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Signal Spectra and Signal Processing (SSPL01E) Digital Signal Processing (SSPL01E) Eng'r Rianne Arne S. Reyes

This document discusses discrete-time signals and basic signal processing operations. It defines discrete-time signals as sequences of real or complex numbers indexed by the integer n. Common representations include functional, tabular, and sequence representations. Elementary discrete signals include unit sample sequences, unit step signals, unit ramp signals, and exponential signals. Signals can be classified as periodic, aperiodic, symmetric, or antisymmetric. Basic operations include time shifting, reversal, time scaling, amplitude scaling, addition, and multiplication.

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59 views26 pages

Signal Spectra and Signal Processing (SSPL01E) Digital Signal Processing (SSPL01E) Eng'r Rianne Arne S. Reyes

This document discusses discrete-time signals and basic signal processing operations. It defines discrete-time signals as sequences of real or complex numbers indexed by the integer n. Common representations include functional, tabular, and sequence representations. Elementary discrete signals include unit sample sequences, unit step signals, unit ramp signals, and exponential signals. Signals can be classified as periodic, aperiodic, symmetric, or antisymmetric. Basic operations include time shifting, reversal, time scaling, amplitude scaling, addition, and multiplication.

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Signal Spectra and Signal Processing (SSPL01E)

Digital Signal Processing (SSPL01E)


Lecture 2
Eng’r Rianne Arne S. Reyes
Discrete Time Signals
Continuous Time Signal vs Discrete Time Signal

Continuous Time Signal Discrete Time Signal

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Discrete Time Signals
• A discrete-time signal is a indexed sequence of real or complex numbers
• Function of an integer-valued variable, n, that is denoted by x(n)

• Often derived by sampling a continuous-time signal with an ADC


> Sample for a continuous-time signal x(t) that is sampled at a rate of Fs = l/Ts samples
per second produces the sampled signal x(n), which is related to xa(t) as follows

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Other Representations of Discrete Time Signals
• Functional Representation

• Tabular Representation

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Other Representations of Discrete Time Signals
• Sequence Representation (infinite duration)

time origin (n=0) X(n) = 0, when n<0

• Sequence Representation (finite duration)

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Elementary Discrete Signals
• Unit Sample Sequence - δ(n)
> Signal is Zero everywhere except n=0
> Also called “unit impulse”

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Elementary Discrete Signals
• Unit Step Signal - μ (n)
> Signal is Zero when n<0

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Elementary Discrete Signals
• Unit Ramp Signal - μr (n)
> Signal is linearly proportional to n when n ≠ 0

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Elementary Discrete Signals
• Exponential Signal

Real Values of n

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Elementary Discrete Signals How to Plot:
Plot Real Component and
• Exponential Signal Imaginary Component Separately

Complex Values of n Real Component of a


Complex Valued
Exponential Signal

Imaginary Component
of a Complex Valued
Exponential Signal

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Classification of Discrete Time Signals
• The mathematical methods employed in the analysis of discrete
time signals and systems depends on the characteristics of the
signals
• Periodic and Aperiodic Sequence
• Symmetric Sequence (even) and Antisymmetric Sequence (odd)

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Classification of Discrete Time Signals
Periodic and Aperiodic Sequence
• Periodic: Sequence repeats itself every period (N)

𝑥 𝑛+𝑁 =𝑥 𝑛 True 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑛

• Aperiodic: does not meet above criteria


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Classification of Discrete Time Signals
Periodic Sequence Calculation
• An x1(n) with a period of N1, plus x2(n) with a period of N2
What is the period of
x n = 𝑥1 𝑛 + 𝑥2 𝑛
𝑁1 𝑁2
𝑁=
gcd(𝑁1, 𝑁2)
gcd = greatest common divisor

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Classification of Discrete Time Signals
Symmetric (even) and Antisymmetric Sequence (odd)
• Even : 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥(−𝑛)

• Odd: 𝑥 𝑛 = −𝑥(−𝑛)

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Signal Manipulation
Discrete Time Signal
Time Manipulation (delaying/advancing) - Shifting
• A signal x(n) may be shifted in time by replacing the
independent variable (n) by (n-k); k is an integer
• +k delay the signal by k units in time
• -k advances the signal by |k| units in time

• Example: x(n)

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Time Manipulation (delaying/advancing) - Shifting
• Example: x(n)

x(n-3) x(n+2)

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Folding of Signal - Reversal
• Replacing n by –n; reflection at time origin n=0

• Example: x(n)

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Folding of Signal - Reversal
• Example: x(n)

x(-n) y(n) = x(-n+2)

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Time Scaling/Down Sampling
• Replacing n by µn; reflection at time origin n=0
• Taking every µ sample
• Example: x(n)

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Time Scaling/Down Sampling
• Example: x(n)

y(0) = x(0)
y(n) = x(2n) y(1) = x(2)
y(2) = x(4) ….

y(-1) = x(-2)
y(-2) = x(-4)
y(-3) = x(-6) ….
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Basic Operations on Signal
Discrete Time Signal
Amplitude Scaling, Addition, & Multiplication
• Amplitude Scaling of a signal is accomplished by multiplying the
value of every signal by sample A
y(n) = A x(n)
• Addition of two signals x1(n) and x2(n) whose value at any
instant is equal to the sum of the values for that instant
y(n) = x1(n) + x2(n)
• Multiplication of two signals x1(n) and x2(n) whose value at any
instant is equal to the product of the values for that instant
y(n) = x1(n) * x2(n)
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Examples:

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