Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd., Ermita Manila, 1000, Philippines

Tel No. +632-301-3001 local 604 I Fax No. +632-521-4063
Email: [email protected] Website: www.tup.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

PROFESSIONAL INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION
NAME: Angelica B. Alejandro COURSE & SECTION: BSIE-HE3A

FACILITATOR: DATE: March 5, 2021

Dr. Emilita Nuyda

SEM 1
Seminar in Technology and Livelihood Education for Teachers
Second semester S.Y. 2020-2021

Research Work 2

DRAFTING

Look for definition of the following terms:

1. What are the different drafting tools? Enumerate and differentiate from one
another.

DRAFTING TOOLS PICTURES

1. ADJUSTABLE TRIANGLE

• Used to draw angles from 0 to

90 degrees

2. AMES LETTERING GUIDE

• Used to draw guidelines for

lettering
3. ARCHITECT’S SCALE

• Identified based on fractions at

end.
• A scale where inches and
fractions of feet represent feet.
• Used with typical drawings and
floor plans.

4. CIRCLE TEMPLATE

• Template used to draw circles

and arcs.

5. COMPASS

• Used to draw circles and arcs

6. DIVIDERS

• Used to divide lines into equal

spaces
• Used to transfer distances
• Used to compare sizes of
drawing elements

7. DRAFTING TABLE

• Smooth, firm surface used to

draw on.
8. DRAFTING TAPE

• Used to hold paper in place

while drawing.

9. DRAWING PENCILS

• High quality pencils with varying

sizes of lead.

10. DRAFTING BRUSH

• Brush eraser crumbs and debris

from the drafting table.

11. ELECTRIC ERASER

• Used to erase quickly.

12. ELLIPSE TEMPLATE

• Template used to draw ellipse.

13. ENGINEER’S SCALE

• Identify based on the whole

numbers on end (10, 20, 30)
• Used to draw maps, charts, and
any drawings that require decimal
measurements

14. ERASER

• Used to erase mistakes.

15. ERASING SHIELD

• Used to protect lines you don’t

want to erase.

16. 45 ∘TRIANGLE

• Used to draw 45 and 90 angles.

17. HOUSE PLAN TEMPLATE

• Used to draw symbols on floor

plans.
18. IRREGULAR CURVE

• Used to draw non-circular

curves.

19. METRIC SCALE

• Identified based on Ratios

(1:20)
• Any drawing requiring metric
measurements

20. PARALLEL BAR

• Used to draw horizontal lines

and support triangles to draw
vertical lines.

21. PROTRACTOR

• Used to measure and lay out

angles.

22. SANDPAPER PAD

• Used to sharpen compass lead.

 23. 30 - 60 TRIANGLE

• Used to draw 30 and 60 degree

angles.

24. T-SQUARE

• Used to draw horizontal lines

and support triangles to draw
vertical lines.

2. What is lettering? How it is done?

• Lettering is a dying art that presents text, dimensions and notes that are hand
written in a standard form. Lettering is typically all upper case without slant or
formatting but the creator of a drawing will often put their own personality into the
lettering. All caps on an engineering drawing are not "yelling" but is good practice
and facilitates clear communication. Slanted lettering may be used for emphasis
of a particular point or idea.

• Lettering is the inscription of letters. It is also the art of making letters with the use
of drawing or lettering materials. Lettering is considered a universal language of
industry.

• Letters are all block letters generally of equal width and 1/8 inch tall. The use of a
mechanical guide or construction lines to control height is recommended for
consistency. Unless an inked drawing is lettered using a Leroy scriber (now
obsolete) lettering is done freehand. All letters are upper case only unless in a long
paragraph of more than 2 sentences. Letters of a word will be close to each other
without touching. Space between words is about the same as the letter H or W.
Numbers are the same size as letters. Fraction numbers are slightly smaller than
 1/8 inch, stacked and symmetrical to the line it is in. Multiple lines of text should
leave space between each line of about half the height of a normal letter.
• Special cases of lettering may be smaller or larger than the standard height. Title
block lettering may be larger. Section view identifiers and cutting plane labels may
also be larger.

