T H E INNERVATION OF THE HIP JOINT1

ERNEST GARDNER
Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Wayne University,
DetToit, Michigan

TWO FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

Our understanding of the major features of the distribution

of nerves to the hip joint has been taken for granted f o r many
years. However, an examination of the reports of various
investigators shows considerable difference in results,
Cruveilhier (1844) stated that the obturator nerve gave a
branch to the hip joint and that this branch was small or absent
when that from the accessory obturator nerve was large. The
latter he called the nerve of the coxo-femoral articulation.
IIe also mentioned that the nerve to the quadratus femoris
gave a branch which perforated the fibrous tissue of the joint
capsule.
Riidinger (1857) appears to have been the first to make a
systematic study of the nerve supply of the hip joint. He
stated that the nerves supplying it were small and that they
arose from the femoral, obturator, sciatic and inferior gluteal
nerves. He' described 2 or more branches from the nerve to
the rectus femoris and from other muscular branches of the
femoral nerve. These anastomosed frequently and gave twigs
to the anterior and, to some extent, to the medial and posterior
regions of the capsule. He also described an articular branch
which arose from the obturator before this nerve reached the
obturator foramen. The branch divided and spread out in the
'Aided by a grant from the Division of Research Grants and Fellowships,
National Institute of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.
353
354 ERNEST GARDNER

pubocapsular ligament, reaching bebind t o the ischiocapsular

ligament. He observed that some fibers penetrated the ace-
tabular notch. He found that the sciatic nerve, as it entered
the great sciatic foramen, gave a branch to the posterior region
of the capsule. Another branch to the same region arose from
the sciatic nerve within the pelvis. He also found that the
inferior gluteal nerve gave some fibers to the posteroiiiferior
region of the capsule.
In 1886, Charidelux mentioned, in a note on nerves t o the
hip joint, that little was to be found about the subject in French
literature. He quoted Beaunis and Bouchard (1880) to the
effect that the nerve supply was derived from the obturator
nerve and the muscular branches of the femoral nerve an-
teriorly, and from the sciatic nerve and the nerve to the
quadratus femoris posteriorly. Chaiidelnx himself paid es-
pecial attention to a branch from the nerve to the peetineus.
This branch supplied the anteromedial region of the capsule.
The dorsal part of the capsule was supplied by a twig which
arose from the sacral plexus, the sciatic nerve or from the
nerve to the quadratus femoris. He was unable t o find any
articular branches of the obturator nerve.
Dnz6a (1886), writing in the same journal, also commented
on the lack of information concerning the nerve supply of the
hip joint. He also quoted Beaunis and Bouchard (1880)' and
then discussed his own findings which appear to be based
mainly on 1 dissection. He found all the branches described
by Beaunis and Bouchard and, in addition, a small lumbar
branch which descended in the sheath of the iliopsoas muscle.
The terminal filaments of this branch anastornosed with the
articular branches of either the femoral or the obtnrator
nerves before entering the joint capsule.
The brief descriptions by Fick ( '04)and in Quain ( '09) are
similar in most respects to those in the current textbooks of
human anatomy.
Sadovsky ( '33) published the first comprehensive study
since the time of Riidinger (1857). He dissected 30 cadavers
and found that the femoral, obturator, sciatic and superior
 NERVE SUPPLY O F HIP J O I B T 355

