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3 - Defects in Crystals Exe

Defects in crystals can be categorized as point defects, line defects, and surface defects. Point defects include vacancies, self-interstitials, and impurities which substitute into lattice sites. Line defects are dislocations including edge and screw dislocations. Properties like electrical and thermal conductivity as well as plastic deformation are strongly influenced by defects. Vacancy concentration increases with temperature and can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Impurities form solid solutions by substituting into lattice sites following Hume-Rothery rules regarding atomic size, structure, electronegativity, and valence. Dislocation movement enables plastic deformation in crystals.

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111 views11 pages

3 - Defects in Crystals Exe

Defects in crystals can be categorized as point defects, line defects, and surface defects. Point defects include vacancies, self-interstitials, and impurities which substitute into lattice sites. Line defects are dislocations including edge and screw dislocations. Properties like electrical and thermal conductivity as well as plastic deformation are strongly influenced by defects. Vacancy concentration increases with temperature and can be calculated using equilibrium equations. Impurities form solid solutions by substituting into lattice sites following Hume-Rothery rules regarding atomic size, structure, electronegativity, and valence. Dislocation movement enables plastic deformation in crystals.

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omar salah
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Defect in crystals

Primer Materials For Science Teaching


Spring 2016
14.04.2016 1
Introduction
 The arrangement of the atoms in all materials contains
imperfections which have profound effect on the behavior of
the materials
 Lattice defects can be sorted into three
1. Point defects (vacancies, interstitial defects, substitution defects)
2. Line defect (screw dislocation, edge dislocation)
3. surface defects (material surface, grain boundaries)

2
Why defect are important?
There are a lot of properties that are controlled or affected by
defects, for example:
 Electric and thermal conductivity in metals (strongly reduced by
point defects).
 Electronic conductivity in semi-conductors (controlled by substitution
defects).
 Diffusion (controlled by vacancies).
 Ionic conductivity (controlled by vacancies).
 Plastic deformation in crystalline materials (controlled by
dislocation).
 Colors (affected by defects).
 Mechanical strength (strongly depended on defects).

3
Points defects

Self-interstitial – A self-interstitial is an atom from the crystal that is


crowded into an interstitial site, a small void space that under
ordinary circumstances is not occupied.
the formation of this defect is not highly probable, and it exists in
very small concentrations

4
Vacancies
 A vacancy is produced when an atom is missing from a
normal site.
 The equilibrium number of vacancies Nν has Temp depends:
 N – Total number of atoms
 Qν – energy require for vacancy formation

Example 3.1
Calculate the equilibrium value of vacancies concentration for copper at 1000K. the energy for
vacancy formation is 0.9 eV/atom;
1eV=1.602x10-19 J

One vacancy per copper atoms


5
Impurities in solids
 A pure metal consisting of only one type of atom just isn’t possible.
 impurity or foreign atoms will always be present, and some will exist as
crystalline point defects.
 The addition of impurity atoms to a metal will result in the formation of
a solid solution

 Impurity point defects are found in solid solutions, of which there are
two types:
1. Substitutional – one atom is replaced by as different type of atom
2. Interstitial – extra atom is inserted into the lattice structure at a
normally unoccupied position 6
Hume-Rothery rules
For the substitutional type there are several features of
the solute and solvent atoms that determine the degree
to which the former dissolves in the latter, as follows:

1. Atomic size factor – The atomic radii of the solute and solvent atoms must
differ by no more than 15%

2. Crystal structure - The crystal structures of solute and solvent must match.

3. Electronegativity - The solute and solvent should have similar


electronegativity. If the electronegativity difference is too great, the metals
will tend to form intermetallic compounds instead of solid solutions.

4. Valences - Complete solubility occurs when the solvent and solute have the
same valency. A metal will have more of a tendency to dissolve another
metal of higher valence than one of a lower valence
Example 3.2
Using Hume-Rothery rule please predict whether these metals will or will not be soluble in each
other

a) Fe and Cu. rCu=0.128nm, rFe=0.126 nm; Fe=BCC, Cu=FCC; Cu+/ Cu+2, Fe3+/ Fe+2
- No soluble at room temperature, slightly soluble at high temperature

b) Ni and Cu. rCu=0.128nm, rNi=0.125 nm; Ni=FCC, Cu=FCC; Ni+2, Cu+/ Cu+2
- fully soluble

c) Al and Ag. rAl=0.143nm, rAg=0.144 nm, Al=FCC, Cu=FCC; Al+3, Ag+1


- Al is soluble of in Ag, Ag is slightly soluble in Al.

8
Other points defects
• Frenkel defect – ion jumps from a normal lattice point to an
interstitial site, leaving behind a vacancy (vacancy-interstitial)
• Schottky – pair of vacancies in ionically bonded material. Both
anion and cation must be missing from the lattice to maintain
the crystal neutral.

9
Line defects - Dislocations
Edge Dislocation

Screw Dislocation

10
Dislocation movement

11

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