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MATH4030 Lecture Notes (Part 1)

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Praful Rahangdale
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68 views10 pages

MATH4030 Lecture Notes (Part 1)

Uploaded by

Praful Rahangdale
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© © All Rights Reserved
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§ Curves ond Arc Length Question: What is a “curve” (in R?) ? There are two different ways to think ef O cuwe: (Dasa geometric locus OR (I) as the path described bya nwo particle xtye t olGE) = position at a time t Remark: We are mostly inteested in the geometric shape oF a curve as m (I), but (I) ts more useful since we can brug in the tals from “Calculus” to describe the geometric behaviour. Tt is Ike giving a “coordimate system’ along a Cure which allows calculations to be done. De: Def ou A (smooth parametrized) curve is a C° map a: I Re At) = Cut) y(t), 204) Where LOR w a (comected) open interal, which is possibly unbounded . stongent vector 4, hey ole) 2h of x at tel Xe) = C xe), yee, Be) trace of of + mage(a) aT) CR allt) am Lo act), a space t __— cone C24 I Note: We Say snat 0 sTiR? isa plane cue if there exists a plane PER? st A(T) ES P- After a rigid motion (rotation ¢ translation) im Rr, We can assume thet P= Ky-plane , i€ 2 A(t) = (xe), yey,o) . ve 1TOR. Remarks: 1) A cuwe may have Self -iutersections , ie. KH moy not be 4-4. Bg. a RoR actys (ene tee) son Ot ZZ tee 2) The trace of % may net be Smooth . &g. ar RoR. als (Ht) troce(ay= Pyex th het srmoath ot xz0! q a “cusp” 3) Even if rT m? ts ded, it may mat bea homeowmarphinm outo Hs image. Eg. “Foltum of Descartes” os (10) —> R™ at at) ads |e Tee Brercise: Prove that it if nut a homeomerphisw oute its image. There are three important curves whieh we will keep mentioning From time +o time . Example Tz Straight (nes Pp TL aaa ae is q (ne through 4 ond pareitel te p. Example I: Circles a: RR 3) AED = C+ (cost, Sint) civele.of radius F>0 centered ot C. Example DH: Helix a: RR? A) = (cost, sn t,t) WERE Definition: Let of: To iR? be a cane, ond CableT, The length of a from a to b is defined as bo eo: Latay:= f jot'cen | dt a Remark: The notion of length detined abeve genetical” Os it depends only on He geometric locus of the Cure. More precisely, the length of a cane is wt unde rigid motions and reperametrization. inw We now explain these tuto concepts , Definition: A rigid motion GRR of R te an Tsometry of IR” Cas a metric space wits respect to the Euchidean distance) . TH is well-kmow thet any euch b is on affine map of she form! po axtb| vce R” where A € OW i AATET= AA, om be®. Definitvon: TH det A >o, P iF orientation preserving. TE detA (dea) | For any 4-6) € T. Proof: Exercise. N ae 4 Jengt 70 “age Unchanged ! mation a Proposition: Straight (snes are +he (unique) shortest cues Joining tuo given points tm rR. Prowf: Exercise B \ \ shortest path p— from A to B Detinitran: A cue &:T—9iR® is said to be parametrized by are length (peal) if 4 wel \ we Remak: Tf a:I3> R? is peal. , then Leta) = b-a fer ang Cavd cL Definition: Let &:T—> R® be o cone . For any ditleemeghirn $: TER ST , one cam define a new cave [B=a-g TR | Which i$ called a reparametnzation of O. trace (0) ot " Tr < > trace (PB) SR a a i Teo, wp Ee Remark: 0 and 6 parametrie the “Same” Cure ie: their images are the Same . Proposition: The length of a cure is invariant under Te parametrization, i-< Lice) = Lie g(tan) eles] Proof: Exercise. § Regular Cuwes Recall: The trace of a cuwe may net be " Smeoth” : NoT “smooth” here ! a since BP good a pprex. changer tiea ot this pt. Definition: BA curve &!T—2 IR is regular i (atl 40 for an tel. Note: For a regulay curve oT >Re, R~ tangent line at fine € a(t) is welt- defined ! ole) + °o For a regular plane curve o rormel a: Lo Rp Sengent ole) Nine mal line & ‘ normal line ts alse defined ate) Q: What atout fer space cave? Example: Ay cume ot I —> R® which is pba’. is regular. (2 lots t eo) Theorem : Any reguler cure admits a cepsremetrizetion by ave length | ine. given a regular Cane a: 1lOR® ZB ditteomorpim ¢: J => L or Some interwal TSR st. B= hep s TOR is pha. Proof: Fix any toE€ I, consider the are length t function 2 S(t)= j lot [du From to . veguler ‘ ¢ Note: S differentvatte with S(4) = (ool >o Veel So, S is a coutinuens, Strictly increasing Function * S:L5TER has a smoatn inverse ge STS. Define B= deh + T—> RR, which ix a ceperam. of of Claim: é is peak Proof of Claim : els) } ol (pt). ots) = Ag) x'(ors) Sm) a'Ge)| Chain 4 rele unit vector ! Example : A(t)= (Lost, zen), teR t Ste) =f (olwol du = fi2sus 2t inverse => bis Z. , Ser Gls) = h(i) = (Sy 2 (2eFF, 255) , SER Exercise: Reparametnze the helix of (t= (ast, set, 6) by are length. FRoM Now oN, we always assume o curve is pb.ad. unless otherwise stated.

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