 AGREE
always make myself strong by believing
that “I can do it”.
3. Weaknesses are not in my vocabulary as 3.77 AGREE
it weakens my personality and my whole
being.
4. I never let anyone sees that I get tired 3.93 AGREE
sometimes as it will make me look that I
am just a piece of crap.
5. Having a strong emotional feeling that 4.13 AGREE
will easily get persuaded by kindness is
of my top character.
Total Weighted Mean 3.94 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree 1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00
Strongly Agree 2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 12 presents the respondents’ preparedness in terms of Emotional. Table shows

that the respondents AGREE To the statements ‘Having a strong emotional feeling that will

easily get persuaded by kindness is of my top character’ with the highest mean of (M=4.13),

while statement ‘Weaknesses are not in my vocabulary as it weakens my personality and my

whole being’ have the lowest mean of (M=3.77). This implies that in pursuing criminology

course, one must be emotionally-well and stable. This will promote confidence and discipline.

This also implies a measurement of strength and weaknesses.

Criminology was born in the age of reason to apply “reason” to justice, tempering the

expression of moral indignation with the economics of deterrence. Modern criminology is now

poised for reinventing justice around the emotions of victims, offenders, and society. One prime

example is restorative justice. Others include wider use of biomedical mental health treatments

for offenders, programs to make justice officials more aware of the emotional impact of their

words on citizens, and programs to help justice officials manage their own emotions. Research

43
can advance theory and innovations as a basis for a new paradigm of “emotionally intelligent

justice”[ CITATION She06 \l 1033 ].

Table 13. Respondents’ preparedness in terms of Spiritual

Statement Weighted Mean Interpretation

1. My belief in God will help me overcome 4.00 AGREE
the struggles and challenges I may face
along the way on my journey.
2. I always believe that I can do all things 4.03 AGREE
because God is always there guiding and
protecting me.
3. I always put God as the centre of all my 3.73 AGREE
decisions.
4. It’s not my decision alone to take 3.93 AGREE
criminology but it is Him who guides and
leads me to have this.
5. Trusting God and believing in Him that I 3.97 AGREE
can surpass everything with Him is the
most important thing I hold on to. Also,
prayer always connects me to Him every
single second of the day.
Total Weighted Mean 3.93 AGREE
Legend: 1.00 – 1.80 Strongly Disagree 3.41 – 4.20 Agree
1.81 – 2.60 Disagree 4.21 – 5.00 Strongly Agree
2.61 – 3.40 Undecided

Table 13 presents the respondents’ preparedness in terms of Spiritual. Table shows

that the respondents AGREE To the statements ‘I always believe that I can do all things because

God is always there guiding and protecting me’ with the highest mean of (M=4.03), while

statement ‘I always put God as the center of all my decisions’ have the lowest mean of

(M=3.73).

44
 This implies that in pursuing criminology course, one must be spiritually dedicated since

it gives them hope to survive in whatever challenges that might encounter along the way.

Spirituality is a component of many drug and alcohol treatment strategies, and faith‐

based programming is also common within prison settings. Yet research on religiosity—crime

linkages have often relied on general youth or adult samples or have included a short time line

for gauging positive effects. Life‐course researchers focused on serious delinquents, in turn, have

often emphasized other factors associated with long‐term crime patterns, such as marital

attachment and job stability, or the criminality of the individual's social ties [ CITATION GIO08 \l

1033 ].

Problem 4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the
motivational factors in enrolling criminology?

Table 14. Significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the motivational
factors in enrolling criminology
Respondents’ Profile
Motivational
Factors Educational Parents’
Age Gender Status Attainment Occupation
Not Not Not Not
Self-choice Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant
T-test .212 .127 .196 .394* -.028
F-test .261 .503 .298 .031 .885
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected Ho is rejected rejected
Not Not Not Not Not
Family Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant
T-test .103 -.142 -.269 .169 -.131
F-test .588 .453 .150 .373 .489

45
 Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected rejected
Not Not Not Not Not
Friends Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant
T-test -.353 -.127 .082 .155 .229
F-test .056 .503 .667 .415 .223
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected rejected
Not Not Not Not Not
Society Significant Significant Significant Significant Significant
T-test .179 .056 -.216 .255 .141
F-test .344 .769 .252 .174 .457
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected rejected
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Table 14 shows the significant relationship between the respondents’ profile and the

motivational factors that affects their choice in college field. Table shows that Parents’

Educational Attainment was significant in terms of the self-choice. This means that parents’

educational attainment is significantly associated with self-choice. This result showed that these

variables exceed the 0.05 level of significance. With this, the null hypothesis is not rejected.

