Internship Final Report

STUDY OF SUBSTATION KPTCL
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The present day electrical power system is ac i.e. electric power is generated,
transmitted and distributed in the form of Alternating current. The electric power is
produce at the power station, which are located at favorable places, generally quite
away from the consumers. It is delivered to the consumer through a large network
of transmission and distribution. At many place in the line of power system, it may
be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. Voltage, ac to dc,
frequency power factor etc.) of electric supply. This is accomplished by suitable
apparatus called sub-station for example, generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at
the power station is stepped up to high voltage (Say 220KV to 132KV) for
transmission of electric power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage
may have to be stepped down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished
by suitable apparatus called sub-station.
DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 1

CHAPTER 2
ABOUT THE ORGANIZATION
KARNATAKA POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the

sole electricity transmission and distribution company in state of Karnataka. Its
origin was in Karnataka Electricity Board. This electricity transmission and
distribution entity was corporatized to provide efficient and reliable electric power
supply to the people of Karnataka state.
1. Introduction
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company

under the Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a
company wholly owned by the Government of Karnataka with an authorised
share capital of Rs. 2182.32 crores. KPTCL was formed on 1-8-1999 by carving
out the Transmission and Distribution functions of the erstwhile Karnataka
Electricity Board. Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly
vested with the functions of Transmission of power in the entire State of
Karnataka and also Construction of Stations & Transmission Lines and
maintenance of 400/220/110/66 kV Sub-Stations. Many new lines and Sub-
Stations were added & existing stations were modified in the Transmission
network. It operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory
Commission.
The various wings of KPTCL is as follows :
 Corporate Office at Knavery Bhavan, Bangalore
 Six Transmission zones, each zone is headed by a Chief Engineer.
 State Load Dispatch Centre
 SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

2. History of Power Sector in Karnataka
 Asia’s First Hydro Electric Power Station was commissioned in

Shivanasamudram on the banks of river Cauvery in 1902.
 Karnataka was the first to embark on alternating current, when Bangalore city
was electrified in 1905.
 Karnataka had the largest transmission line in the world in 1902, from
Shivanasamudram to KGF, covering a distance of 147kms.
 State Government Generating Corporation, KPCL, established in 1970.
 Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act enacted in 1999.
 Karnataka Electricity Board converted into Karnataka Power Transmission
Corporation Limited in 1999.
 Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission established in 1999.
 Transmission and Distribution Segregated.
 Four Distribution Companies (ESCOMs) form regional basis with effect from
01.06.2002. Subsequently one more Distribution Company was
setup(01.04.2005)
 Power Company of Karnataka Limited (PCKL) formed on 01.09.2007.
3. Current Scenario
Power Sector is one of the most important infrastructure sectors essential for
economic development, human welfare and higher standard of living. With an
objective as mandated in Electricity Act, 2003 to build, operate and maintain an
efficient Power Transmission System in the State of Karnataka, being the State
Transmission Utility (STU), KPTCL is one of the path to achieving global
standards in transmitting reliable and quality power in the State and is committed
to provide cost effective and quality services to its valued customers.
To achieve this, quality improvement measures/techniques are being adopted at

every stage from conceptualization of project till commissioning and
subsequently during operation phase to identify the areas of improvement and
develop actions plans for continuous quality improvement in all of its activities.

4. Vision Statement
To make the sector consumer friendly, financially viable and to function

effectively on commercial principles together with its social obligations, a
comprehensive action plan for the next 10-15 years is essential.
It is also envisaged and envisioned that the system would be able to provide
uninterrupted quality power supply at affordable rates to all categories of
consumers Strive to become power surplus state. And Have best infrastructure
under all segments.
5. Mission Statement
The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)

is to ensure reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. It is
committed to put in place the best Systems and robust network of
Transmission.
The KPTCL is committed to achieving this mission through,
 Encouraging best practices in transmission and distribution

 Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities
 Emphasizing the best standards in customer service
To be the best electricity utility in the country, the KPTCL pledges to optimize
its human and technical resources for the benefit of all its customers.
6. Overview
Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has
unbundled KPTCL and formed four distribution companies. Consequent to this the
function of distribution of power has been totally separated from KPTCL. KPTCL
is now vested with the responsibility of transmitting power all over the State and
construction and maintenance of Stations and lines of 66KV and above. The four
newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002, are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Mangalore Electricity
Supply Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity

Supply Company. They have started functioning w.e.f.01/06/2002. These

companies are in charge of distribution of power within their jurisdiction. The Fifth
Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation limited is
a company incorporated under the company act 1956 and is a successor entity to
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in
respect of Distribution and retail supply of Electric power for five districts. Its
operation started from 01.04.2005 as per the GOK order E.N.08 P.N.R 2005/262.
Figure: Karnataka districts and Electricity supply

CHAPTER 3
OVER VIEW ON
220/66/11KV NRS RECIVING SUBSTATION
I. Introduction
N.R.S, an abbreviation for New Receiving Station, is one of the oldest
Substations of KPTCL (Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation) functioning
from 1951. 220 KV two lines are coming from Vrushabavathi and Peenya
Presently NRS is one of the biggest station (But very compact) in Bangalore
handling about 3 million units per day, with a Peak load of the station at about 176
MW’s. Out of this about 100 mega watts are handled at 66KV side and the balance
70 megawatts are handled at 11KV side. As regards equipments of this station, one
can see equipments manufactured about 50 years back to latest.
Figure: NRS Substation Rajajinagar

