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This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were introduced in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. The major components of a PLC are described as the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. The operational sequence of a PLC is given as self-test, input scan, logic scan, and output scan. Ladder logic is presented as a common PLC programming language used to represent combinational logic. Examples are given of using ladder logic to start and stop a motor. Advantages of PLCs include flexibility, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, while disadvantages include proprietary aspects and limited design options.

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KASHIF KHAN
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96 views

Lab Matlab

This document provides an introduction to programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It discusses that PLCs were introduced in the late 1960s to replace relay-based control systems. The major components of a PLC are described as the power supply, input/output modules, processor, and programming device. The operational sequence of a PLC is given as self-test, input scan, logic scan, and output scan. Ladder logic is presented as a common PLC programming language used to represent combinational logic. Examples are given of using ladder logic to start and stop a motor. Advantages of PLCs include flexibility, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, while disadvantages include proprietary aspects and limited design options.

Uploaded by

KASHIF KHAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to

PLC

Programmable logic
controller

Presented By
Ghaffar Ahmed
Lab-Engr
Contents
❖ What is PLC?
❖ History of PLC
❖ Major components of PLC
❖ Operational sequence of PLC
❖ Ladder logic
❖ Example of starting and stopping of a motor
❖ Advantages
❖ Disadvantages
❖ Application
What is PLC?

PLC is a digital computer designed for


multiple inputs and output
arrangements, extended temperature
ranges, immunityto electrical noise, and
resistance to vibration and impact. A
PLC is an example of a real time system.
➢ PLC was introduced in late 1960’s
➢First commercial & successful Programmable Logic Controllers
was designed and developed by Modicon as a relay replacer for
General Motors.
➢ Earlier, it was a machine with thousands of electronic parts.
➢Later ,in late 1970’s,the microprocessor became reality & greatly
enhanced the role of PLC permitting it to evolve form simply relay to
the sophisticated system as it is today.
Major Components of a Common PLC

POWER
SUPPLY

I M O M
N O U O
P D T D
U U PROCESSOR P U
T L U L
From E T E To
SENSORS OUTPUT
Pushbuttons, Solenoids,
contacts, contactors,
limit switches, alarms
etc. etc.
PROGRAMMING
DEVICE

5
Major Components of a Common PLC

POWER SUPPLY
Provides the voltage needed to run the primary PLC components

I/O MODULES
Provides signal conversion and isolation between the internal logic-
level signals inside the PLC and the field’s high level signal.
PROCESSOR
Provides intelligence to command and govern the activities of the entire
PLC systems.

PROGRAMMING DEVICE
Used to enter the desired program that will determine the sequence of
operation and control of process equipment or driven machine.

6
PLC operation sequence
1)Self test: Testing of its own hardware and
software for faults.
2) Input scan: If there are no problems, PLC Self test
will copy all the inputs and copy their values
into memory.
Input scan
3) Logic solve/scan: Using inputs, the ladder
logic program is solved once and outputs are
updated. Logic scan
4) Output scan: While solving logic the output
values are updated only in memory when
Output
ladder scan is done, the outputs will be scan
updated using temporary values in memory.
Programming Languages of PLC
Most common languages encountered in PLC
programming are:
1) Ladder Logic
2) Functional Block Diagram
3) Sequential Function Chart
4) Boolean mnemonics
Ladder Logic
➢ The ladder logic is the oldest programming
language for PLC.
➢ It is well suited to express Combinational
logic.
➢The main ladder logic symbols represent the
elements :

make contact

break contact

relay coil
AND Gate OR Gate

A B Logic(Y) A B Logic(Y)
OFF OFF OFF
OFF OFF OFF
OFF ON ON
OFF ON OFF
ON OFF ON
ON OFF OFF
ON ON ON
ON ON ON

Y
A B Y
B
NOR Gate NAND Gate

A B Logic(Y) A B Logic(Y)
OFF OFF ON OFF OFF ON
OFF ON OFF OFF ON ON
ON OFF OFF ON OFF ON
ON ON OFF ON ON OFF

A B Y Y

B
SYMBOLS
Example
Block diagram of a PLC
Outputs
LEDs

Inputs
Ladder Logic Program for Start/Stop of Motor :

X1 X2 Y1

Y1
Programming PLC:
Starting of Motor:
Continuous Running of motor when Start Button is
released:
To Stop the Motor :
Reliability.
Flexibility in programming and reprogramming.
Cost effective for controlling complex systems.
Small physical size, shorter project time.
High speed of operation.
Ability to communicate with computer systems inthe
plant.
Ease of maintenance /troubleshooting.
Reduced space.
Energy saving.
Disadvantages of PLCs

➢ PLC devices are proprietary it means that part or


software of one manufacturer can’t be used in
combination with parts of another manufacturer.
➢ Limited design and cost option
➢ Fixed Circuit Operations.
➢ PLCs manufacturers offer only closed architectures.
➢ Wherever automation is desired the PLCs are best
suited to meet the task.

➢ Few examples of industries where PLCs are used :


1) Robots manufacturing and control
2) Car park control
3) Train control station system
4) Food processing
5)Materials handling
6)Machine tools
7)Conveyer system etc.
Thank You!!!

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