More so, majority of the variables was not significantly associated with each other.

This data implies that most of the respondents’ profile was not associated with the

variables of the motivational factors. However, the educational attainment of their parents

influences their decision to pursue the degree of Criminology.

Little is known about first generation students whose parents did not attend college and

specifically their experiences surrounding educational outcomes of college. When parents have

46
discrepant levels of educational achievement, the answer to the question of which parent's

education has more effect on educational aspiration and achievement depends on the child's sex

and intelligence level as well as on each parent's level of educational achievement. In terms of

the additional amount of variance explained, the interaction effect is negligible for all of the

dependent variables. Discrepancy in parents' educational achievements is far less important in

motivating children to high-level aspiration and achievement than is consistently high

educational achievement of both parents[ CITATION Sew68 \l 1033 ].

Problem 5. Is there a significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of

motivational factors in enrolling criminology?

Table 15. Significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of motivational

factors in enrolling criminology

Motivational Preparedness/Readiness
Factors Physical Mental Emotional Spiritual
Not
Self-choice Not Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant
T-test -.033 .145 -.123 .000
F-test .863 .445 .519 1.000
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected
Not
Family Not Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant
T-test .333 .169 .044 -.240
F-test .072 .371 .818 .202
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected
Friends Not Significant Not Not Significant Significant

47
 Significant
T-test .137 .048 .068 -.559**
F-test .471 .800 .721 .001
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected Ho is rejected
Not
Society Not Significant Significant Not Significant Not Significant
T-test .217 .064 -.090 -.295
F-test .250 .738 .637 .114
Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not Ho is not
Decision rejected rejected rejected rejected
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Table 15 shows the significant relationship between preparedness/readiness of students

and the level of motivational factors in enrolling criminology. Table shows that only the

variable: friends were significantly associated with spiritual aspect of the students. This result

showed that these variables exceed the 0.05 level of significance. With this, the null hypothesis is

not rejected. More so, majority of the variables was not significantly associated with each other.

This data implies that most of the students’ preparedness and readiness was not associated with

the variables of the motivational factors. However, the friends or the peer influence influences

their spiritual aspect. This is may be due to the influence of the common friends in showing the

belief that the degree are for them.

Friends become increasingly important socializing agents for academic behaviors and

attitudes during adolescence and choosing Criminology as their primary course. Similarity in

behavioral engagement, but not in emotional and cognitive engagement, increased the likelihood

of forming new peer relationships. Additionally, some of the peer influence and selection effects

48
on school engagement were moderated by student academic achievement[ CITATION Wan181 \l

1033 ].

Chapter 5

49
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the summary, conclusions, and recommendations are presented.

Summary

This study aims to discover the motivational factors in enrolling criminology and uncover

the reasons why the incoming first year criminology students choose the program. This research

will enlighten the youth and open their eyes as to how awesome to be part of the criminology

department as this program will develop one’s character and personality. Strengthen the

respondents’ minds, beliefs, build social interactions and cohesion among other respondents and

people around them. The study answered the following questions; (1) profile of the respondents;

(2) motivational factor/influence in enrolling criminology (3) readiness of respondents (4)

significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the motivational factors in

enrolling criminology (5) significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of

motivational factors in enrolling criminology (6) the possible orientation program can be

designed based on the result of the study.