Two 100 MVA transformers are connected to stepped down the 220 KV Voltage
to 66 KV Voltage. Transformer 1 made of NGEF and Transformer 2 is of ABB, to
match the impedance of the transformer they are operated within 2 to 7 numbers of
the taps. And 5 numbers of 66KV/ 11KV transformers are connected to feed local
feeder of 11 KV. Two numbers are single bus arrangement is available in this
substation 220 KV and 66 KV bus.
Figure: Infrastructural view of NRS Substation

II. Single Line Diagram Of 220/66/11kv NRS Substation

III. Power Flow Chart For 220/66/11kv NRS Station

Figure: Power Flow Chart Of NRS Station
Figure: Yard Area of NRS Station

CHAPTER 4
SUBSTATION
1. What Is A Substation?
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform
any of several other important functions. Between the generating station and
consumer, electric power may flow through several substations at different voltage
levels. A substation may include transformers to change voltage levels between
high transmission voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the
interconnection of two different transmission voltages.
Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned

by a large industrial or commercial customer. Generally substations are
unattended, relying on SCADA for remote supervision and control.
The word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a
grid. As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants were
converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant
instead of using their own generators. The first substations were connected to only
one power station, where the generators were housed, and were subsidiaries of that
power station.
Figure: - Example of the Substation

2. Types Of Substation
Substations may be described by their voltage class, their applications within the
power system, the method used to insulate most connections, and by the style and
materials of the structures used
 Transmission substation
A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest

case is where all transmission lines have the same voltage. In such cases,
substation contains high-voltage switches that allow lines to be connected or
isolated for fault clearance or maintenance. A transmission station may have
transformers to convert between two transmission voltages, voltage control/power
factor correction devices such as capacitors, reactors or static VAR compensators
and equipment such as phase shifting transformers to control power flow between
two adjacent power systems.
 Distribution substation
A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the

distribution system of an area. It is uneconomical to directly connect electricity
consumers to the main transmission network. The input for a distribution
substation is typically at least two transmissions or sub-transmission lines. The
output is a number of feeders. The feeders run along streets overhead (or
underground, in some cases) and power the distribution transformers at or near the
customer premises. In addition to transforming voltage, distribution substations
also isolate faults in either the transmission or distribution systems.
 Collector substation
In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or Photovoltaic power

station, a collector substation may be required. It resembles a distribution
substation although power flow is in the opposite direction, from many wind
turbines or inverters up into the transmission grid. Usually for economy of
construction the collector system operates around 35 kV, although some collector
systems are 12 KV, and the collector substation steps up voltage to a transmission
voltage for the grid. The collector substation can also provide power factor
correction if it is needed, metering, and control of the wind farm.

 Converter substations
Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction

current, or interconnected non-synchronous networks. These stations contain
power electronic devices to change the frequency of current, or else convert from
alternating to direct current or the reverse. Formerly rotary converters changed
frequency to interconnect two systems, nowadays such substations are rare.
 Switching station
A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a

single voltage level.. An important function performed by a substation is
switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other
components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or
unplanned. A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized
for maintenance or for new construction.
 Traction substation (Railways)
Electrified railways also use substations, often distribution substations. In some

cases a conversion of the current type takes place, commonly with rectifiers for
direct current (DC) trains, or rotary converters for trains using alternating current
(AC) at frequencies other than that of the public grid. Sometimes they are also
transmission substations or collector substations if the railway network also
operates its own grid and generators to supply the other stations.
 Mobile substation
A mobile substation is a substation on wheels, containing a transformer, breakers

and bus work mounted on a self-contained semi-trailer, meant to be pulled by a
truck. They are designed to be compact for travel on public roads, and are used for
temporary backup in times of natural disaster or war. Mobile substations are
usually rated much lower than permanent installations, and may be built in several
units to meet road travel limitations.

3. Selection Of Site
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for Grid Sub-Station are as
follows:
i) The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
ii) It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipments.
iii) Land should be fairly leveled to minimize development cost.
iv) Source of water should be as near to the site as possible. This is because water
is required for various construction activities (especially civil works), earthing and
for drinking purposes etc.
v) The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of
Public places, aerodromes, and Military / police installations.
vi) The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation
Equipments, buildings, staff quarters, space for storage of material, such as store
yards and store sheds etc. with roads and space for future expansion.
vii) Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State
Highways should be observed as per the regulations in force.
viii) While selecting the land for the Substation preference to be given to the Govt.
Land over private land.
ix) The land should not have water logging problem.
x) Far away from obstructions, to permit easy and safe approach/termination of
high voltage overhead transmission lines.

4. Equipments In Substation
A. Power Transformers
Figure: - Power Transformer
The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to

transfer electrical energy in any part of the electrical or electronic circuit between
the generator and the distribution primary circuits. These transformers are used in
distribution systems to interface step up and step-down voltages. The common type
of power transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these transformers is
around 30 years. Power transformers can be classified into three types based on the
ranges. They are small power transformers, medium power transformers and large
power transformers.
Design
The skeleton of the power transformer is designed with metal which is laminated
by sheets. It is fixed into either a core type or shell type. The skeletons of the
transformer are wound and connected using conductors to make three 1-phase or
one 3-phase transformer. Three 1-phase transformers requires each bank isolated
from the additional and thus offer continuity of service when one bank flops. A
single 3-phase transformer, whether the shell or core type, will not function even
with one bank out of service. The 3-phase transformer is inexpensive to make and
it has a smaller footprint, and functions comparatively with higher efficiency.