gluteal nerves supplied the hip joint. The anterior region of

the joint capsule was innervated by 2 branches of the femoral
nerve. One arose from the common trunk of the nerve and
penetrated the iliopsoas muscle t o reach the capsule. The other
commonly arose from the nerve t o the rectus femoris, but
occasionally from the nerve to the vastus lateralis, or from
both. It entered the capsule on the lateral edge of the iliopsoas.
The medial region of the capsule was supplied by the an-
terior and posterior divisions of the obturator nerve. He found
2 branches of the sciatic nerve which arose a t approximately
ihe same level. One went directly t o the posterosuperior re-
gion of the capside. The other supplied the quadratus femoris
muscle and during its course gave a twig to the posteroinferior
region of the capsule. The articular branch of the superior
gluteal nerve was small and difficult to find in every case.
This seems t o be the first account of an articular branch from
this nerve. He was unable to find any articular filaments of
the inferior gluteal nerve. He did not mention the role of the
accessory obturator nerve o r of the nerve t o the pectineus.
Geselevich ( ' 3 5 ) studied the nerve supply of the hip joint
in 20 specimens, particularly with a view toward establishing
the frequency of variation. He felt that previous investigators
had emphasized a constancy which did not actually exist. His
results are a s follows: The branch of the femoral nerve to
the pectineus gave a twig to the anteromedial region of the
capsule. Other branches t o the joint from the femoral nerve
were quite variable and consisted of the following types, of
which the first two were the most common : (1) Independent
branches from the femoral nerve reached the joint anteriorly.
( 2 ) Articular branches also arose from the muscular branches
of tlie femoral nerve, that is, to the pectineus (as mentioned
above), the iliopsoas or the rectus femoris. ( 3 ) Branches to
the femoral vessels sometimes sent twigs to tlie joint as well.
(4)Occasionally the above mentioned articular, muscular and
vascular branches arose a s a common trunk. The branclies to
the medial region of the capsule arose from the obturator
nerve, and occasionally from the accessory obturator nerve.
356 ERNEST GARDNER

I n sonie instances, he found twigs from the posterior division

of the obturator. The most constant branches t o the ischio-
capsular ligament arose from the sciatic nerve, both inde-
pendently and also in common with branches to the gemelli
muscles and t o the obturator internus. Geselevich also listed
the inferior gluteal nerve as a source of supply, but this
actually occurred in but one of his dissections and this in a
limb which was deformed and had considerable variation in
other peripheral nerves. He was unable t o find any articular
branches from the superior gluteal nerve. A considerable por-
tion of his paper was devoted to a discussion of the part this
nerve supply plays in reflex contractions of muscles resulting
from painful hip joint disorders.
Kaplan ('48) studied the distribution of the obturator nerve
to the hip joint preliminary to a series of cases in which he
resected this nerve for the relief of pain in the hip joint. He
found considerable variation in size and number of articular
branches. I n discussing other nerves to the joint, he stated
that posterior branches may arise from the posterior femoral
cutaneous nerve. He did not state whether he found this
by dissection, nor did he give a reference specifically sup-
porting this statement.
The accounts in current textbooks appear to stem directly
from the earliest studies. Piersol ('30) described an articular
branch from the anterior division of the obturator nerve
which enters the acetabular notch, and 1 or 2 fine twigs from
the posterior division to the anteromedial region of the
capsule. He stated that when the accessory obturator nerve
is present, the hip joint may be the only structure it supplies.
This author also indicated that the nerve to the rectus femoris
fixnishes fine twigs to the anterolateral region of the capsule,
that the nerve to the quadratus femoris gives an articular
branch and that a branch may also arise from the sciatic
nerve.
Morris' Human Anatomy ('42) states that articular twigs
arise from the femoral nerve by way of its branch to the
rectus femoris, from the obturator nerve through its anterior
 NERTE SUPPLY OF HIP JOINT 357