The research design that will be used in this study will be the descriptive-correlational

design which involved interviewed study to collect the data in order to answer the questions

concerning the motivational factors in enrolling criminology

1. Among the thirty (30) respondents of the study, . Majority of the respondents’ ages

ranges from 19-20 which has 13 respondents and has a percentage of 43.3%. Ages 17-18

have 9 respondents with 30%. However, ages 21-22 has only 8 respondents and has

26.7%. On one hand, majority of the respondents were female with a total of 19 students

as shown in the total percentage 63.3%. On the other hand, male only has 11 respondents

50
 as shown in the total percentage of 36.7%. On the other hand, majority of the respondents

were single with a total of 28 students as shown in the total percentage 93.3%. On the

other hand, married only has 2 respondents as shown in the total percentage of 6.7%. In

addition, Majority of the parents’ occupation were farmer and driver which both have a

total 8 respondents and 26.7 calculated percentage

2. As to the motivational factors/influences in enrolling criminology in terms of Self -

choice. majority of the respondents agreed that it is by self-choice in choosing

criminology as their primary option. As to the motivational factors/influences in

enrolling criminology in terms of Family, it showed that family was sometimes dominant

in the field of choice of those students who never wanted to be criminology student in the

first place. Yet, choosing a career is an extremely important decision that impacts an

individual ‘s entire future. As to the motivational factors/influences in enrolling

criminology in terms of friends, society is common causes of field choice. Influence of

the society affects the learning process of a student therefore, pressure, and their words of

encouragement means so much to those who were influenced.

3. In pursuing criminology course, one must be strong enough to do the things that needed

them to be strong such as trainings, workshop and etc.

4. Criminology was born in the age of reason to apply “reason” to justice, tempering the

expression of moral indignation with the economics of deterrence. Modern criminology is

now poised for reinventing justice around the emotions of victims, offenders, and society.

5. Based on the result as to the significant relationship between the profile of the

respondents to the motivational factors in enrolling criminology, it showed that the

variables exceed the 0.05 level of significance. With this, the null hypothesis is not

51
 rejected. More so, majority of the variables was not significantly associated with each

other. This data implies that most of the respondents’ profile was not associated with the

variables of the motivational factors. However, the educational attainment of their parents

influences their decision to pursue the degree of Criminology.

6. Based on the study as to the significant relationship between readiness to the level of

motivational factors in enrolling criminology, the result showed that the variables exceed

the 0.05 level of significance. With this, the null hypothesis is not rejected. More so,

majority of the variables was not significantly associated with each other. This data

implies that most of the students’ preparedness and readiness was not associated with the

variables of the motivational factors. However, the friends or the peer influence

influences their spiritual aspect. This is may be due to the influence of the common

friends in showing the belief that the degree are for them.

7. From the findings of the study, a conclusion is drawn that there is a significant

relationship between the profile of the respondents to the motivational factors in enrolling

criminology and significant relationship between readiness to the level of motivational

factors in enrolling criminology.

Conclusions

From the findings of this study, the researcher were able to vary at the following

conclusions;

Forty-three-point three percent of the respondents were in the age bracket of nineteen to

twenty. Majority of the respondents has that age level of teenagers. Therefore, age that ranges

52
from 19-20 implies that these were students in the college level. This supports the idea that all

age group of respondents obtained lower points than they were expected.

Majority of the interviewed respondents during the conduct of the study were female than

male respondents, it might be due to the accessibility and availability of students to most likely

have motivation in enrolling the course.

Majority of the interviewed respondents during the conduct of the study were single, it

might be due to the fact that they are still pursuing their degree of choice.\

Majority of the parents’ occupation were farmer and driver which both have a total 8

respondents and 26.7 calculated percentage. This data further implies that the occupation of the

parents were those who are below the average level. This determines the motivation of students

to pursue the degree of criminology course.

The Theory of Need Achievement by McClelland supports that motivation has become

crucial to everyone’s behavior including loyalty, commitment and job performance levels

Motivation is defined as those internal and/or external forces that trigger actions that persist

until a certain goal is achieved . Motivation plays an important role in informal

relationships as well as highly structured relationships such as those found in industry and

education. In education, managers use motivation techniques to promote cooperation between

employer and employees or staff. Such cooperation enables staff to satisfy certain needs through

their jobs including security, career interests and respect among others.