The skeleton of the transformer is absorbed in fire retardant protecting oil inside a
tank. The conservatory on top of the oil tank lets for the increasing oil to fall into
it. The charger of the load taps to the side of the tank changes the no of turns on the
high voltage-low current winding for superior voltage regulation. The bushings of
the tank permit for conductors to carefully enter and exit the tank without
stimulating the outer shell. The power transformer can be worked beyond its small
rating as long as it stays within the 65ºC rise of the temperature. To allow the
above nominal operation, transformers are built-in with fans that cool the core of
the transformer to a point below the indicated temperature.
Figure: - Power Transformer Design

Specifications
Power transformers can be designed as either a single phase or a three phase
configuration. There are numerous important specifications to identify when
searching for power transformers. The specifications of power transformer include
a maximum power rating, maximum secondary current rating, maximum voltage
rating and o/p type. Power transformer specifications mainly include
 Phase is 3Ø
 Frequency if 60Hz,50Hz
 Primary Voltage is 22.9 kV
 Secondary Voltage is 6.6/3.3 kV
 Tap Voltage 23.9-R22.9-21.9-20.9-19.9kV
 Vector Dd0, Dyn11, etc.
Figure: - Power Transformer Specifications

B. Instrument Transformer
Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical

quantities i.e. voltage, current, power, energy, power factor, frequency. Instrument
transformers are also used with protective relays for protection of power system.
Basic function of Instrument transformers is to step down the AC System voltage
and current. The voltage and current level of power system is very high. It is very
difficult and costly to design the measuring instruments for measurement of such
high-level voltage and current. Generally, measuring instruments are designed for
5 A and 110 V. The measurement of such very large electrical quantities, can be
made possible by using the Instrument transformers with these small rating
measuring instruments.
Types of Instrument Transformers

Instrument transformers are of two types –
1. Current Transformer (C.T.)

2. Potential Transformer (P.T.)
3. Capacitor Voltage Transformer(C.V.T)
Current Transformer (C.T.)

Current transformer is used to step down the current of power system to a lower
level to make it feasible to be measured by small rating Ammeter. A typical
connection diagram of a current transformer is shown in figure below.
Primary of C.T. is having very few turns. Primary is connected in series with the
power circuit. Therefore, sometimes it also called series transformer. The
secondary is having large no. of turns. Secondary is connected directly to an
ammeter. As the ammeter is having very small resistance. Hence, the secondary of
current transformer operates almost in short circuited condition. One terminal of
secondary is earthed to avoid the large voltage on secondary with respect to earth.
Which in turns reduce the chances of insulation breakdown and also protect the
operator against high voltage? More ever before disconnecting the ammeter,
secondary is short circuited through a switch ‘S’ as shown in figure above to avoid
the high voltage build up across the secondary.

Figure: - Current Transformer
Potential Transformer (P.T.)

Potential transformer is used to step down the voltage of power system to a lower
level to make is feasible to be measured by small rating voltmeter i.e. 110 – 120 V
voltmeter. A typical connection diagram of a potential transformer is showing
figure below.
Figure: - Potential Transformer
Primary of P.T. is having large no. of turns. Primary is connected across the line
(generally between on line and earth). Hence, sometimes it is also called the

parallel transformer. Secondary of P.T. is having few turns and connected directly
to a voltmeter. As the voltmeter is having large resistance. Hence the secondary of
a P.T. operates almost in open circuited condition. One terminal of secondary of
P.T. is earthed to maintain the secondary voltage with respect to earth. Which
assures the safety of operators?
Capacitor Voltage Transformer(C.V.T)
Figure: - Capacitor Voltage Transformer
Capacitor stack the capacitor stack is a voltage divider which provides a reduced
voltage at the intermediate voltage bushing for a given the voltage applied to the
primary terminal. The capacitor stack is a multi-capacitor unit assembly. Each unit
is housed in an individual insulator. A cast aluminum cover is on top of the upper
capacitor assembly and is fitted with an aluminum terminal. An adapter for
mounting a line trap on top of the CVT can be provided with an optional (and
removable) HV terminal. The capacitor units are mechanically coupled together by
means of stainless steel hardware passing through the corrosion resistant cast
aluminum housing. The mechanical connection also establishes the electrical
connection between capacitor units. This facilitates field assembly of the CVT.

