Department of Labor and Employment
Occupational Safety and Health Center
  ccredited Safety Training Organization
Accreditation No. 1030-101818-094

CONSTRUCTION
OCCUPATIONAL
SAFETY & HEALTH
(COSH)
TRAINING MANUAL 
MANUAL 
Name:___________________________________________
Company:________________________________________
Dates:____________________________________________
Venue:___________________________________________

“The more you sweat in training, the less you bleed in battle  
”

Unit 14 & 15 Pilar Arcade Brgy. Panilao

Pilar, Bataan, Philippines
www.avietcs.com 
www.avietcs.com 
Tel# 0995 980 2496 0921 929 0719 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Table
Table of Contents

Module 1  – Introduction to OSH Standard OSH LEGISLATION 1

Module 2  – Department Order No. 13/ Importance of OSH in Construction Industry 13

Premises  
Module 3  – Construction Site Premises  29

Module 4  – Demolition Safety 46

Module 5  – Excavation Safety 49

Module 6  – Heavy Equipment Safety 55

Module 7  – Crane Safety 60

Module 8  – Hand & Portable Power Tools Safety 62

Module 9  – Scaffolding Safety DO 128 13 as Amended Rule 1414 65

Module 10  – Personal Protective Equipment 79

Module 11  – Emergency Preparedness 86

Module 12  – Working At Heights/Fall Protection 94

Module 13  – Communicating OSH / Tool Box Meeting 98

Module 14  – Role of Supervisor in Safety 103

Module 15  – Occupational Health in Construction 104

Module 16  – Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 115

 –
Module 17  Job Hazard Analysis 119
Module 18  – Construction Occupational Safety & Health (CSHP) 124

Module 1
Module 199  – Site Safety Inspection / Actual Site Visit 
Visit / Activity Presentation 126

Module 20  – Accident / Incident Investigation 129

Module 2
Module 211  – Re-Entry Planning Learning Assessment 133

Module 22
Module 2 2  – Employees Compensation Commissions 134
 

 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module
Modu le 1
1 –
 – Intro
 Introduc
ducti
tion
on to OSH
SH//OSH
OSH S
Standards
tandards
  Course Overview, Requirements and Objectives


o  To learn the basic principles of Occupational Safety and Health (OSH)

o  To reinforce participants positive behavior towards Occupational Safety and Health

o
(OSH)
  To increase awareness of the participants on the implementation of Occupational Safety
and Health (OSH) program
o  To familiarize wwith
ith the Occupational Safety and Health Standards as promulgated by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE)
o  To know the requirements for the appointment of a Safety Officer and for OSHC-DOLE

accreditation as OSH Practitioner/Consultant

o  Individually, the participants shall deve
develop
lop a safety and health action p
plan
lan or program
designed to prevent accidents and occupational diseases in accordance with the
provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS)
  Introduction of Speakers and Participants


o  Day 1 ______________________________

o   Day 2 ______________________________
o   Day 3 ______________________________
o   Day 4 ______________________________
o   Day 5 ______________________________

  Diagnostic Examination/Pre-T
 Examination/Pre-Test
est

  OSH Situation - Video Showing of the Present OSH Situation and Progress of Safety


Movements in the Philippines

OSH
OSH Legislation, Admini stration and Enforcement

VISION & MISSION

  Attainment of full, decent and productive employment for every
Filipino worker.
  Promote gainful employment opportunities, develop human resources, protect workers and
promote their welfare and maintain industrial peace.

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Eleven (11)
(11) Attached Ag
Agencies
encies
  Employees Compensation Commission
  Institute for Labor Studies
  Maritime Training Council
  National Conciliati
Conciliation
on and Mediation Board
  National Labor Relations Commission
  National Maritime Polytechnic
  National Wages and Productivit
Productivityy Commission
  Occupational Safety and Health Center
  Overseas Workers Welfare Administration
  Philippine Overseas Employment Administration
  Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

6 BUREAUS
1. Labor and Employment Statistics
2. Labor Relations
3. Local Employment
4. Rural Workers
5. Women and Young Workers
6. Working Conditions

What are the Occu

Occupation
pational
al Sa
Safety
fety and Hea
Health
lth Standards?
OSH Standards  are mandatory rules and standards set and enforced to eliminate or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in the workplace.
Occupational health
health and safe
safety
ty i s a 
a  cross-disciplinary
cross-disciplinary are
area
a concerned with pr otecting t he
safety, health
safety, health and
and welfare
 welfare of people engaged in in work employment.. 
 work or employment
The goal of all occupational health and safety programs is to foster a safe work environment. As a
secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers, family members, employers, customers, suppliers,
nearby communities, and other members of the public who are impacted by the workplace
environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational
including  occupational medicine,
medicine,  
occupational (or industrial) hygiene, public
hygiene, public health,
health, safety
 safety engineering,
engineering, chemistry,
 chemistry, health
 health physics,
physics,  
ergonomics, toxicology,
ergonomics,  toxicology, epidemiology,
 epidemiology, environmental
 environmental health,
health, industrial
 industrial relations, public
relations, public policy,
policy,  
industrial sociology, medical
sociology, medical sociology,
sociology, social
 social law, labor
law, labor law and
and occupational
 occupational health psychology.
psychology.  