The need for achievement is the need to attain a standard of excellence (McClelland,

1961). It was believed that every person has an achieving motive to some degree. However,

some are constantly more achievement-oriented than others. People with a need for achievement

53
seek to excel and thus tend to avoid low-risk and high-risk goals. On one hand, high achievers

avoid low-risk projects because the easily attained success is not a genuine achievement.

Attribution Theory by Weiner pointed with how individuals interpret events and how this

relates to their thinking and behavior. A person seeking to understand why another person did

something may attribute one or more causes to that behavior. A three-stage process underlies an

attribution: (1) the person must perceive or observe the behavior, (2) then the person must

believe that the behavior was intentionally performed, and (3) then the person must determine if

they believe the other person was forced to perform the behavior (in which case the cause is

attributed to the situation) or not (in which case the cause is attributed to the other person).

Two Factor Theory by Herzberg explained motivation as the willingness of an individual

to do something and conditioned by actions to satisfy needs. Also, it supported the idea that

motivation is something that energized individuals to take action and which is concerned with

the choices the individual makes as part of his or her goal-oriented behavior. From the statement

provided, intensity as further elaborated is how hard an individual tries to attain the specific

objective while direction is the channel to intensity towards the correct objective; whereas

persistence refers to how long someone maintains an effort to attain the specific objective.

Recommendations

On the basis of findings and conclusions of the study, the researchers offer the following

recommendations.

1. That, school administrators may utilize more advertisements and school campaigns that

will promote the institution to different schools that North Central Mindanao College is a

globally competitive learning institution.

54
2. That, teachers, who are in done content with the students inside the classroom may be of

great influence to students that will make them persevere with the lights they carrying on

especially by reminding them with the program they are talking and that they are on the

right track and right school.

3. That, students can guarantee themselves that when they graduate, they are already a

globally competitive individuals that they are holistically shaped by one of the leading

institutions in the locality and that choosing NCMC is a great opportunity of could ever

had in his entire life.

4. That, Family may help in igniting the burning passion that their children had. Also,

parents are oblige to be the support system of their children and inspire them to strive

hard in life that they can be a great difference if they will work hard to be the person they

want to be in the future.

5. That, future researchers must consider the result of this study as their building blocks,

guidelines, and blueprint in order to give a meaningful and fruitful future research.

6. That, the significant relationship between the profile of the respondents to the

motivational factors in enrolling criminology and the educational attainment of their

parents influences their decision to pursue the degree of Criminology

7. That, significant relationship between preparedness/readiness to the level of motivational

factors in enrolling criminology their friends or the peer influence influences their

spiritual aspect. This is may be due to the influence of the common friends in showing

the belief that the degree is for them.

55
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58
 Appendix A

LETTER FOR THE VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS

Republic of the Philippines

North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala
9211, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
www.ncmc.edu.ph

December 10, 2020

RUBY ROSA B. LUNA, MSTCS

Vice President for Academic Affairs
North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

Ma’am:

The researchers are from the college of Criminology of North Central Mindanao College,
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte. They are presently conducting a research entitled
“Motivational Factors In Enrolling Criminology In North Central Mindanao College”.

In this regard, they humbly ask your permission to allow them to conduct their study at North
Central Mindanao College (NCMC) as part of their requirement in their thesis.

It is hoped for your kind consideration.

Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours.

(SGD.) RYAN TARUSAN MACOD

(SGD.) NORWIN ANGCOS

Noted by.

(SGD.) JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Thesis Adviser

59
 Appendix B

LETTER FOR THE DEAN OF COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

Republic of the Philippines

North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala
9211, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
www.ncmc.edu.ph

December 10, 2020

JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Dean of College of Criminology
North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

Sir:

The researchers are from the college of Criminology of North Central Mindanao College,
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte. They are presently conducting a research entitled
“Motivational Factors In Enrolling Criminology In North Central Mindanao College”.

In this regard, they humbly ask your permission to allow them to conduct their study at North
Central Mindanao College (NCMC) as part of their requirement in their thesis.