division, from the accessory obturator nerve when that nerve

is present and from the sacral plexus by way of the nerve
to the quadratus' femoris. I n Cunningham's Text-book of
Anatomy ('43) there is essentially the same account.
Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body ('42) describes the
articular branches of the obturator nerve and states that the
accessory obturator nerve when present also supplies the hip
joint. There is also mentioned an articular branch of the nerve
to the quadratus femoris as well as an occasional branch from
the proximal portion of the sciatic nerve. Sometimes both
branches arise directly from the sacral plexus.
There seems to be general agreement that the hip joint
is supplied by the femoral nerve, the obturator nerve, by the
sacral plexus through the nerve to the quadratus femoris,
sometimes by the accessory obturator nerve and sometimes
directly from the sciatic nerve or sacral plexus. There is no
agreement 011 whether the superior or inferior gluteal nerve
contributes to the innervation of the joint. There have been
relatively few studies of the types of and variations in the
general pattern. So far as could be determined, Lone has been
made of the intra-articular distribution of nerves, and very few
of the nerve supply of this joint in other animals. Sasaoka
('38-'39) counted the number of fibers in certain articular
branches, namely those of the obturator, in the cat, but he did
not investigate all the possible branches. Ghetie ('39) men-
tioned branches from the sciatic nerve to the hip joint of the
horse.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nerves were dissected in 7 adult joints so as to establish
the general pattern of distribution. Four other adult joints
were partially dissected to.confirm points brought out by the
study of fetal joints. Four fetal joints were serially sectioned
at l o p and stained with a modified Masson's method.2 Two
*The first G dissections were done while the author was in the Department of
Anatomy, Stanford University, California, 1940-1941. The fetal material was
obtained through the courtesy of Prof. C. H. Danforth, Department of Anatomy,
Stanford Unil-ersity, California.
358 ERNEST GARDNER

were from a 11-week fetus, and 2 from a 12-week fetus. The

pelvis and part of the abdomen were included, and the sections
were cut in a plane transverse to the trunk. These ages are
only approximate since they were determined on the basis of
crown-rump measurements of fixed specimens. The material
was not satisfactory for the study of nerve endings, but
bundles of fibers could be followed for long distances and were
lost only after they had dwindled to a relatively few fibers.
Diagrammatic sketches were made of representative dis-
sections, and projection tracings were made of fetal sections
which showed characteristic features of the nerve supply.

OBSERVATIONS
The major features of existing descriptions mere confirmed
and, in addition, branches hitherto undescribed were found.
The nerve supply of the hip joints studied in this series was
derived from the femoral and obturator nerves, from the
accessory obturator when present and from the sacral plexus
by way of the superior gluteal nerve and the nerve to the
quadratus femoris. I n addition, it is possible that sympathetic
fibers from lumbar ganglia reached the joint by accompanying
articular vessels.

The articadar brmach?es of the femoral n e w e

These arise from the nerve to the pectineus, from the nerve
t o either the rectus femoris or vastus lateralis and sometimes
from the main trunk of the femoral nerve. I n the illustrations,
therefore, the articular branches are named according to
their origin, either from a main trunk or from a muscle nerve.
Thus, “to pectineus” in figure l a , ant., indicates the articular
branch of the nerve to the pectineus. The same method is used
in labelling the drawings of sections of fetal joints.
Nerve t o pectineus. An articular branch of this nerve was
found which had been overlooked in the earlier dissections.
It was first located in the fetal joints and apparently is similar
to the one described by Chandelus (1886). It arises from
 NERVE SUPPLY OF HIP JOINT 359

the nerve to the pectineus, accompanies a branch of the medial

circumflex artery and follows a somewhat recurrent course to
the anteromedial region of the capsule (fig. 2a-h). It ramifies
in the fibrous layer of the capsule, and branches occasionally

Fig. 1, a-b Anterior and posterior Tiews of different types of distribution

of nerves t o the hip joint. The articular capsule is represented by stippling.
a, ant., shows the articular branch of the superiod gluteal nerve and of the nerve
to the peetineus.

accompany blood vessels into the synovial tissue and also into
the neighboring portion of the femur. It overlaps t o some
extent the area supplied by the obturator nerve. I n one of the
fetal joints, the nerve to the pectineus arose from the awes-
360 EBXEST QARDNER

sory obturator nerve; in the other 3 it was derived from the

femoral nerve.
The existence of this articular bran& was confirmed in
clissections of adult joints. One of these dissections is il-
lustrated in figvre la. The remaining dissections shown in
figure 1 were done previous to the study of fetal joints.

ccessory obturator '-, .-_----_--- .