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The OSH Standards are mandatory rules on occupational safety and health promulgated
pur suant t o Art icl e 1
162,
62, Book IV of th
thee Labor Code of the Phil
Philippi
ippi nes, P.
P.D.
D. 44
442.
2.

BOOK FOUR
HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL WELFARE BENEFITS
Title I
MEDICAL, DENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
Chapter II
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

 Art. 162.set
orders, Safety and health
and enforce standards.
mandatory The Secretary
Secretar
occupational y of Labor
safety and Employment
and health standards toshall, by appropria
eliminateappropriate
te
or reduce
occupational safety and health hazards in all workplaces and institute new, and update existing,
programs to ensure safe and healthful working conditions in all places of employment.

 Art. 163. Research. It shall be the responsib

responsibility
ility of the Departme
Department
nt of Labor and Employ
Employment
ment to
conduct continuing studies and research to develop innovative methods, techniques and
approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems; to discover latent diseases by
establishing causal connections between diseases and work in environmental conditions; and to
develop medical criteria which will assure insofar as practicable that no employee will suffer
impairment or diminution in health, functional capacity, or life expectancy as a result of his work
and working conditions.

• What does safety and health in the workplace mean? 

mean?  
Safety   refers to the physical or environmental conditions of work which comply with prescribed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Standards and which allow the workers to perform the job
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

without or within acceptable exposure limit to hazards. Occupational safety also refers to practices
related to production and work process.
Health  means a sound state of the body and mind of the workers that enables the worker or employee
to perform the job normally.
• What is the purpose of OSH Standards? 
Standards? 

OSH Standards  aim to provide at least the minimum acceptable degree of protection that must be
afforded to every worker in relation to the working conditions and dangers of injury, sickness or death
that may arise by reason of the worker's occupation. The provision of OSH Standards by the State is
an exercise of police power, with the intention of promoting the welfare and well-being of the workers.

• What are covered by the General OSH Standards? 

Standards?  

 All establishments,
establishments, workplaces
workplaces and other
other undert
undertakings
akings are covered,
covered, including agricu
agricultural
ltural enterprises
enterprises
whether operating for profit or not, except:
   Residential places exclusively devoted to dwelling purposes.
   Mines which is under the Department lf Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).

• What does right to safe and healthful conditions of work mean? 

mean?  

It means that the worker shall be assured of effective protection against the danger of injury, sickness
or death through safe and healthful working conditions.

What is th e minimum standard on safety a

• What is and
nd health in the workpl ace?
ace?

The OSH Standards provide that every company shall keep and maintain its workplace free from
work hazards that are likely to cause physical harm to the workers or damage to property. Thus, the
worker is entitled to be provided by the employer with:
   Appropria
  Appropriatete seats, lighting and
and ventilat
ventilation;
ion;
   Adequate passagew
 passageways,
ays, exits and firefighting equipmen
equipment;
t;
  Separate facilities for men and women;


   Appropria
  Appropriatete safety devices like protect
protective
ive gears,
gears, masks, helmets,
helmets, safety boots, coats
coats or first-
first-
aid kits;
  Medicines, medical supplies or first-aid kits;
  Free medical and dental services and facilities.

• What other safety requirements should employers provide their employees? 

employees?  

Employers must provide their employees with the following instruments and/or working stations:
   Appropria
 Appropriate
te prote
protective
ctive equ
equipment
ipment and
and clo
clothing
thing such as overall
overall head coverings,
coverings, goggles, gloves
gloves
aprons and respirators;
   A properly
 properly desig
designed
ned exhaust
exhaust sy
system
stem and waste
waste disposal,
disposal, local exhaust
exhaust or general
general ven
ventilation
tilation to
keep toxic fumes or gases, away from workers' breathing zone;
   Adequate number of fire ex
 extinguisher
tinguishers
s in the
the workplace;
workplace;
  Designated safe smoking and welding areas far from combustible, flammable or explosive


materials, containers
held explosives filled withmaterials;
or flammable explosives or flammable substances, and containers that have

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• What safety measures must be observed within the premises of establishments? 

establishments?  

Establishments must observe the following safety measures:

  Building premises shall have adequate fire, emergency or danger signs and safety instructions
of standard colors and sizes visible at all times;
  Other visible signs that may be needed to direct the driver of motorized vehicle such as STOP,
YIELD, and DO NOT ENTER, properly positioned within the compound of the establishment
shall be used to increase safety especially during the night;
  Handicapped employees shall be restricted only to designated
desig nated workplaces. As far as practicable
and feasible they shall be provided with facilities for safe and convenient movement within the
establishment;
  Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times through cleanliness of building, yards,
machines, equipment, regular waste disposal, and orderly arrangement of process operations,
storage and filing materials;
   Adequate dressing rooms,
rooms, locker rooms,
rooms, comfort rooms and lavatories
lavatories separate for male and
female workers shall be provided.

•Who enforces OSH Standards? 

Standards? 

The Secretary of Labor and Employment, through the Regional Director or his other authorized
representative, enforces the OSH Standards in the exercise of visitorial and enforcement powers.