It is hoped for your kind consideration.

Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours.

(SGD.) RYAN TARUSAN MACOD

(SGD.) NORWIN ANGCOS

Noted by.

(SGD.) JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Thesis Adviser

60
 Appendix C

LETTER FOR THE TEACHERS

Republic of the Philippines
North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala
9211, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
www.ncmc.edu.ph

December 10, 2020

TEACHERS
College of Criminology
North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

Sir:

The researchers are from the college of Criminology of North Central Mindanao College,
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte. They are presently conducting a research entitled
“Motivational Factors In Enrolling Criminology In North Central Mindanao College”.

In this regard, they humbly ask your permission to allow them to conduct their study at North
Central Mindanao College (NCMC) as part of their requirement in their thesis.

It is hoped for your kind consideration.

Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours.

(SGD.) RYAN TARUSAN MACOD

(SGD.) NORWIN ANGCOS

Noted by.

(SGD.) JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Thesis Adviser

61
 Appendix D

LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS

Republic of the Philippines

North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala
9211, Lanao del Norte, Philippines
www.ncmc.edu.ph

December 10, 2020

RESPONDENTS
College of Criminology
North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte

Thru: JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Dean, College of Criminology

The researchers are from the college of Criminology of North Central Mindanao College,
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte. They are presently conducting a research entitled
“Motivational Factors In Enrolling Criminology In North Central Mindanao College”.

In this regard, they humbly ask your permission to allow them to conduct their study at North
Central Mindanao College (NCMC) as part of their requirement in their thesis.

It is hoped for your kind consideration.

Thank you very much!

Respectfully yours.

(SGD.) RYAN TARUSAN MACOD

(SGD.) NORWIN ANGCOS

Noted by.

(SGD.) JONATHAN B. SERMONA, RC, MSCRIM

Thesis Adviser

62
 North Central Mindanao College
Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte
9211, Philippines

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Part 1. Profile of the Respondents

1.1 age
 17-18
 19-20
 21-22
 23 above
1.2 gender
 male
 female
1.3 status
 single
 married
 widow/widower
1.4 educational attainment
 Elementary Graduate
 High School Graduate
 College Graduate
 Masters’ Degree
 Doctors’ Degree
 Others, please specify: ____________________.

1.5 Parents’ occupation

 Farmer
 Teacher
 Police/Policewoman
 Politician
 Others, please specify: ____________________.

Part 2. Motivational Factors/Influence

Directions: Below are statements regarding in enrolling criminology in north central mindanao
college. Please read it carefully and mark the number that corresponds with your answer.

5 Strongly Agree
4 Agree
3 Undecided
2 Disagree

63
 1 Strongly Disagree

2.1 Self-Choice
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. One’s personal decision greatly affects his likeness
onto the course he will be taking. Also, the higher of
chance to finish the course.
7. Taking up criminology course is what I really want
since I was young. Many opportunities are being
given when one’s finished the program.
8. Earning a lot of money is my priority and I found it in
this program. Being a policeman is I think the first
step to achieve all of my auditions.
9. Whenever I choose a course, I always ensure that it
will lead me to fulfill my ambition and build my
future career and I see it when I take criminology.
10. It is important that one should choose what he/she
wants to be in the future because it is his/her career
we are talking about.

2.2 Family
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. When parents choose a course for me I cannot stand
but to agree with what they want me to be.
7. Choosing a career is an extremely important decision
that impacts an individual ‘s entire future, so parents
play the role of choosing what they think their child
needs to be in the future.
8. When it comes to my future, it is my family who
decides on my career path.
9. My family supports my decision and they respect it
wholeheartedly.
10. I feel so controlled over my family when they want
me to pursue their frustrations like becoming police
when in fact it is not my interest.

2.3 Friends
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. Whatever my friends choose for career path, I always
agree to what it is because we don’t want to separate
ways.
7. My friend graduated as criminology and now he is a
successful policeman and this leads me to wanting to

64
 become a person as he is.
8. It is my childhood friend who influence me to follow
the path of his father as policeman and I always get
attached to it as I witnessed how great it is to become
a public servant; police.
9. I get pressured by my friends who took the same
degree and this leads me to taking the same degree.
10. Enrolling different course as my friends makes me
feel alienated that is why as friends we should stick
together—taking same course.