C. Lightning Arrester
A lightning arrester is a device used on electric power systems
and telecommunication systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the
system from the damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has
a high-voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or
switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the arrester,
the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth.
This is the first component in an electrical substation, and the main function of
these components is to protect the components of the substation from passing high
voltage as well as stops the amplitude and duration of the flow of current. The light
arrestor components are connected among the earth as well as a line which mean
parallel to the components under defense at the electrical substation. If protection
fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands of
kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe
damage to transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-
produced extreme voltage spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical
home appliances or even produce death.
Figure: - Lightning Arrester

D. Circuit Breaker
Figure: - Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect

an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload
or short circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is
detected. Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit
breaker can be reset (either manually or automatically) to resume normal
operation.
The circuit breaker must first detect a fault condition. In small mains and low
voltage circuit breakers, this is usually done within the device itself. Typically, the
heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers for
large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with protective relay pilot
devices to sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism. These
typically require a separate power source, such as a battery, although some high-
voltage circuit breakers are self-contained with current transformers, protective
relays, and an internal control power source.
Once a fault is detected, the circuit breaker contacts must open to interrupt the
circuit; this is commonly done using mechanically stored energy contained within
the breaker, such as a spring or compressed air to separate the contacts. Circuit
breakers may also use the higher current caused by the fault to separate the

contacts, such as thermal expansion or a magnetic field. Small circuit breakers

typically have a manual control lever to switch off the load or reset a tripped
breaker, while larger units use solenoids to trip the mechanism, and electric
motors to restore energy to the springs.
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating,
and must also withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening)
the circuit. Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys and other
highly conductive materials. Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of
contact material due to arcing while interrupting the current. Miniature and
molded-case circuit breakers are usually discarded when the contacts have worn,
but power circuit breakers and high-voltage circuit breakers have replaceable
contacts.
E. Bus Bar
When a no. of lines operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically, busbar is used, it is made up of copper or aluminum bars (generally of
rectangular X-Section) and operate at constant voltage. The bus is a line in which
the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further step up or
step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in LA single line.
There may be double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other
can still have the current and the supply will not stop. The two lines in the bus are
separated by a little distance by a Conductor having a connector between them.
This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having
any fault.
Figure: - Bus Bar

The bus bar system consists the isolator and the circuit breaker. On the occurrence
of a fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the busbar is
easily disconnected from the circuit. The electrical bus bar is available in
rectangular, cross-sectional, round and many other shapes. The rectangular bus bar
is mostly used in the power system. The copper and aluminum are used for the
manufacturing of the electrical busbar. The various types of busbar arrangement
are used in the power system. The selection of the bus bar is depended on the
different factor likes reliability, flexibility, cost etc. The following are the electrical
considerations governing the selection of any one particular arrangement.
 The bus bar arrangement is simple and easy in maintenance.

 The maintenance of the system did not affect their continuity.
 The installation of the bus bar is cheap.
F. Protective Relays
A relay is automatic device which senses an abnormal condition of electrical
circuit and closes its contacts. These contacts in turns close and complete the
circuit breaker trip coil circuit hence make the circuit breaker tripped for
disconnecting the faulty portion of the electrical circuit from rest of the healthy
circuit.
Pickup Level of Actuating Signal: The value of actuating quantity (voltage or
current) which is on threshold above which the relay initiates to be operated. If the
value of actuating quantity is increased, the electromagnetic effect of the relay coil
is increased, and above a certain level of actuating quantity, the moving
mechanism of the relay just starts to move.
Reset Level: The value of current or voltage below which a relay opens its
contacts and comes in original position.
Operating Time of Relay: Just after exceeding pickup level of actuating quantity
the moving mechanism (for example rotating disc) of relay starts moving and it
ultimately closes the relay contacts at the end of its journey. The time which
elapses between the instant when actuating quantity exceeds the pickup value to
the instant when the relay contacts close.
Reset Time of Relay: The time which elapses between the instant when the
actuating quantity becomes less than the reset value to the instant when the relay
contacts return to its normal position.

Reach of Relay: A distance relay operates whenever the distance seen by the relay
is less than the pre-specified impedance. The actuating impedance in the relay is
the function of distance in a distance protection relay. This impedance or
corresponding distance is called the reach of relay.
Types of Relays
Types of protection relays are mainly based on their characteristic, logic, on
actuating parameter and operation mechanism.
Based on operation mechanism protection relay can be categorized as

 Electromagnetic relay: In an electromagnetic relay, these closing and opening of
relay contacts are done by the electromagnetic action of a solenoid.
 Static relay : In static relay it is mainly done by semiconductor switches like
thyristor. In digital relay on and off state can be referred as 1 and 0 state.
 Mechanical relay: In the mechanical relay, these closing and opening of relay
contacts are done by mechanical displacement of different gear level system.
Based on Characteristic the protection relay can be categorized as:

1. Definite time relays
2. Inverse time relays with definite minimum time(IDMT)
3. Instantaneous relays.
4. IDMT with inst.
5. Stepped characteristic.
6. Programmed switches.
7. Voltage restraint over current relay.
Based on of logic the protection relay can be categorized as-

1. Differential.
2. Unbalance.
3. Neutral displacement.
4. Directional.
5. Restricted earth fault.
6. Over fluxing.
7. Distance schemes.
8. Bus bar protection.

9. Reverse power relays.

10.Loss of excitation.
11.Negative phase sequence relays etc.
Based on actuating parameter the protection relay can be categorized as-
1. Current relays.
2. Voltage relays.
3. Frequency relays.
4. Power relays etc.
Based on application the protection relay can be categorized as-
1. Primary relay.
2. Backup relay.
Figure: - Protective Relay
G. Insulators
Electrical Insulator must be used in electrical system to prevent unwanted flow of
current to the earth from its supporting points. The insulator plays a vital role in
electrical system. Electrical Insulator is a very high resistive path through which
practically no current can flow. In transmission and distribution system, the
overhead conductors are generally supported by supporting towers or poles. The
towers and poles both are properly grounded. So there must be insulator between
tower or pole body and current carrying conductors to prevent the flow of current
from conductor to earth through the grounded supporting towers or poles.