•What is visitorial power? 

power? 

Visitorial power  refers
  refers to the authority to conduct inspections or investigations in the premises of an
employer at any time of the day or night whenever work is being undertaken. This is necessary to
determine violations or to enforce the rights of workers under the Labor Code. Under this power, the
employer may be required to submit reports and other documents to determine any violation.

• What is enforcement power? 

power? 

nt power  refers
Enforcement
Enforceme  refers to the authority of the Secretary or the Regional Director to order an erring
employer, after due notice and hearing, to comply with labor standards and issue a writ of execution in
case of non-compliance. If the violation poses grave and imminent danger to the health and safety of
workers, suspension or cessation of the operations may be effected within 24 hours from the issuance
of the order.

•How are these Standards

Standards enforced?

These standards are enforced through the inspectorate system. Thus, every employer shall provide to

thethe
of Secretary or to whenever
day or night his/her duly authorized
there is work representative access
to determine and effecttocompliance.
its premises or records at any time

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Every establishment or workplace shall be inspected at least once a year. However, special inspection
visits may be authorized by the Regional Office to investigate work-related accidents, occupational
illness or dangerous occurrences, conduct surveys, follow-up inspection recommendations, or to
conduct investigations or inspections upon request of an employer, worker or labor union in the
establishment.

•If a worker or representative of workers or any concerned

concern ed person believes that such a
violation of the OOSH
SH Standards
Standards exists whi ch threatens with physic al harm or poses immi nent
dangerr to life, what shall he do to c orrect th e da
dange danger?
nger?

reques t the RO for an inspection of their area by giving

The said worker or workers’ representative shall request
full particulars or details regarding such violation or danger.

• What does the Regional Office do in such a case? 

case?  

The Regional Office evaluates the report and conducts a special inspection or investigation
investi gation immediately
in the subject establishment. The complainant is notified in writing of the outcome of such investigation.

• Fines and Penalti

Penalti es

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

What are the duties and responsibil ities of th e e

What emplo
mplo ye
yers
rs and the employees in relation to
enforcement and compli ance with OSH S Standards
tandards in the workp lace?

Rules of the Occupational Safety and Health Standards

1000
1000 General
General Provis ion
ionss 11
1160
60 Boiler
Boi ler
1010 Other Sa
1010 Safety
fety Rules 11
1170
70 Unfir ed Pressure Vessels
Vessels
1020
1020 Registr ation 1180
1180 Internal Combust ion Engine*
1030
1030 Training and & Accr editatio
editation
n 12
1200
00 Machine Guardi
Guardi ng
1040
1040 Health
Health & Safety
Safety Commi ttee 1210
1210 Electri cal Safety
Safety
1050
1050 Notif icati
ication
on & Keeping of 1220
1220 Elevators & Related
Related Equipm ent
Occ. Illness &Injuries 12
1230
30 Identifi
Identifi cation of Piping Syste
System
m
1060
1060 Premises of Establi
Establishm
shm ents 12
1240
40 Power Piping Lines*
1070
1070 Environmental
Enviro nmental Contr ol 14
1410
10 Constr ucti on Sa
Safety
fety
1080
1080 Perso
Perso nal Protective
Protecti ve Equipm ent 1420
1420 Logging
Logg ing
1090
1090 Hazardous
Hazardous MateMateri
rials
als 19
1940
40 Fire Protecti
Protection
on & Control
1100
1100 Gas
Gas & Electri c Welding & 1950
1950 Pesti
Pesti cides
cid es & Ferti
Ferti lizers
Cutting
Cutti ng Operations 19
1960
60 OH Se
Servi
rvi ces
1120
1120 Haza
Hazardrdous
ous Wor
Workk Processes
Proc esses 197
1970
0 Fees
Fees
10
1040
40
50 Explos
1050
10 ives
Materials
Materials Handling &Storage 1980
1980 Final
1990
1990 AuthoProvis
rit y of ions
LGUs

Rule
Rul e 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYER
•   Furnish his workers a place of employment free from hazardous conditions.
•   Comply with the requirements of the Standards.
•   Give complete job safety instruction to all his workers
•   Use only approved devices and equipment in his workplace.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYERS

    Adopt administrative
administrative policies on
on safety in accordance
accordance with the
the provisions
provisions of the Standards;
  
Report
and theto the Regional
safety Director
organization or his/her duly authorized representative the policies adopted
established;
   Submit reports to the Regional Director or his/her duly authorized representative once in every
three months on the safety performance, safety committee meetings and its recommendations
and measures taken to implement the recommendation;
    Act on recommended
recommended safety measures;
   Provide access to appropriate authorities.

Rule
Rul e 1005: DUTIES OF EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEES
S
   Cooperate with the employer in carry
carrying
ing out the provisions of the Standards.
   Report any work hazard to his/her supervisor
   Follow all instructions by the employer in compliance with the OSHS provisions
   Make proper use of all safeguards and safety devices.