• Each letter is generally created from top to bottom and left to right. At the end of
each straight leg or line of a letter, the pen or pencil is picked up and relocated for
the next line. For example, the letter 'A' consists of a stroke down and to the left,
down and to the right and a final stroke left to right half way up the height
connecting the two legs together. Rounded letters such as 'O' start at the top and
go down and around to the left to the bottom, pencil up, then another stroke from
the top then down and to the right closing the O at the bottom. Shortcuts are often
taken making these letters with one stroke. Letters are generally sans-serif though
using she serif form of 'I' as the word I is accepted.

3. What are the compositions of lettering?

• Composition in lettering is slightly synonymous with composition in English class.

In Drafting, composition refers to the proper use of the different elements
necessary to achieved a good and aesthetically performed lettering.

A. Gothic - the simplest of all letter styles and is done using speedball pen
style A or B.
ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOPQR STUVWXYZ

B. Roman - made up of thick and thin elements and “accented” strokes and
also made with style C and D speedball pens.
ABCDEF GHIJ KLM NOPQRSTUV WXYZ

C. Italic or Script - all slanting letters and made using style C or D speedball
pen.

ABCDEF GHIJ KLM NOPQRSTUV WXYZ

D. Text or Old English - most artistic of all letter styles and use speedball
pen style.
4. What are the different kinds of lines (Alphabet of Lines), How are they
being used or drawn?

• The use of line symbols enables engineers/designers to express features of

designed products clearly and accurately. Line features vary not only by width but
also by how they are graphically represented in a drawing.

• Line significance is conveyed by line weight or thickness of the line. Every line is
drawn at different thickness and darkness to express contrast as well as
importance. Lines that are less important are thin and light. Key to successful
drafting is to have a good technical knowledge of these various line characteristics
to understand where and when to apply them in technical drawing.

1. OBJECT OR VISIBLE LINES

• Thick dark line use to show

outline of object, visible edges
and surfaces.

2. CONSTRUCTION LINE

• Very light and thin line use to

construct layout work.

3. DIMENSION LINE

• Thin and dark lines use to show

the size (span) of an object with
a numeric value. Usually
terminates with arrowheads or
tick markings.

4. HIDDEN LINE

• Short dash lines use to show

non visible surfaces. Usually
shows as medium thickness.
5. CENTRE LINE

• Long and short dash lines.

Usually indicates centre of
holes, circles and arcs. Line is
thin and dark.

6. EXTENSION LINE

• Thin and dark line use to show

the starting and ending of
dimension.

7. CUTTING PLANE LINE

• Extra thick line use to show

cutaway views or plane of
projection where a section view
is taken. Arrow indicates
direction of view.

8. SHORT AND LONG BREAK

LINES

• Short and long medium line use

to show cutaway view of a long
section.

9. LEADER LINE

• Medium line with arrowhead to

show notes or label for size or
special information about a
feature.
 10. PHANTOM LINE

• Long line followed by two short

dashes use to show alternate
position of a moving part.

11. SECTION LINE

• Medium lines drawn at 45

degrees use to show interior
view of solid areas of cutting
plane line.

• Uses of Alphabet Lines:

a. Construction line - Very light line used to “block in” an object. These lines are
made so light that little or no erasing is needed. They serve as base for darkening
in the permanent line
b. Borderline - Heavy, solid line used to frame in the drawing
c. Visible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the
eye.
d. Invisible line - A medium line used to show edges and contours not visible to the
eye.
e. Centerline - A light line used as axis of symmetry. Used for center of circle and
arcs. Sometimes the symbol is shown
f. Dimension line - Light thin lines used to show the sizes of the object. Extension
lights start about 1/16” from visible or object line. The dimension line is broken near
the center for the dimension.
g. Long break line - Heavy line draws freehand for same purpose as long break.
5. What are the methods of drawing lines?

1. Hatching

• We can create value by using

linear hatching.
• The closer the lines are, the
darker the value.
• Pressing harder or using a
bigger nib or marker, also gives
a darker appearance.

2. Crosshatching

• uses layers of hatching placed

at an angle.
• Usually the 1st layer is vertical,
the next horizontal and the next
diagonal.

3. Contour Hatching

• The direction of line helps

suggest contours.
• When crosshatched, they
suggest cross-contours.
• Hatching which follows a
contour can also help to make
objects appear more 3D.

4. Scumbling

• uses layers of small scribbled

marks to build up value and
texture.
• Varying the direction adds
more interest than a simple
circular scribble.
 5. Random Hatching

• uses layers of short, straight

marks.
• Various textures result
depending on whether these
short hatches are applied
vertically, at right angles,
following a contour or at
random angles.