Insulating Material
The main cause of failure of overhead line insulator, is flash over, occurs in
between line and earth during abnormal over voltage in the system. During this
flash over, the huge heat produced by arcing, causes puncher in insulator body.
Viewing this phenomenon the materials used for electrical insulator, has to posses
some specific properties.
Properties of Insulating Material

The materials generally used for insulating purpose is called insulating material.
For successful utilization, this material should have some specific properties as
listed below-
1. It must be mechanically strong enough to carry tension and weight
of conductors.
2. It must have very high dielectric strength to withstand the voltage stresses in
High Voltage system.
3. It must possesses high Insulation Resistance to prevent leakage current to the
earth.
4. The insulating material must be free from unwanted impurities.
5. It should not be porous.
6. There must not be any entrance on the surface of electrical insulator so that
the moisture or gases can enter in it.
7. There physical as well as electrical properties must be less effected by
changing temperature.
Figure: - Insulators

Types of Insulators
There are 5 types of insulators used in transmission lines as overhead insulation:
1. Pin Insulator
2. Suspension Insulator
3. Strain Insulator
4. Stay Insulator
5. Shackle Insulator
Pin, Suspension, and Strain insulators are used in medium to high voltage systems.
While Stay and Shackle Insulators are mainly used in low voltage applications.
H. ISOLATOR
The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate a
fraction of the electrical circuit when it is required. Isolator switches are used for
opening an electrical circuit in the no-load condition. It is not proposed to be
opened while current flows through the line. Generally, these are employed on
circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can be done easily
without any risk.
Figure: Isolator
Types of Electrical Isolators

The electrical isolators are classified based on the requirement of the system which
includes the following.
 Double Break Type Isolator
 Single Break Type Isolator
 Pantograph Type Isolator

Electrical Isolator Operation

The operation of electrical isolator can be done by the following two operational
methods namely opening and closing.
Opening Operation of Electrical Isolator

 In the beginning, open the major circuit breaker.
 Then divide the load from a system with isolator opening
 Close the earth switch. Earth switch can become with an interlock system with
isolator. That’s means when isolator is open only that time earth switch can be
closed.
Closing Operation of Electrical Isolator
 Detach the earth switch.
 Shut the isolator.
 Shut the circuit breaker.
I. EARTHING SWITCH
Figure: Earthing Switch

Earth switch is very important equipment as per safety of humans. While taking
should down of any Equipment first we have to discharge the charge stored in it
before doing any work on that. So in order to discharge the charge we have to
connect earth switch (outdoor substation) or cable earthing trolley (in door
substation. We have to put the earth switch in close position because of there;
voltage will induce in dead equipment due to line running beside it.

J. BATTERIES
A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for backup or

uninterruptible power systems. Battery rooms are found
in telecommunication central offices, and to provide standby power to computing
equipment in datacenters. Batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity, which
may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be converted
to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible power supply (UPS) equipment. The
batteries may provide power for minutes, hours or days depending on the electrical
system design, although most commonly the batteries power the UPS during brief
electric utility outages lasting only seconds. Battery rooms were used to segregate
the fumes and corrosive chemicals of wet cell batteries (often lead–acid) from the
operating equipment; a separate room also allowed better control of temperature
and ventilation for the batteries. In 1890 the Western Union central telegraph office
in New York City had 20,000 wet cells, mostly primary zinc-copper type, in use.
Figure: Batteries
A substation battery charger ensures all the essential electrical systems in

a substation continue to operate in the event of a power outage. An
absence of an electrical supply could result in damage to equipment and
personnel. The DC system is the most important component of a high
voltage industrial/utility substation. It supplies the energy needed to
manage the protective devices and high voltage components and allows
electrical faults to be safely isolated. Most high voltage substations house
either a sealed or flooded cell battery bank. In a normal functioning
system, the batteries provide very little current. A continuous load current
maintains a constant charge on the battery. The battery charger provides a
current if the charge exceeds the output capability.

Figure: Battery Charger
A failing substation battery charger or if the charger trips is a good

indication of whether the system is working effectively. An average
battery load profile can last for up to 8 hours with the options to adjust the
duration to suit the requirements of the installation or application.
Installing the correct charging system is vital as it increases the service
and the longevity of the battery system. Selecting the correct substation
battery charger system requires consideration of key factors, such as
environment, duty cycle and battery type.

K. INDICATING AND METERING INSTURMENTS
Figure: Indicating And Metering Insturments
The instrument used for measuring the physical and electrical quantities is known
as the measuring instrument. The term measurement means the comparison
between the two quantities of the same unit. The magnitude of one of the quantity
is unknown, and it is compared with the predefined value. The result of the
comparison obtained regarding numerical value. The measuring instrument
categorised into three types;
 Electrical Instrument
 Electronic Instrument
 Mechanical Instrument
The mechanical instrument uses for measuring the physical quantities. This
instrument is suitable for measuring the static and stable condition because the
instrument is unable to give the response to the dynamic condition. The electronic
instrument has quick response time. The instrument provides the quick response as
compared to the electrical and mechanical instrument. The electrical instrument is
used for measuring electrical quantities likes current, voltage, power, etc.
The ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter are the examples of the electrical measuring
instrument.
The deflection type instrument is further sub-classified into three types.