DUTIES OF THE EMPLOYEES

   Follow safety policies;
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

  Report unsafe conditions and practices to the Supervisor;

  Serve as member of the Health and Safety Committee;
  Cooperate with Health and Safety Committee;
   Assist government
government agencie
agencies
s in the conduct of safety and health
health inspectio
inspection.
n.

General
General Prov
Provisi
isi ons (Rule
(Rule 1010
1010))

DUTIES OF OTHER PERSONS

   Any person including builders or contractors, who visits, builds, innovates or installs devices in
establishments or workplaces shall comply with the provision of OSHS rules and all regulations
issued by the employer in compliance with the Standards and other issuances of the Secretary.

Rule 1020
1020 - Re
Regis
gistrati
trati on
   Every employer shall register his/her business with the Reg
Regional
ional Labor Office or authorized
representative to provide the DOLE with information as guide in its enforcement activities.
activiti es.
   Free of charge
   Valid for lifetime, except when there is change in na
name,
me, location, ownership; opening after
previous closing

Rule 1030
1030 - Traini
Training
ng and Acc redit ation o
off Personnel i n OS
OSH
H

The BWC either directly or through accredited organizations, shall conduct continuing training programs
to increase the supply and competence of personnel qualified to carry out the provision of this
Standards.

Employer to appoint a safety officer on a full-time

full-t ime or part-time basis depending on the type of workplace
(whether hazardous or non-hazardous) and number of workers in the workplace.

Rule 1033
1033:: Trainin
Trainingg and Pe
Perso
rsonal
nal Compl
Complement:
ement:

The Minimum qualifications; duties and number of required safety and health officer shall be
as follows:

1. All safety officers must complete the Bureau-prescribed training course prior to their
appointment as in their respective places of employment.
2. All full-time safety officers must meet the requirement of du
duly
ly accredited Safety
Practitioners or Safety Consultants by the Bureau.
3. Not less than the following number of supervisors or technical personnel shall tahe the
required trainings and shall be appointed as a safety officer on a full-time or part time
basis, depending on the number of workers employed and the hazardous or
nonhazardous pursuant to Rule 1013 of these Standars.

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a.) For hazardous workplaces:

Number of Workers Minimum Number of Safety Officers 

Hazardous Highly Hazardous

1-50 One (1) part-time One (1) Full time

51-200 One (1) Full-time One (1) Full time and
One (1) Part time
201-250 One (1) Full time and Two (2) Full time
One (1) Part- time
251-500 Two (2) Full time Two (2) Full time and
One (1) part time
Every additional 500 One (1) additional full time
or fraction thereof
Every additonla 25 One (1) Additional Full
or fraction thereof time

Source:www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%2016-01.pdf 
Source: www.dole.gov.ph/fndr/bong/files/DO%2016-01.pdf   

 A wor
w or kplac
kp lace
e is deemed hazard
hazardou
ous
s i f:
   The nature of the work exposes workers to dangerous environmental elements, contaminants
or work conditions, including ionizing radiation, chemicals, fire, flammable substances, noxious
components, and the like
   The w
workers
orkers are engaged in construction w work,
ork, logging, fire-fighting, mining, quarrying, blasting,
stevedoring, dock work, deep-sea fishing and mechanized farming
   The workers use or are exposed to heavy or power-driven machinery or explosive explosiv e powder-
actuated equipment
   The workers are engaged in the manufacture or handling of explosives and other py pyrotechnic
rotechnic
products
   The workers use or are exposed to biological agents such as bacteria, viruses and other
parasites.

Considered  “highly hazardous workplace"  

Considered

•  Where potential hazard within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not
only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are
workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities:
1. Petrochemical works and refineries;
2. Chemical wor
works
ks and chemical production plants;
3. LPG storage and materials;
4.
5. Stores and distribution
Large fertilizer stores; center for toxic/hazardous chemicals;

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6. Explosives factories;
7. Works in which chlorine is used in bulk;
8. Activitie
Activitiess closely similar to the activities enumerated above;
9. Activiti
Activities
es as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to
classification of establishments

Rule 1030
1030 - Traini
Training
ng and Acc redit ation o
off Personnel i n OSH 
OSH

   All Safety
Safety Officer
Officers
s must c complete
omplete the Bu
Bureau
reau pr
prescribed
escribed T
Training
raining Cou
Course
rse
   A full-time
full-time safety oofficer
fficer m
must
ust be dul
duly
y accred
accredited
ited by the OSHC.
  ACCREDITATION PROGRAM OF DOLE

Note: The employment of a full-time safety officer may not be required if the employer enters
into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose
organization  whose duties
and responsibilities
responsibili ties shall be the duties of a safety practitioner as stated in this Rule. The
employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training
of his supervisors or technical personnel.  

NOT S
 _______________
 _______________________
____________________
_____________________
_________________
__________________
____________________
___________________
_______________
______
 _______________
 _______________________
__________________
___________________
_________________
__________________
____________________
_____________________
_________________
______

 _______________
 _______________________
__________________
___________________
_________________
__________________
____________________
_____________________
_________________
______

quirements for Accreditation  

Requirements
Re

OSH PRACTITIONER 
1. Completion of Prescribed 40-Hour BOSH training from DOLE accredited or
recognized organizations. 
2. Relevant experience in OSH 
Relevant
  Three (3) years’ experience if applicant is duly licensed by PRC


  Four (4) years’ experience if applicant is a graduate of any 4 or 5-year

college course without PRC license.
  Ten (10) years’ experience if applicant is a college undergraduate

Whatt are the requireme

Wha requirements
nts f or Acc reditation?