.
, ,'
post.
! ,-----_
--.
's: TO qu&. fern.

',i.'c
: post.

Fig. 1, e-d Further patterns of gross distribution.

The branch courses along the medial edge of the iliopsoas

muscle and enters the anteromedial region of the capsule.
It may pierce the medial edge of the muscle to gain the capsule.
It is often small and difficult to follow grossly for any dis-
tance. The articular branch of the accessory obturator nerve
 NERVE SUPPLY OF HIP JOINT 361

Fig. 2, a-d Projection tracings of a fetal joint (sectioned in a plane transverse

t o the trunk). Nerves are shown in solid black. The sections go from cranial t o
caudal levels.
362 ERNEST GARDNER

Femoral.. &

Femoral--&

Fig. 2, e-h Continuation of the fetal sections.

 NERVE SUPPLY O F HIP JOIRT 363

had a course and distribution similar to that of the branch

from thexerve to the pectineus when the latter arose from the
€emoral nerve. It is probable, therefore, that when the ac-
cessory obturator nerve is absent, the aiiteromedial region

Fig. 2, i-1 Continuation of the fetal sections.

364 ERNEST GARDNER

of the capsule still receives a nerve supply derived from the

same source.
Femoral nerve and nerves to the quadriceps femoris. One
or tnore articular branches come either from the femoral
nerve itself just before its division into muscular branches or
from one of the branches to the quadriceps femoris. I n the
latter situation, it is often the nerve to the rectus femoris
but not infrequently from the branch to the vastus lateralis.
Whatever their origin, the general distribution in all cases is
similar. The branches are always quite thin. When there
is but a single branch, it usually arises from the nerve to
the rectus femoris and runs laterally, across the iliopsoas, in
company with a branch of the lateral circumflex artery (fig.
Ib, lc, and Id, ant.). I n the fatty tissue posterior to the
rectus femoris, it divides into branches which enter the
iliofemoral ligament near its femoral attachment. Sometimes
there are 2 such terminal branches, t o the medial and lateral
portions of the ligament. At other times, there are several
fine terminal twigs, one of which can occasionally be traced
inferiorly to the femoral periosteum along the intertrochan-
teric line.
When there are several articular branches, one or more of
these derives from the main trunk of the femoral nerve
and the rest from one of the branches to the quadriceps
femoris. These anastomose before giving rise to twigs which
enter the capsule (fig. l a , ant.). Some of these twigs pierce
the lateral edge of the iliopsoas to gain the capsule, while
others run somewhat laterally and inferiorly and enter the
capsule along the lateral edge of the muscle.
I n the fetal joints it was possible to trace these nerves
for considerable distances. The fibers course in the fibrous
layer of the capsule, especially in the region where the capsule
attaches to the femur (fig. 2a-i). The terminal ramifications
of the nerves reach posteriorly into the area supplied by the
nerve to the quadratus femoris and some ascend into the
region supplied by the superior gluteal nerve. During their
entire course, the bundles of fibers are closely associated with
 NERVE SUPPLY O F HIP JOINT 365

blood vessels and decrease in size along with the vessels. Also
during their course, small groups of fibers often leave the
main bundles and accompany vessels into the synovial tissue
and also into the neighboring portion of the femur.