1. Indicating Instrument – The instrument which indicates the magnitude of the

measured quantity is known as the indicating instrument. The indicating
instrument has the dial which moves on the graduated dial. The voltmeter,
ammeter, power factor meter are the examples of the indicating instrument.
2. Integrating Instrument – The instrument which measures the total energy supplied
at a particular interval of time is known as the integrating instrument. The total
energy measured by the instrument is the product of the time and the measures
electrical quantities. The energy meter, watt-hour meter and the energy meter are
the examples of integrating instrument.
3. Recording Instrument – The instrument records the circuit condition at a
particular interval of time is known as the recording instrument. The moving
system of the recording instrument carries a pen which lightly touches on the
paper sheet. The movement of the coil is traced on the paper sheet. The curve
drawn on the paper shows the variation in the measurement of the electrical
quantities.
L. Conductor
Conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of an electrical

current in one or more directions. Materials made of metal are common electrical
conductors. Usually aluminum conductor is used in electricity transmission and
distribution and also underground cable according to the requirements in
220/66/11kv receiving station double drake type ACSR conductor is used for
220kv line, coyote type ACSR conductor is used for 66kv line and 11kv
underground cable is used for 11kv feeder and distribution side. Aluminum
conductor steel-reinforced cable (ACSR) is a type of high-capacity, high-strength
stranded conductor typically used in overhead power lines. The outer strands are
high-purity aluminium, chosen for its good conductivity, low weight and low cost.
The center strand is steel for additional strength to help support the weight of the
conductor. Steel is higher strength than aluminium which allows for increased
mechanical tension to be applied on the conductor. Steel also has lower elastic and
inelastic deformation (permanent elongation) due to mechanical loading (e.g. wind
and ice) as well as a lower coefficient of thermal expansion under current loading.
These properties allow ACSR to sag significantly less than all-aluminium
conductors. “An underground cable essentially consists of one or more
core/conductor covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protective

covers.” The underground cables has several advantages over overhead line like
less effect or damage though lighting, less maintenance cost, less chance of fault,
smaller voltage drop, better general appearance & most reliable. In a modern
power system for power distribution, generally used underground cables. However
recent improvement in the design & manufacturing has leaded the development of
the cable suitable for used at high voltages. This has made it possible to employ
underground cables for transmission of electric power for short or moderate
distance. This review paper focuses on the various types of cables which are used
for the 11kv power transmission. The design and construction of underground
transmission lines differ from overhead lines because of two significant technical
challenges that need to be overcome.
These are:
1)Providing sufficient insulation so that cables can be within inches of grounded
material
2) Dissipating the heat produced during the operation of the electrical cables
Underground cable consists of following parts :-

a) Core/conductor
b) Insulation
c) Metallic Sheath
d) Bedding
e) Armouring
f) Serving
Properties of Conductor:-
a) A conductor always allows free movement of electrons or ions.
b) The electric field inside a conductor must be zero to permit the electrons or ions
to move through the conductor.
c) Charge density inside a conductor is zero i.e. the positive and negative charges
cancel inside a conductor.
d) As no charge inside the conductor, only free charges can exist only on the surface
of a conductor.

e) The electric field is perpendicular to the surface of that conductor.
Figure: Conductor (cables)
M. Feeders
i. To supply the power at load/consumer end, substation has transformer (usually
step-down) to change the voltage level to a standard distribution level voltage.
ii. To connect the consumer/load end with the substation, we have feeders. There are
no tapping taken out of them. They just connect the consumer area with the
substation.
iii. In essence, A Transmission line is used in reference to a transmission

system/substation and a feeder with respect to a distribution system/substation.
iv. Feeder is network of conductors which feeds power in different localities from
sub-station usually at 11kV. It makes power reach near the consumers where
11kV is stepped down to 440V for uses. According to purposes and requirements
feeders are divided into four groups

Figure: Feeders
a. And they are Radial feeder, Ring Feeder, Parallel feeder, Meshed System.
i. There are 36 feeders in NRS station and they are fed to various areas
ii. These 36 feeders is divided into two sections namely bank1, bank2, bank3 with
bus coupler for load management.
iii. Feeder panel consists of vacuum circuit breaker, bus-bar, earth fault relay, over
current relay, isolator switch, indicators, meters, UG cable etc,.
N. Wave Trap

Figure: Wave Trap

Wave trap is a parallel tuned inductor - capacitor tank circuit made to be resonant
at desired communication frequency. It reduces corona losses in transmission lines
in power system. A wave trap is a device that allows only a particular frequency to
pass through it that it filters the signals coming on to it. So a wave trap is connected
between buses and the transmission line which allow only 50 Hz signal to pass
through it. Wave trap is installed in the substation for trapping the high frequency
communication signal sent on the line from remote substation and diverting them
to the telecom panel in substation control room. This high frequency signal should
not be coming on the buses as these may damage the equipments. This is relevant
in power carrier communication (PLCC) system for communication among various
substations without dependence on telecom company network. A Wave trap or line
trap (high-frequency stopper) is a maintenance-free parallel resonant circuit,
mounted inline on high-voltage AC transmission power lines to prevent the
transmission of high frequency(40kHz to 1000kHz) carrier signals of power line
communication to unwanted destinations. Line traps are cylinder-like structures
connected in series with HV transmission lines. The line traps acts as a barrier or
filter to prevent signal losses. The inductive reactance of the line trap presents a
high reactance to high-frequency signals but a low reactance to mains frequency.
This prevents carrier signals from being dissipated in the substation or in a tap line
or branch of the main transmission path and grounds in the case of anything
happening outside of the carrier transmission path. The line trap is also used to
attenuate the shunting effects of high-voltage lines. Transmitting information along
high-voltage lines, at high frequency, has been one of the main means of
communication in electric power. The data collected from different sensors is
transmitted on power lines thereby reducing the maintenance cost of the additional
wiring. A line trap is also called a wave trap.
O. Earthing