1. Duly accomplished Application Form (DOLE-BWC-AF-PCN-A1).

3. Updated
2. Originalfunctions/job
Original actual Certificate ofdescription
employment duly signed by the employer or authorized official of
the company.
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4. Photo copy of previous employment certificate (if necessary)

5. Photo copy of Certificat
Certificatee of Completion on the 40-Hour Bureau prescribed BOSH training
course from DOLE-BWC Accredited STOs
6. Photo copy of Certificate of Attendance/ Participation to other OSH related trainings/ seminars
from DOLE accredited / recognized organizations/i
organizations/institutions
nstitutions
7. Photo copy of college diploma, transcript of records and/or PRC license, if any

8. Proof of applicant’s achievements/

(i.e. awards/recognitions, accomplishments/participation
reports, programs on OSH
prepared and submitted)

Note:  Al
 Alll pages
p ages o f d
doc
ocum
um ent
entss m us
ustt be sig
s igned
ned by th
thee appl ic ant and or ig
igin
in al of
o f all
al l d
doc
ocum
um ent
entss
submitted must be presented to during applicant’s panel interview. 
interview.  

Validi
Va Renewal of Accreditation  
lidi ty and Renewal

  Accreditation shall be valid for three (3) years and shall be renewed upon compliance with
minimum requirements pursuant to D.O. 16, unless suspended, cancelled or revoked
  Accreditation shall be renewed within the prescriptive period of 30 calendar days prior to
expiration thereof.

RULE 1040 - Health and Safety Committee 

•What is a Safety and Health Committee?

Commi ttee?
 A Safety and Health Commit
Committee
tee is a gr
group
oup of employee
employeess or workers
workers and manageme
management nt that p
plans
lans and
makes policies in all matters pertaining to safety and health in the workplace. All establishments are
required to have a Safety and Health Committee.  

•When
•When shall an establishm
establi shm ent organize a Safe
Safety
ty and He
Health
alth Comm itt ee
ee?
?
In every workplace, a Safety and Health Committee shall be organized within sixty days after the
Standards take effect, and for new establishments, within one month from the date business starts
operating. In both cases the Safety and Health Committee shall reorganize every January of the
following year.

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•What are the types and composition of a Safety and Health Committee? 
Committee?  
The types and composition of the Safety and Health Committee shall be organized according to the
number of employees or workers in a workplace.

•What are the duties of the Safety and Health Committee? 

Committee?  

Safety and Health Committee shall:

  Plan and develop accident prevention
programs in the workplace;
  Inspect workplace to detect unsafe conditions;
  Review reports of inspection, results of
accident investigations and implementation of
accident prevention program;
  Conduct safety meetings at least once a
month;
  Submit reports to the manager/owner on its

  meetingsnecessary
Provide and activities;
assistance to government inspecting authorities in the proper conduct of
activities relating to enforcement of the provisions of the Standards;
  Train workers in safe work habits and procedures;
  Develop and maintain a disaster contingency plan and organize such emergency service units
as may be necessary to handle disaster situations pursuant to the Emergency Preparedness
Manual for Establishments of the Office of Civil Defense.

Duties of Employer
1. Establishes and adopts in writing administrative policies on safety and health
2. Reports to the enforcing authority the policies adopted and required report requirements.
3. Acts on recommended measures of health and safety committee and in case of non-adoption,
informs the committee of the reason

What are the duties of the Safety Officer?

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

 As per Rul

Rulee 1047 of OSHS:

  Advises employers, supervisors and workers on matters of safety for their guidance
  Investigates accidents a
ass part of the Safety Committee
  Coordinates safety training programs for employees and employers
  Make safety inspections of the plant as part of the Safety Committee
  Maintains or helps maintain an accident record sysystem
stem
  Acts as Secretary of the Safety Committee
  Provides assistance to government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health inspection

Qualification
Qualifi cations
sooff a Safety Consult
Cons ult ant (OSH
(OSHS
S Rule 103
1034.0
4.01)
1)
o  One who has been a Safety and Health Practitioner for at least five (5) years and has
taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau 
o  Safety Practitioners with at least ten (10
(10)) yyears
ears of experience in all levels of occupational
safety and health may not be required to undergo the required training provided they
secure from the |Bureau a certification attesting to their competence to qualify as
Consultants 
o  All Safety Consultants or consulting organizations, shall be accredited by the Bureau and

registered with the Regional Office Concerned.  

No person or organization may be allowed, hired or otherwise employed in the practice of

Occupational Safety and Health unless the requirements of the Rule are complied with.

Module
Modu le 2: DO 13

D.O. 13-- Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety

Safety and Hea
Health
lth i n
Construction Industry
Industry :

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO.