T h e articular branches of the obturator nerre

Usually an articular branch comes directly from the main
trunk within the obturator canal (fig. l a , l b and lc, ant.),
and occasionally there is an additional branch from the an-
terior division (fig. Id, ant.). The branches emerge from the
canal, turn laterally and divide into a number of small twigs
which enter the pubocapsular ligament. One o r more of these
usually pierces the capsule in t,he region of the cotyloid notch.
When the accessory obturator nerve is present, it usually
anastomoses with the obturator (fig. lc, ant.).
I n the fetal joints, an articular branch arises either from
the main trunk before it enters the canal, or else separate
branches are given off from the anterior and posterior di-
visions. I n all cases they turn laterally and enter the medial
region of the capsule. Here they ramify in the fibrous layer
of the capsule all the way from the pubis to the femur (fig.
2d-j). The number of small bundles of fibers is greater here
than elsewhere in the joint. Many of these have no direct
stssociation with blood vessels but remain with the fibrous
layer. Others accompany branches of bloed vessels into the
synovial tissue particularly in the region of the cotyloid notch
where they course along the ligamentum teres into the
acetabulum and head of the femur.

T h e articular blranch of the accessory obturator

nerve
This nerve was present in 3 of the dissections and in 1 of
the fetal joints. It descends along the medial edge of the
iliopsoas muscle and leaves the pelvis just medial to the
iliopectineal eminence. It gives a twig which anastomoses with
the anterior division of the obturator nerve (fig. l c ant.) ; the
366 ERNEST GARDNER

remainder of the nerve descends toward the lesser trochanter

and gives small twigs to the pubocapsular ligament. When the
accessory nerve is not present, this region of the capsule is
reached by the femoral nerve through its branch to the
pectineus muscle. The iiitra-articular distribution has already
been described.

Tke articular brmtch of the nerve t o the quadratus

femoris
This nerve leaves the pelvis through the greater sciatic
notch and descends on the ischium, anterior to the sciatic
nerve. I n front of the gemelli muscles and obturator internus
tendon it gives 1 or 2 fine filaments which run somewhat
laterally and enter the ischiocapsular ligament, sometimes as
far inferiorly as its femoral attachment (fig. 1 post.).
I n the fetal joints this is a relatively minor branch with
a limited distribution. It arises from the sacral plexus and
just before entering the quadratus femoris muscle gives a
twig to the ischiocapsular ligament. It ramifies in the fibrous
layer of the capsule, along with blood vessels, and can be
traced for but a short distance.
I n this series no direct articular branch of the sciatic nerve
or sacral plexus was found. The orioin of the nerve to the
9
quadratus femoris was, however, quite variable. It arose
sometimes from the sciatic nerve and at other times from the
sacral plexus.

The articular branch of the superior gluteal

nerve
This branch was first found in fetal joints and subsequently
its presence was confirmed by dissection of adult joints (fig.
l a , ant.). The other dissections illustrated in figure 1 were
done before this branch was discovered in fetal joints. The
present series is too small to give an idea of its constancy.
I n view of Hilton’s law, howerer, it is not surprising that the
superior gluteal nerve has an articular branch. It arises
 SERTE SUPPLY O F HIP JOIXT 367

froin 1 of the branches to the gluteal niiiiimiis or froin tlie

branch to the tensor fasciae latae. It is a small twig which
accompanies blood vessels into the superolateral region of the
capsule (fig. 2b-c). It ramifies in the fibrous layer of the cap-
side near the attachment to the glenoid lip. Small buiidles of
fibers enter the external portion of the glenoid lip and others
accompany blood vessels into the synovial tissue, while a few
descencl toward the region supplied by the femoral nerve.

Sympatlietic fibers t o tlLe h i p joii,t

I n the study of fetal shoulder joints (Gardner, '48),
lminclies from sjmpatlietic ganglia mere found which fol-
lowed the main blood vessels on to articular vessels and thus
reached tlie joint. TJ'ith this in mind, fetal hip joints were re-
examined and a somewhat comparable situation was found,
although the fibers were much more difficult to trace. A branch
from one of the lower lumbar sympathetic ganglia enters the
aclveiititia of the common iliac artery and divides into twigs
11-hich continue on to the external iliac artery and then the
fenioral artery (fig. 2a-b). Inferior to the inguinal ligament,
howerer, these twigs become mixed with fibers to the femoral
artery derived directly from the femoral nerve (fig. 2a).
Fibers from this union a r e distributed to the branches of the
femoral artery in the immediate neighborhood. Since many
of these vessels ultimately give branches to the hip joint, it
seems quite probable that some of the nerve fibers also reach
the joint by way of articular vessels, although witho~itade-
quate silver stains it is not possible to be certain.