Figure: Earthing
The substation grounding system comprises of a grid (earth mat) formed by a
horizontal buried conductors. The grounding system in substation is very
important.
The functions of grounding systems or earth mat in include:
 To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical shocks.
 To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of star connected
transformer winding to earth (neutral earthing ).
 To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires to earth. To provide
ground path for surge arresters. To provide a path for discharging the charge
between phase and ground by means of earthing switches.
 To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying
metallic objects in the sub-station (equipment earthing).
 If the switchyards have a soil of low resistivity, earth resistance of the earthing
system would be low. If the soil resistivity is high, the mesh rods are laid at
closer spacing. More electrodes are inserted in the ground.
The points we must earth in an electrical substation.

 The neutral point of different voltage levels.
 Metallic enclosure of all current carrying equipment.
 Framework of all current carrying equipment.
 All the metallic structure even not associated with current carrying equipment
Equipment earthing is a connection done through a metal link between the body of
any electrical appliance, or neutral point, as the case may be, to the deeper ground
soil. The metal link is normally of MS & CI flat, GI wire which should be inserted
to the ground earth grid.
Permissible Values of Earth Resistance:
 Power stations - 0.5 ohms
 EHT stations - 1.0 ohms
 33KV Stations - 2 ohms
 DTR structures - 5 ohms

P. TRANSMISSION TOWER
Figure: Transmission tower
The main supporting unit of overhead transmission line is Transmission tower.

Transmission towers have to carry the heavy transmission conductor at a sufficient
safe height from ground. In addition to that all towers have to sustain all kinds of
natural calamities. So transmission tower designing is an important engineering job
where all three basic engineering concepts, civil, mechanical and electrical
engineering concepts are equally applicable. There are four major categories of
transmission towers are suspension, terminal, tension, and transposition. Some
transmission towers combine these basic functions. Transmission towers and their
overhead power lines are often considered to be a form of visual pollution. Three-
phase electric power systems are used for high voltage (66 kV and above) and extra-
high voltage AC transmission lines. The towers must be designed to carry three (or
multiples of three) conductors. The towers are usually steel lattices or trusses and
the insulators are either glass or porcelain discs or composite insulators using
silicone rubber or EPDM rubber material assembled in strings or long rods whose
lengths are dependent on the line voltage and environmental conditions. Typically,
one or two ground wires, also called "guard" wires, are placed on top to intercept
lightning and harmlessly divert it to ground. Towers for high and extra-high voltage
are usually designed to carry two or more electric circuits. If a line is constructed
using towers designed to carry several circuits, it is not necessary to install all the
circuits at the time of construction. Indeed, for economic reasons, some
transmission lines are designed for three (or four) circuits, but only two (or three)
circuits are initially installed.

Q. Control Room
Figure: CR Panels
 In every sub-station certain supervision, control and protection functions are

necessary. Every substation has a control room. The relay and protection panels
and control panels are installed in the control room. The various circuit breakers,
tap changers and other devices are controlled by corresponding control-relay
panels.
 In a small independent sub-station, the supervision and operation for normal
service can be carried out by the operator with the aid of analogue and digital
control systems in the plant. The breakers can be operated by remote control
from the control room. During faults and abnormal conditions, the breakers are
operated by Protective relays automatically.
Figure: CR Panels

R. SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is an automation control
system. The system has a centralized system that monitors and controls entire
Substations throughout the KPTCL network and is connected across the Karnataka
state. A SCADA system works by operating with signals that communicate via
channels to provide the user with remote controls of any equipment in a given
system. It also implements a distributed database or points throughout the
substation. These points represent a single input or output value that is monitored
or controlled by the SCADA system in the centralized control room. The points are
stored in the distributed database as value-timestamp pairs. While these systems
simplify a given infrastructure, their components are quite complex.
There are five essential composing parts of a SCADA system:
 Human Machine Interface (HMI)
 supervisory system
 Remote Terminal Units (RTUs)
 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs)
 communication infrastructures
Figure: CR Panels

S. Auxiliary Supply Of Station

DIESEL GENERATOR and 11kV/440V SUPPL
Figure: Diesel generator and 11/0.44kv supply

The purpose of auxiliary power supply systems is to cater for the necessary energy
for the operation of primary and secondary devices at the substation. The auxiliary
power systems are normally divided in two categories, namely the AC system and
the DC system. The AC system normally operates with the country’s standardized
utility low voltage level, for example 400 V 50 Hz. And the DC system voltage is
220V. In 220/66/11kv receiving station there are two 11kv/440v auxiliary
transformer in which 11kv is supplied from feeder. And Diesel Generator is also
used as auxiliary supply.
These loads would typically include the following:
 Substation building domestic purpose and lighting