6. Stippling

• uses tiny dots to create value.

The closer together the dots,
the darker the tone
• Larger dots create a
densertonal value more quickly
but can look course.

6. What is a pictorial drawing?

Pictorial drawing is a view of an object as it would be seen by an observer who

looks at the object either in a chosen direction or from a selected point of view.
Pictorial drawings often are more readily made and more clearly understood than
are front, top, and side views of an object.

1. Oblique Drawing-
Cavalier Oblique
drawings, all lines
(including receding lines)
are made to their true
length.

• In Cabinet Oblique
drawings, the receding
lines are shortened by ½
their true length to
 compensate for distortion
and to approximate more
closely what the human
eye would see.

2. Isometric drawing - is
method of graphic
representation of 3D
objects.

• The technique is intended

to combine the illusion of
depth, with the undistorted
presentation of the
object's principal
dimensions.

3. Perspective Drawing - In
Perspective Drawing
objects are drawn smaller
as their distance from the
observer increases.

• The lines of an object are

aligned to 1,2 or 3
vanishing points.
7. Differentiate each: isometric drawing, oblique drawing, perspective
drawing. How are they being drawn?

• Oblique Drawing

A. To draw the angle in the oblique drawing, you will need to know distance X.
The distance from point A to point B is given as 32 mm. This can be
measured directly in the cavalier drawing (Figure 3.65b). Find distance X by
drawing the right triangle ABC (Figure 3.65c) using the dimensions given,
which is quick and easy using CAD.

B. You can also use a mathematical solution to find the length of the side: The
length of the opposite side equals the tangent of the angle times the length
of the adjacent side. In this case, the length of the opposite side, X, is about
18.5 mm. Draw the angle in the cavalier drawing using the found distance.

C. Remember that all receding dimensions must be reduced to match the scale
of the receding axis. In the cabinet drawing in Figure 3.65c, the distance BC
must be half the side BC of the right triangle in Figure 3.65c.

• Isometric Drawing

A. Draw border
B. Draw title block
C. Draw the horizontal baseline
D. Draw in 30° lines from a point on the baseline
E. Draw in construction box
F. Use construction lines to draw in part details then darken lines
• Perspective Drawing

A. Draw border
B. Draw title block
C. Draw the horizon line
D. Place in 1,2 or 3 vanishing points
E. Draw in construction box with the edges leading to the vanishing points
F. Use construction lines to draw in part details then darken lines

8. What is an orthographic drawing? How it is being projected?

• Orthographic projection - common method of representing three-dimensional

objects, usually by three two-dimensional drawings in each of which the object is
viewed along parallel lines that are perpendicular to the plane of the drawing.

• For example, an orthographic projection of a house typically consists of a top view,

or plan, and a front view and one side view (front and side elevations).

• Orthographic projection (sometimes referred to as orthogonal projection, used

to be called analemma) is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in
two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection lines
are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene
appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. The obverse of an
orthographic projection is an oblique projection, which is a parallel projection in
which the projection lines are not orthogonal to the projection plane.

• The term orthographic is sometimes reserved specifically for depictions of objects

where the principal axes or planes of the object are also parallel with the projection
plane, but these are better known as Multiview projections. Furthermore, when the
principal planes or axes of an object in an orthographic projection are not parallel
with the projection plane, but are rather tilted to reveal multiple sides of the object,
the projection is called an axonometric projection. Sub-types of Multiview
projection include plans, elevations and sections. Sub-types of axonometric
projection include isometric, dimetric and trimetric projections.

• A lens providing an orthographic projection is known as an object-space telecentric

lens.
9. What are the different kinds of angles?

1. Angle - If two lines meet at a

point, then the angle
between them is the amount
of turn, in degrees, that is
needed around the point of
intersection, to make the
lines the same.

• Angles are measured in

degrees; a complete whole
turn is 360º as shown.