DISCUSSION

As in the case of the knee joint (Gardner, '48)' there is

considerable variation in the manner in which nerves reach the
hip joint. This is particularly true of the branches of the
femoral nerre, so that it is not possible to say that a specific
number of articular branches arise from this nerve. Like-
wise, the accessory olnturator iierre is another esainple of
368 ERNEST GARDNER

variation. This nerve has been extensively investigated and

there seems little doubt that when it is present it supplies tlie
hip joint. I n at least 2 recorded instances (Paterson, 1894,
Jamieson, '03), this nerve had an extensive distribution to the
skin and muscles of the medial side of the thigh and gave a
branch to the knee joint a s well a s to the hip joint.
I n spite of individual variation, there is a constant-\- to
the picture in that certain main trunks supply the joint, either
directly or through a muscular branch, and that the articular
twigs always go to the same general region of the joint and
have a fairly constant distribution within it. I n contrast to
the knee joint, the branches to the hip joint are small in coni-
parison to its size. Overlap of various nerves is also less
marked. It is most noticeable in the medial region of tlie cap-
sule which is supplied by the obturator nerve and by the nerve
to the pectineus. There is no data on the root value f o r the
hip joint, but it is not unlikely that the roots from at least
the third or fourth lumbar to the first sacral contribute to
the nerve supply.
Sadovsky ( ' 3 3 ) apparently was the first to describe an
articular branch from the superior gluteal nerve. Geselevich
( ' 3 5 ) was unable t o confirm this but in view of the findings
in the present series there seems little doubt that Sadovsky
was correct. The fact that this is a small brancli, usually
arising from 1 of the twigs t o either the gluteus minimus o r
the tensor fasciae latae, undoubtedly accounts for its being
overlooked in gross material. Although Rudinger (1857) de-
scribed articular branches from the inferior gluteal nerve,
Sadovsky was unable to find them, nor were they found in
the present series, either grossly of microscopically. Gesele-
vich ('35) gave this nerve a s a source of supply, but this was
in but one of his dissections, and that in a limb with consicl-
erable variation in other peripheral nerves.
Even though the material was unsatisfactory for the studg
of nerve endings, it is probable that most of the fibers in the
articular nerves supply blood vessels. This is borne out by the
fact that many of the small nerves accompanying blood T-essels
 NERVE SUPPLY O F HIP J O I S T 369

decrease in size without giving branches to surrounding tis-

sues; this indicates that the fibers are ending in the vessels.
A s in the knee joint, these vessels supply neighboring bone as
well a s the joint capsule.
Numbers of small nerve bundles in the anteromedial region
of the capsule decrease in size and disappear. This occurs in
ilie fibrous layer of the capsule and indicates probable endings
in the connective tissue of this region. Furthermore, there are
more such bundles here than elsewhere in the joint. A com-
parable situation was found in the posterior region of the
capsule of the knee joint. These regions are the ones most
subject to compression during movement. It is interesting to
speculate whether or not proprioceptive endings might not be
more numerous in these reg;ons than elsewhere in the joints.
The functional implications of articular nerve supply were
discussed in more detail in the study of the nerve supply of
the knee joint (Gardner, '48).