13
Series of 1998 

GUIDELINES GOVERNING OCCUPATIONAL  

SAFETY AND HEAL TH IN THE CONSTRUCTIO

CONSTRUCTION
N
INDUSTRY 

In the interest of ensuring the protection and welfare of workers employed in the
construction industry, the protection and welfare of the general public within and
around the immediate vicinity of any construction worksite as well as the
promotion of harmonious employer-employee relationships in the construction
industry, and after consultations with the stakeholders in the construction
industry, taking into consideration industry practices and applicable government
requirements, the following guidelines are hereby issued for all concerned:

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Section 1. Definiti
Definiti on of Terms.  As used
Terms. used herein
herein,, the ter
terms
ms below
below shall be
defined as follows:
a) “ Accr
 Ac cr edited
edi ted or gan
ganizat
izatio
ionn ”  means any organization duly accredited by the
Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) delegated or authorized to
perform functions related to improvement of occupational safety and health in
the form of training, testing, certification, safety and health auditing or any other
similar activity.
b) “Certified first-aider 
first-aider ” means any person trained and duly certified or qualified to
administer first-aid by the Philippine National Red Cross or by any organization
accredited by the same.
c) “Construction project manager/consultant ”  means a person or entity who is
“Construction project manager/consultant”
hired by the project owner, to act in the owner’s  behalf concerning
supervision and monitoring of all matters related to the overall execution of a
construction project. The construction project manager shall be a separate
entity from the general constructor or any subcontractor of the construction
project.
d) “Constructi on safety a
and
nd hea
health ee”” means the general safety and
lth c ommitt ee
health committee for a construction project site that shall be the overall
coordinator in implementing OSH programs.
e) “Construction safety and health officer ”  means any employee/worker
trained and,
a nd, in addition to their regular duties and responsibilities, tasked by
his employer to implement occupational safety and health programs in
accordance with the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health
Standards (OSHS).
“Construction safety and health program ”  refers to a set of detailed rules to
f) “Construction
cover the processes and practices that shall be utilized in a specific
construction project site in conformity with the OSHS including the personne
personnell
responsible
responsible and the penalties for violations thereof
thereof..
g) “Construction safety signage”
signage”  refers to any, but not limited to, emergency or
danger sign, warning sign or safety instructi
instruction,
on, of standard ccolors
olors and
sizes in accordance with the specifications for standard colors of signs for
safety instructions and warnings in building premises as described in Table II of
the OSHS
h) “Constructor”  is deemed synonymous with the term “builder”.  It refers to any
person or organization who undertakes or offers to undertake or purports to
have the capacity to undertake or submits a bid to, or does himself or by or
through others, construct, alter, repair, add to, subtract from, improve, move,
wreck or demolish any building, highway, road, railroad, excavation or other
structure, project, development
dev elopment or improvement, or to do any part thereof,
including the erection of scaffolding or other structures or works in connection
therewith. The term constructor includes subcontractor and specialty contractor

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

i) “Emergency health provider ”  means any person or organization who is

certified or recognized by the Depart
Department
ment of Healt
Health
h and who can provid
provide e
the same or equivalent emergency health services as an emergen
emergency
cy hospital,
including emergen
emergency
cy treatment of workers on site, emergency transport and
care during transport of injured workers to the nearest hospital, with adequate
personnel, supplies and facilities for the complete immediate treatment of injuries
or illnesses.
 j) “General constructor ”  means a constructor who has general supervision
over other
constructors in the execution of the project and who directly receives
instructions from the owner or construction project manager (if one is appointed
by the owner).
k) “General safety and health inspection”
inspection ”  refers to inspection of the work
environment, including the location and operation of machinery other than those
covered by technical safety inspections, adequacy of work space, ventilventilation,
ation,
lighting, conditions of work env
environment,
ironment, handling, storage or work procedures,
protection facilities and other safety and health hazards in the workplace

l) prime
“Heavymover
equipment
equipment”   refers
refersfor
used ”either to lilifting,
a
any
ny mamachin
fting, chine
e wit
with
h eleveling,
excavating, n g i n e drilling,
or el
electr
ectric
ic moto
motorring,
compact
compacting,as
transporting and breaking works in the construction site, such as but not limited
to crane, bulldozer, backhoe, grader, road compactor, prime mover and trailer,
with minimum operating weight and horsepower rating of 1,000 KG and 10 HP,
respectively.
m) “Imminent danger ” means a condition or practice that could reasonably be
expected to cause death or serious physical harm before abatement under the
normal enforcement procedures can be accomplished.
n) “Occupational health personnel”
personnel ” refers to a qualified first-aider, nurse, dentist, or
physician, engaged by the employer to provide occupational health
services in the establishment/undertaking.
o) “Project m anage r ” means the overall technical personnel of the general contractor
anager 
and/or the subcontractor in charge of the actual execution of a construction
project.
p) “Resident engineer ” means a duly licensed engineer who shall be tasked to be
present at the construction site at all times, whenever work is being
undertaken, and shall have the responsibili responsibility
ty of assuring the technical
conformance
conforma nce of all designs, materials, processes, work procedures rendered for the
execution of the construction project, including safety and health of all persons
within the construction site.
 