2. Straight angle - It is one-

half of a whole turn, and is
the same as the angle made
by rays going in opposite
directions. The measure of
the angle is 180º. Some
examples are shown below:

3. Right angle - It is one-

quarter of a whole turn and is
the same as the angle made
by a horizontal line and
vertical line. The measure of
the angle is 90º. Some
examples are shown below:

4. Acute angles - The angles

that lie between 0º and 90º
are called acute. Some
examples are shown below:
 5. Obtuse angles - The angles
that lie between 90º and
180º are called obtuse.
Some examples are shown
below:

6. Reflex angles - The angles

that lie between a straight
angle (180º) and a whole
turn (360º) are called reflex
angles. Some examples are
shown below:

10. What are the different kinds of triangles?

• The sum of angles in any triangle is 180°. On a diagram, equal sides of a triangle
have one small line or dash drawn on each side.

1. Equilateral

• An equilateral triangle has three

equal sides and angles. It will
always have angles of 60° in
each corner.
2. Isosceles

• An isosceles triangle can be

drawn in many different ways. It
can be drawn to have two equal
sides and two equal angles or
with two acute angles and one
obtuse angle. It is easy to work
out the missing angles of an
isosceles triangle by looking for
the angles that should be equal.

3. Right-angled triangle

• A right-angled triangle has one

90° angle. That 90° angle is
shown as a small square where
two sides of the triangle join. It is
possible for a triangle to be a
right-angled triangle and an
isosceles triangle at the same
time. In this case the angles
would be 90°, 45° and 45°.

4. Scalene

• A scalene triangle has three

different angles and none of its
sides are equal in length.

5. Obtuse

• An obtuse triangle has three

different angles, with one angle
greater than 90°. None of its
sides are equal in length.
11. What are the other geometric figures?

• Geometric Shapes can be defined as figure or area closed by a boundary which is

created by combining the specific amount of curves, points, and lines. Different
geometric shapes are Triangle, Circle, Square, etc. Before we shift our focus to
rather advanced and competitive mathematical concepts of geometry and algebra,
it is important that you acquire the necessary understanding of the geometric
shapes. All of us know about the common shapes in geometry like a square,
rectangle, circle, and triangle.

1. Square

• A square is a four-sided figure which

is created by connecting 4-line
segments. The line segments in the
square are all of the equal lengths and
they come together to form 4 right
angles.

2. Circle

• On the other hand, a circle which is

another shape of geometry has no
straight lines. It is rather a
combination of curves that are all
connected. In a circle, there are no
angles to be found.

3. Rectangle

• Similar to a square, a rectangle is also

created by connecting four-line
segments. However, the only
difference between a square and a
rectangle is that in a rectangle, there
are two-line segments which are
longer than the other two-line
segments.
4. Triangle

• Triangle comprises three connected

line segments. Unlike, a rectangle or a
square, in a triangle, the angles can
be of distinct measurements.
• They aren’t always the right angles.
Triangles are named, depending upon
the type of angles which is found
within the triangle itself.
• For instance, if a triangle has one right
angle, it will be known as a right-
angled triangle.

5. Polygon

• Another in the geometric shapes that

you need to know about is a polygon.
A polygon is made up of only lines
and has no curves.
• It may not have any open parts. In
this case, a polygon is basically a
broader term to several shapes such
as a square, triangle, and a rectangle.

6. Parallelogram

• A parallelogram is another in the

geometric shapes in which the
opposite side of the shape are
parallel.
• To be able to examine, if the sides are
parallel or not, you’ll have to closely
examine the shape.
• The key property of a parallelogram is
that parallel lines never cross or
intersect each other, no matter how
long you extend them.
 • So, if you go on extending the lines
through eternity and they never
intersect each other, then they can be
called a parallelogram.

12. What are the classification of polygon according to the number of sides?

• A polygon is any closed planar figure that is made entirely of line segments that
intersect at their endpoints. Polygons can have any number of sides and angles,
but the sides can never be curved. The segments are called the sides of the
polygons, and the points where the segments intersect are called vertices. The
easiest way to identify a polygon is to look for a closed figure with no curved sides.

• Polygons can be either convex or concave. Think of the term concave as referring
to a cave, or “caving in”. A concave polygon has a section that “points inward”
toward the middle of the shape. All stars are concave polygons.

• A convex polygon does not share this property.

13. What are the different kinds of graphs? When/Where they are used?

1. Line graph

• Line graphs illustrate how related

data changes over a specific
period of time. One axis might
display a value, while the other
axis shows the timeline. Line
graphs are useful for illustrating
trends such as temperature
changes during certain dates.

