Scribd
Upload
176 views41 pages

1.system of Units Circuit Elements

The document provides an introduction to basic electrical circuit concepts. It discusses that circuits allow transfer of energy from one point to another using interconnected electrical devices and components. The key concepts covered include: - The International System of Units (SI) for electrical units like volts, amps, etc. - Definition of electric charge and current, including that charge is quantized as integral multiples of the electron charge. - Definition of voltage as the energy required to move a unit charge through a circuit element. - Definition of power as the rate of energy transfer and relationship to current and voltage. - Classification of circuit elements as being either active elements that generate energy or passive elements like resistors, capacitors

Uploaded by

Kim Opena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
176 views41 pages

1.system of Units Circuit Elements

The document provides an introduction to basic electrical circuit concepts. It discusses that circuits allow transfer of energy from one point to another using interconnected electrical devices and components. The key concepts covered include: - The International System of Units (SI) for electrical units like volts, amps, etc. - Definition of electric charge and current, including that charge is quantized as integral multiples of the electron charge. - Definition of voltage as the energy required to move a unit charge through a circuit element. - Definition of power as the rate of energy transfer and relationship to current and voltage. - Classification of circuit elements as being either active elements that generate energy or passive elements like resistors, capacitors

Uploaded by

Kim Opena
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

Circuits 1

Introduction
• In electrical engineering, we are often
interested in communicating or
transferring energy from one point to
another.
• this requires an interconnection of
electrical devices
• Such interconnection is referred to as
an electric circuit, and each component
of the circuit is known as an element.
System of Units
• International System of Units (SI),
adopted by the General Conference on
Weights and Measures in 1960.
• There are six principal units from which
the units of all other physical quantities
can be derived.
System of Units
System of Units
• One great advantage of the SI unit is
that it uses prefixes based on the power
of 10 to relate larger and smaller units to
the basic unit.
System of Units
Charge and Current
• Charge is an electrical property of the
atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
• charge e on an electron is negative and
equal in magnitude to 1.602×10−19 C
• protons have positive charge
Charge and Current
• Charge is an electrical property of the
atomic particles of which matter consists,
measured in coulombs (C).
• charge e on an electron is negative and
equal in magnitude to 1.602×10−19 C
• protons have positive charge

How many electrons in 1 Coulomb?


Charge and Current
The following points should be noted
about electric charge:
• The coulomb is a large unit for charges.
In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602 ×
10−19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons.
• According to experimental observations,
the only charges that occur in nature are
integral multiples of the electronic charge
e = −1.602 × 10−19 C.
Charge and Current
The following points should be noted
about electric charge:
• The law of conservation of charge
states that charge can neither be created
nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus the
algebraic sum of the electric charges in a
system does not change.
Charge and Current

• Current in metallic conductors is due to


negatively charged electrons
• we will follow the universally accepted
convention that current is the net flow of
positive charges. (introduced by B. Franklin)
Charge and Current
Electric current is the time rate of change of
charge, measured in amperes (A).
Mathematically:
Charge and Current
The charge transferred between time t0 and
t is:
Charge and Current
A direct current (dc) is a current that
remains constant with time.
Charge and Current
An alternating current (ac) is a current that
varies sinusoidally with time.
Charge and Current
• By convention the symbol I is used to
represent such a constant current.
• A time-varying current is represented by
the symbol i.
Charge and Current
Sample Problems:
1. How much charge is represented by
4,600 electrons?

Answer: 3.204 x 10 -13 C


Charge and Current
Sample Problems:
2. The total charge entering a terminal is
given by q = 5t sin 4πt mC. Calculate
the current at t = 0.5 s. (Ans: 31.42 mA)
Charge and Current
Sample Problems:
3. Determine the total charge entering a
terminal between t = 1 s and t = 2 s if
the current passing the terminal is
i = (3t 2 − t) A.
Answer: 5.5 C
Voltage:
• to move the electron in a conductor in a
particular direction requires some work or
energy transfer.
• This work is performed by an external
electromotive force (emf), typically
represented by a battery.
• This emf is also known as voltage or
potential difference.
Voltage
The voltage vab between two points a and b
in an electric circuit is the energy (or work)
needed to move a unit charge from a to b;
mathematically,

• w is energy in joules (J)


• q is charge in coulombs (C).
• vab or simply v is measured in volts (V)
named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Antonio Volta (1745–1827),
who invented the first voltaic battery.
Voltage
1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb
= 1 newton meter/coulomb

Voltage (or potential difference) is the


energy required to move a unit charge
through an element, measured in volts (V).
Voltage

It follows logically that in general:


vab = −vba
Power and Energy
Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy, measured in watts (W).

• p is power in watts (W)


• w is energy in joules (J), and
• t is time in seconds
Power and Energy
The power p in the equation below is a
time-varying quantity and is called the
instantaneous power.
Power and Energy
the energy absorbed or supplied by an
element from time t0 to time t is

Energy is the capacity to do work,


measured in joules ( J).
The electric power utility companies
measure energy in watt-hours (Wh),
Where: 1 Wh = 3,600 J
Power and Energy
Examples:
1. An energy source forces a constant
current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through a
lightbulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of
light and heat energy, calculate the voltage
drop across the bulb. (Ans: 115 V)
Power and Energy
Solution:
Power and Energy
Examples:
2. Find the power delivered to an element
at t = 3 ms if the current entering
its positive terminal is:
i = 5 cos 60πt A
and the voltage is:
(a) v = 3i, (Ans: 53.48 Watts)
(b) v = 3 di/dt (Ans: -6. 396 kW)
Power and Energy
Circuit Elements
• an element is the basic building block of
a circuit
• An electric circuit is simply an
interconnection of the elements.
• There are two types of elements found in
electric circuits: passive elements and
active elements.
Circuit Elements
• An active element is capable of
generating energy while a passive element
is not.
• Examples of passive elements are
resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
• Typical active elements include
generators, batteries, and operational
amplifiers.
Circuit Elements
An ideal independent source is an active
element that provides a specified voltage
or current that is completely independent
of other circuit variables.

Symbols for
independent
voltage sources.
Circuit Elements
Symbol for independent current sources.
Circuit Elements
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source
is an active element in which the source
quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current.
Circuit Elements
Dependent sources are usually designated
by diamond-shaped symbols.

Symbols for:
(a) dependent
voltage source,
(b) dependent
current source.
Circuit Elements
Since the control of the dependent source
is achieved by a voltage or current of some
other element in the circuit, and
the source can be voltage or current, it
follows that there are four possible
types of dependent sources, namely:
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source
(CCVS).
Circuit Elements
Four possible types of dependent sources,
namely:
3. A voltage-controlled current source
(VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source
(CCCS).
Dependent sources are useful in modeling
elements such as transistors, operational
amplifiers and integrated circuits.
Circuit Elements

The source on the right-hand side is a


current-controlled voltage source.
Application:
Thank You!

You might also like