SUMMARY
The nerve supply of the human hip joint was studied in dis-
sections of adult joints and in serial sections of fetal joints.
The articular nerves arise from the femoral, obturator and
superior gluteal nerves, from the nerve to the qnadratus
femoris, from the accessory obturator nerve when present and
possibly from branches of lumbar sympathetic ganglia.
The branch or branches of the femoral nerve arise either
directly from the femoral nerve or from its muscular branches.
Most of them supply the iliofemoral ligament, especially near
its femoral attachment, and the neighboring portion of the
femur. A branch of the nerve to the pectiiieus supplies the
anteromedial region of the capsule and the neighboring por-
tion of the femur and overlaps the area reached by the obtur-
ator nerve.
The articular branch of the obturator nerve supplies the
medial portion of the capsule (pubocapsnlar ligament) where
it ramifies in the fibrous layer of the capsule. Some fibers reach
370 ERSEST GARDNER

the synorial tissue and also course along the ligamentum teres
to the femur.
When the accessory obturator nerve is present it supplies
tlie area usually reached by tlie branch of the femoral nerve to
tlie pectineus muscle.
The nerve to the quadratus feinoris muscle gives 1 or 2 fine
twigs w1iich enter the iscliiocapsulal. ligament near its femoral
a t t aclimen t .
Tlie superior gluteal nerve gives rise to twigs mhicli coiirse
iii tlie fibrous layer of tlie snperolateral region of tlie capsule
and reach anteriorly and inferiorly toward the area supplied
by the femoral nerve.
I t is possible that s p p a t l i e t i c fibers from lumbar ganglia
reach the joint by following articular vessels.
It is probable that many of the nerve fibers supply blood
vessels in the capsule and neighboring bone. Little can be said
about other types of endings escept that the concentration of
fibers in the anteroniedial region of the capsule makes it seem
likely that proprioceptive endings a r e located here.

ACKKOWLEDGMEKTS
I wisli to espress my tlianks to Mrs. Gail Blarkliam for her
aid in making the microscopic sections, and to Jlisses Evelyn
Erickson and Geraldine Cliesiiey for their skillful prepara t 1011
'

of the illustr a t'1011s.

LITERATURE CITED
BEAUNISASD HOWHAKD 1S80 Kouveaiix 6lCinents (1'anntomie descriptive et
d 'einbryologie. Paris. Quoted by Chandelux.
CIIANDELUX,A. 1886 S o t e sur les iierfs de I'articulation coso-fCinorale. Lyon
niBd., 51 : 331-354.
CRCVEILHIER, J. 1844 The Anatoniy of the H u n i : i i i Roily. The first ;\niericnii
from tlie last Paris edition. By G. S. Pattison. IInrpcr :iiid Bros..
New Tork.
C U K S I S G H A J I ' s TEXT-ROOK OF AX.\TOJIT 1943 Eighth edition, edited by J. c.
Brash and E. B. Janiieson, Oxford University Press, Sew Tork.
Duzta, R. 18SG Kote sur les nerfs de 1 'articulation cciso-fi.inorale. Lyon iii&l..
52: 33-38.
FICK,R. 1904 Haiitlbucli de .4ii:itoinic i1e.i Jleiisclieii. I.:ditctl by I<. voii B:irrlel-
eben. 1-01. 2 , pt. 1, sect. 1. Gustav Fisclirr. .Teii:i.
 NERVE SUPPLY O F HIP JOINT 371
GARDNER,
E. 1948 The innervation of the knee joint. Anat. Rec. (in press).
1948 The innervation of the shoulder joint. Anat. Rec. (in press).
GESEL~ICH,A. M. 1935 Types of innervation of the eoxo-femoral articulation.
Tr. Acad. mil. med. Kiroff, 1%:222-232.
GHETIE, V. 1939 Die Innervation der Gelenkkapseln an den Gliedmassen des
Pferdes (fur Kliniker). Arch. f u r wiss. n. prakt. Zierh., 7’5: 134-143.
GUY’S ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BODY 1942 Edited by W. H. Lewis. Tn-enty-
fourth edition. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
HILTON,J. 1891 Rest and Pain. A course of lectures. Second edition. Re-
printed from the last London edition. P. W. Garfield, Cincinnati.
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