2.4 Society
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. I always see policemen in my place and it influences
me to be like them.
7. The society needs trustworthy servants who will
dedicate their lives to the country and I think I am
ready to fulfil this responsibility.
8. Many people don’t have the respect to the public
servants such as policemen and by becoming one of
them I want to regain the trust and respect that once
was lost.
9. It is indeed the need of the society to have a secure
and safeguard its people that is why I choose to
become a criminology student as when I graduate and
become police I will be of great help to the society
where I am in.
10. The rising demand of the society in police service
pushes me to enrol criminology for me to fill this
need.

Part 3. Preparedness/Readiness

3.1 Physical
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. When taking a criminology course, one should have a
strong body that could resist massive trainings.
7. Maintaining healthy eating habits and good body
structure is at most important in a course like
criminology.
8. As a criminology student, I always have my own
routine of exercises done at home to keep my body
strong.
9. Massive trainings are of great significance to ensure

65
 how strong one’s body is.
10. Good exercises are at most important specially
building the strength of your body in preparation for
heavy trainings as a criminology student.

3.2 Mental
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. Mental health is of vital importance specially in the
secrecy of the course.
7. Good decision making comes from a good
understanding of one’s course as it will help you to
really know everything about what you are
taking/having as a profession.
8. Whenever I made decisions, I always ensure to fulfil
until the end.
9. Having change decisions only worsen is not good as
being criminology student needs to have fix mind and
decisions to lead the team.
10. Whenever I think for a decision I only not decide for
myself, I always ask my comrades if it is for the best
or the opposite.

3.3 Emotional
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. Being easily get affected with the happenings around
me weakens my being.
7. In order for me to overcome challenges, I always
make myself strong by believing that “I can do it”.
8. Weaknesses are not in my vocabulary as it weakens
my personality and my whole being.
9. I never let anyone sees that I get tired sometimes as it
will make me look that I am just a piece of crap.
10. Having a strong emotional feeling that will easily get
persuaded by kindness is of my top character.

3.4 Spiritual
STATEMENTS 5 4 3 2 1
6. My belief in God will help me overcome the struggles
and challenges I may face along the way on my
journey.
7. I always believe that I can do all things because God
is always there guiding and protecting me.
8. I always put God as the centre of all my decisions.
9. It’s not my decision alone to take criminology but it is

66
 Him who guides and leads me to have this.
10. Trusting God and believing in Him that I can surpass
everything with Him is the most important thing I
hold on to. Also, prayer always connects me to Him
every single second of the day.

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : Norwin T. Angcos

Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single

67
 Address : Aloha Tubod, Lanao del Norte
Place of Birth : Cebu City
Date of Birth : July 12, 1995
Age : 25
Parents (Father) :
(Mother) : Agnes T. Angcos
Complexion : Moderately pigmented brown skin
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Height : 5’9
Weight : 75

Educational Attainment

Undergraduate : North Central Mindanao College

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte
-present

Secondary : Mercy Junior College

Tubod , Lanao del Norte
2011

Elementary : Rufo Dela Cruz Memorial School

Tubod , Lanao del Norte
2006

CURRICULUM VITAE

Personal Data

Name : RyanTarusan Macod

Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single

68
 Address : Bauyan, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte
Place of Birth : Karomatan, Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte
Date of Birth : October 20, 1997
Age : 23
Parents (Father) : Mohammad Isah M. Macod
(Mother) : Hadja Aliah O. Tarusan
Complexion : Fair
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Islam
Height : 5’4
Weight : 64

Educational Attainment

Undergraduate : North Central Mindanao College

Maranding, Lala, Lanao del Norte
-present

Secondary : Sultan Ali Dimaporo Memorial Integrated School

Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte
2015

Elementary : Sultan Ali Dimaporo Memorial Integrated School

Sultan Naga Dimaporo, Lanao del Norte
2011

69