q) “programs,
Safety
Safe ty andrecords
health audi gular and critical
t ” refers to a reperformance
and management examination
on program of project
standards onsites,
safetysafety
and
health.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

r) “Sa
Safety
fety and hea
health
lth co mmi ttee
ttee”” means a group tasked with the authority to monitor, inspect,
and investigate all aspects of the construction project pertaining to health and safety
of construction workers.
s) “Safety organization”
organization ”  means any organization recognized and accredited by the DOLE
to conduct occupational safety and health training and/or safety and health audit.

t) “Safety personnel”
personnel ” refers to any person engaged by any constructor, trained, accredited
by DOLE and ttasked
asked to provide occupational safety and health services for
the workers/employees in any construction project.
u) “Skills standards”
standards ”  refers to the written specification of the minimum stock knowledge
and skills a worker should possess to perform the functions identified in the job description
of his occupation.
v) “Te
Technical
chnical s afe
afety pection”” refers to inspection for the purpose of safety determination
ty ins pection
of boilers, pressure vvessels,
essels, iinternal
nternal combustion engi engines,
nes, electrical
el ectrical installations,
elevators, hoisting equipment and other mechanical equipment.
w) “Trade test”
test ” refers to an instrument used to measure workers’ skills and knowledge based
on the requirements of the skills.
x) “Treatment Room”
Room ” refers to any enclosed area or room equipped with the necessary
medical facilities and supplies and located within the premises of the establishment where
workers maybe brought for examination and treatment of their injuries or illnesses
in cases of emergency.
y) “Tool box meeting or gang meeting”meeting ”  refers to daily meeting among workers and
t h e i r respec
respective
tive sup
superv
ervisor
isorss for the purp
purpose
ose of instr
instruct
uction,
ion, dis
discus
cussion
sion an
and
d prope
properr
briefing on the planned wor work,
k, the assessment of papast
st work, the possibility or actual
occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and suggestions on how to prevent possible
accidents and other related matters.
z) “Unguarded surface”
surface”  refers to any working surface above water or ground, temporary
or permanent floor platform, scaffold construction or wherever workers are exposed to
the possibility of falls hazardous to life or limb.

Section 2. Jurisdiction  

The DOLE, through the Secretary of Labor and Employment, has the exclusive jurisdiction in
the preparation of Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSHS) for the Construction
Industry including
incl uding its very enforcement, as provided for by law.

2.1. As embodied in Article 162, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of
the Philippines, "The Secretary of Labor and Employment shall by appropriate
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

orders set and enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards
to eliminate or reduce occupational safety and health h
hazards
azards in all work places
and institute new and update existing programs to ensure safe and healthful
working condition
conditionss in all p
places
laces of e
employment.
mployment.""

2.2. As e
embodied
mbodied in Article 165, Chapter 2, Title I of Book Four of The Labor Code of
the Philippines, "(a) The Department of Labor and Employment shall be solely
responsible for the administration and enforcement of occupational safety
and health laws, regulations and sstandards
tandards in all establishme
establishments
nts and
workplaces wherever they may be located"
Section 3. De
Delega
legation
tion of Authorit y and Accreditation

The authority to enforce mandatory occupational safety and health standards in the
construction industry may be delegated in part by the Secretary of Labor and Employment,
under the following conditions:

a) Chartere
Charteredd Cities and Municipalities may be allowed to conduct Technical
Safety Inspections and general safety audit of construction project sites within their
respective jurisdiction where they have adequate facilities and competent personnel
for the purpose as determined by the DOLE and subject to national standards
established by the latter, provided they submit for approval an application for such
authority.

b) Private Safety Organizations with adequate faciliti

facilities
es and competent personnel for
the purpose, may be accredited by DOLE to conduct technical and/or general
Safety and Health Audit of construct
construction
ion project sites, for and in behalf of the
company or establishment
establishment..
c) Accreditatio
Accreditationn of safety organizations and practitioners shall be in accordance with

Rule 1030 of the OSHS.

Section 4. Coverage 

This issuance shall apply to all operations and undertakings in the construction industry and
its subdivision
subdivisions,
s, namely, gen
general
eral building co
construction,
nstruction, gen
general
eral engineer
engineering
ing construction aand
nd
specialty trade construction, based on the classification code of the Philippine Construction
 Accreditation
 Accreditation Board (PCAB) of the Constru
Construction
ction Industry Authority of the Philippines (CIAP);
to companies and entities involved in demolition works; and to thos thosee falling within tthe
he
construction industry as may be de
determined
termined by the Secre
Secretary
tary of Labor and Employment.

Section 5. Construction Safety and Health Program  

Every construction project shall have a suitable Construction Safety and Health Program,
which must be in accordance with these rules, and other orders and issuances issued by the

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DOLE. The Construction Project Manager, or in his absence, the Project Manager as
authorized by the owner, shall be responsibl
responsible
e for compliance with this Section.
5.1 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall state the
following:

a) Composition of the Construction Safety and Health Committee, if one

has been formed, otherwise, an undertaking to organize such
committee and appoint its members before the start of construction
work at the project site;
b) specif
specific
ic safety policies which the General Constructor undertakes
to observe and maintain in its constructi
construction
on site, including the frequenc
frequencyy of
and persons responsible for conducting toolbox and gang meetings;
c) Penalties and sanctions for violations of the Construction Safety and
Health Program;

d) frequency, content and persons responsible for orienting, instructing

and training all workers at the site with regard to the Construction
Safety and Health Program under which they operate; and
e) The manner of disposing waste arising from the
construction.