 Outdoor equipment and indoor panels metering instruments
 Power transformer cooling fans
 Driving motor for on-load tap changer of a power transformer
Normal wall socket outlets etc

CHAPTER 5
REFLECTION NOTES
Work Experience
Internship at 220/66/11kV NRS Station Rajajinagar, KPTCL.
 Started from 13th January 2020 for a period of 17 days till date 31th January
2020. Internship carried out at KPTCL is very good opportunity for an
Electrical Engineer because of core sector. Power system is vast network and
there are many things to learn.
 In Substation I was guided under AEE, AE .Here the AE(Ele) is very

knowledgeable with 10+ years of experience in KPTCL also with strong
technical knowledge guided me throughout my internship tenure and also
every staff of substation helped me for successful completion of internship.
 During my internship period I learnt that electricity plays an important role in

our life. The three important wings of electrical system are generation,
transmission and distribution are connected to each other and that too very
perfectly.
 I am aware of how the transmission and distribution of electricity is done. I
came to know about the various parts of the substation. I learnt the operations
& maintenance of various equipments in power stations.
 Also learnt battery maintenance using Hydrometer and multimeters A

hydrometer is used to test the state of charge of a battery cell. This is
performed by measuring the density of the electrolyte, which is accomplished
by measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte. The greater the
concentration of sulfuric acid, the more dense the electrolyte becomes. The
higher the density, the higher the state of charge.
 Now, I am also aware of how load is managed during the variations of input
and output of substation. Here load is managed accordingly by load
monitoring and load shedding.

 Also learnt about SCADA in receiving station which controls and monitors
the electrical equipments also collects the data from it and accordingly
maintenance is done.
 And also performed the related work assigned by Maintenance Engineer during
my tenure.
 Safety is the important factor. All the equipments in substation are properly
grounded and well maintained. Technicians who perform duty in substation
yard uses safety shoes, helmets, hand gloves and goggles etc.
 Mainly KPTCL has the motto of providing uninterrupted quality power supply.
Conclusion
Now from this report i can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our
life. From the generation, the power is transmitted and distributed to consumer end
using various transmission and distribution stations at various scales throughout a
power system. In general, they represent an interface between different levels or
sections of the power system, with the capability to switch or reconfigure the
connections among various transmission and distribution lines. The major stations
include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution
substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one
side and sending out a number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other,
but they serve a more limited local area and are generally unstaffed. The central
component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the effective interface
between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components
are circuit breakers and switches. Circuit breakers serve as protective devices that
open automatically in the event of a fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates
excessive current due to some abnormal condition. Switches are control devices
that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection. an
important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are
designed to interrupt abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very
situations for which circuit protection is needed), whereas regular switches are

designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed on both the
high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include
capacitor banks to provide voltage support.
Thus for effective transmission and distribution a substation must:-

 Ensure steady state and transient stability.
 Effective voltage control.
 Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points.
 Fault analysis improvement in respective field.
 Establishment of economic load distribution.
References
 K. P. Krishnarajendra, Superintending Engineer, KPTCL, Bangalore
“Hand Book On Metering And Protection”
 KPTCL Website
 http://www.kptcl.com/Zones/kptclZones.php
 http://www.kptcl.com/kptclhistroy.htm
 Electrical4u.com
 wikipedia.org

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STUDY OF SUBSTATION KPTCL

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 1

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL, is the

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 2

2. History of Power Sector in Karnataka

 Asia’s First Hydro Electric Power Station was commissioned in

To achieve this, quality improvement measures/techniques are being adopted at

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 3

To make the sector consumer friendly, financially viable and to function

The mission of Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)

The KPTCL is committed to achieving this mission through,

 Encouraging best practices in transmission and distribution

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 4

Supply Company. They have started functioning w.e.f.01/06/2002. These

Figure: Karnataka districts and Electricity supply

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 5

Figure: NRS Substation Rajajinagar

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 6

Figure: Infrastructural view of NRS Substation

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 7

II. Single Line Diagram Of 220/66/11kv NRS Substation

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 8

III. Power Flow Chart For 220/66/11kv NRS Station

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 9

Figure: Power Flow Chart Of NRS Station

Figure: Yard Area of NRS Station

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 10

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and distribution

Substations may be owned and operated by an electrical utility, or may be owned

Figure: - Example of the Substation

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 11

A transmission substation connects two or more transmission lines. The simplest

A distribution substation transfers power from the transmission system to the

In distributed generation projects such as a wind farm or Photovoltaic power

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 12

Converter substations may be associated with HVDC converter plants, traction

A switching station is a substation without transformers and operating only at a

 Traction substation (Railways)

Electrified railways also use substations, often distribution substations. In some

A mobile substation is a substation on wheels, containing a transformer, breakers

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 13

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 14

Figure: - Power Transformer

The Power transformer is a one kind of transformer, that is used to

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 15

Figure: - Power Transformer Design

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 16

Figure: - Power Transformer Specifications

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 17

Instrument Transformers are used in AC system for measurement of electrical

Types of Instrument Transformers

1. Current Transformer (C.T.)

Current Transformer (C.T.)

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 18

Figure: - Current Transformer

Potential Transformer (P.T.)

Figure: - Potential Transformer

DEPT. OF EEE, SJBIT 19