2. Bar graph

• Bar graphs offer a simple way to

compare numeric values of any
kind, including inventories, group
sizes and financial predictions.
Bar graphs can be either
horizontal or vertical. One axis
represents the categories, while
the other represents the value of
each category. The height or
length of each bar relates directly
to its value. Marketing companies
often use bar graphs to display
ratings and survey responses.

3. Pictograph

• A pictograph uses pictures or

symbols to display data instead of
bars. Each picture represents a
certain number of items.
Pictographs can be useful when
you want to display data in a
highly visual presentation such as
an infographic. For example, you
could use a picture of a book to
display how many books a store
 sold over a period of a few
months.

4. Histogram

• A histogram is another type of bar

graph that illustrates the
distribution of numeric data
across categories. People often
use histograms to illustrate
statistics. For example, a
histogram might display how
many people belong to a certain
age range within a population.
The height or length of each bar
in the histogram shows how many
people are in each category.

5. Area graph

• Area graphs show a change in

one or more quantities over a
certain period of time. They often
help when displaying trends and
patterns. Similar to a line graph,
area graphs use dots connected
by a line. However, an area graph
involves coloring between the line
and the horizontal axis. You can
use several lines and colors
between each one to show how
multiple quantities add up to a
whole. For example, a retailer
might use this method to display
the profits of different stores over
the same timeframe.
 6. Scatter plots

• use dots to depict the relationship

between two different variables.
Someone might use a scatter plot
graph to show the relationship
between a person’s height and
weight, for example. The process
involves plotting one variable
along the horizontal axis and the
other variable along the vertical
axis. The resulting scatter plot
demonstrates how much one
variable affects the other. If there
is no correlation, the dots appear
in random places on the graph. If
there is a strong correlation, the
dots are close together and form
a line through the graph.

14. What is a map? What are the different kinds of maps?

• A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of

some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.

• Many maps are static, fixed to paper or some other durable medium, while others
are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict geography,
maps may represent any space, real or fictional, without regard to context or scale,
such as in brain mapping, DNA mapping, or computer network topology mapping.
The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the
earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the earth, or even more abstract
spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many
independent variables.

• Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory
have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word "map" comes
 from the medieval Latin Mappa mundi, wherein Mappa meant napkin or cloth and
mundi the world. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a two-
dimensional representation of the surface of the world.

Different Types of Maps

1. Political Map
• A political map shows the state and national boundaries of a place. A
political map does not have any topographic features.
• It also shows the location of cities, with respect to each other.

1. Physical Map
• A physical map is one which shows the physical features of a place or
country, like rivers, mountains, forests and lakes.
• The physical features are usually shown in different colors.
• Rivers and lakes are shown in blue, places of low elevation are shown in
dark green and as the elevation increases, the color becomes light green
and eventually orange.
• Mountains are shown in brown.

2. Topographic Map
• Topographic maps are similar to physical maps, which show the physical
features of an area. Although in topographic maps, differences in elevation
and changes in landscape are shown with the help of contour lines and not
colors.

3. Climatic Map
• A climatic map shows the information about the climate of different areas.
For example it shows areas which receive more rainfall or snow, or which
have dry weather.
• It uses colors to depict areas with different climate.

4. Economic or Resource Map

• Economic or resource maps show the different resources present in the
area or economic activity prevalent.
• They show the kind of crops that are grown and the minerals found in
places.
• Symbols and letters are used to depict the activity or resource present in
the area.
5. Road Map
• Road map is the most widely used map which shows different roads,
highways or railways present in the area.
• It is a very detailed map and is generally used for direction purposes.
• Road maps are usually made individually, city-wise.
• There are road maps present for an entire country too, but they cannot be
made very detailed.
6. Scale of a Map
• The scale of a map shows the relationship between the distances on the
map with respect to actual distances on the Earth. For example, if the scale
of a map is 1 cm to a kilometer, that means 1 cm on the map is equivalent
to 1 kilometer on actual ground.
• Using a scale, you can quite accurately measure the distance between 2
places.
7. Symbols
• On maps different symbols represent different things, for example black
dots represent cities, circled stars represent capitals.
• Different types of lines represent roads, highways and railways.
• Trees and forests are depicted in green, mountains in brown and rivers and
lakes in blue.
• This done for making it easier for us to spot these features and study the
map.
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