5.2 The Construction Safety and Health Program shall be executed and verified by
the Construction Proje
Project
ct Manager or Project Manager and shall be submitted
to the Bureau of Worki
Working
ng Conditions ((BWC)
BWC) which may approve, disapprove or
modify the same according to existing laws, rules and regulations and other
issuances by the DOLE.

5.3 The cost of implementing the Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be integrated into the project’s   construction cost, provided, that said cost shall
be a separate pay item, duly quantified and stated in the project’s tender
documents and construction contract documents
 
Section 6. Personal Protective Equipment

Every employer shall, at his own expense, furnish his workers with protective equipment for
eyes, face, hands and feet, lifeline, safety belt/harness, p protective
rotective shields and barriers
whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous work process or environment, chemical or
radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment
in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical agent.

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Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) shall be in accordance with Rule 1080 of
the OSHS. The equival
equivalent
ent cost for the provisi
provision
on of PPE (life span, depreciation,
replacement, etc.) Shall be an integral part of the project cost.

6.1. The employer shall provide adequate and approved type of protective equipment.
Workers within the construction project site shall be required to wear the
necessary PPE at all times.
6.2. Construction workers who are working from unguarded surfaces six (6) meters
or more above water or ground, temporary or permanent floor platform, scaffold
or where they are exposed to the possibility
possibil ity of falls hazardous to life or limb, must
must
be provided with safety harnesses and life lines.
6.3. Specialty construction workers must be provided w with
ith special protective
equipment, such as specialized goggles or respirators for welders and painters
or paint applicators.
6.4. All other persons who are either authorized or allowed to be at a construction
site shall wear appropriate PPE.

Section 7. Safety Person nel  

Safety

To ensure that a Construction Safety and Health Program is duly followed and enforced at
the construction project site, each construction project site is required to have the minimum
required Safety Personnel, as described herein:
7.1. The General Constructor must pro provide
vide for a full-time officer, who shall be assigned
as the general construction
c onstruction ssafety
afety and health of
officer
ficer to oversee full
full time the overall
management of the Construction Safety and Health Program. The general
construction safety and health officer shall frequently monitor and inspect any
health and safety aspect of the construction wor work k being undertaken. He shall
also assist government inspectors in the conduct of safety and health
inspection at any time whenever work is being performed or during the conduct
of accident investigation.

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7.2. The General Constructor must provide for additional

Construction Safety and Health Officer/s in accordance with the
requirements for Safety Man/Officer of Rule 1033 (Training and
Personnel Complement), depending on the total number of
personnel assigned to the construction project site, to oversee
the effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health
Program at the site, under the direct supervision of the general
construction safety and health officer.
7.3. The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction
Safety and Health Officer for every ten (10) units of heavy
equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the effective
compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at
the construction project site, in terms of heavy equipment
utilization and maintenan
maintenance.
ce.
7.4. Each construction subcontractor must provide for a
representative, who shall have the same qualifications as a Safety
Man/Officer, to oversee the management of the Construction
Safety and Health Program for the subcontractor’s   workforce
and the specific
requirements area 1033
of Rule of work operations
of the OSHS. in accordance with the
 All safe
safety
ty p
pers
ersonn
onnel
el wh
who
o wi
willll be emp
employe
loyed
d by an e
employ
mployer
er o
on
n fu
full-ti
ll-time
me ba
basis
sis
should be accredited by the BWC of the DOLE.

Section 8. Emergency Occupational Health Personnel and

Facilities

8.1 The construction project owner or his duly authorized

representative shall provide competent emergency health
personnel within the worksite duly complemented by adequate
medical supplies, equipment and facilities, based on the total
number of workers in the site as indicated below:

a) The services of a certified first-aider when the total

number of workers is fifty (50) or less;
b) The services of a full-time registered nurse when the
total number of workers exceeds fifty (50) but not more
than two hundred (200);
c) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a part-
time phys
physician
ician and a dentist, and an emergency clinic when the
total number of workers exceeds two hundred (200) but not
more than three hundred (300); and

d) The services of a full-time registered nurse, a full-time

physician, a dentist and an infirmar
infirmaryy or emergency hospital with
one (1) bed capacity when the number of employees exceed
three hundred (300). In additio
addition,
n, there should be one (1)
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

bed capacity for every one hundred (100) employees in excess

of three hundred (300).
8.2 Where an employer provides only a treatment room, he
shall provide for his workers in case of e emergency,
mergency, access to
the nearest medical/dental clinic or to a medical/dental clinic
located within five (5) kilometers radius from the workplace and
can be reached in twenty-five (25)
(25) minutes of travel. Such
access shall include the necessary transportation facilities. In
such situation, there shall be a written contract with the
medical/dental clinic to attend tosuch workplace emergencies.

8.3 The engagement of an Emergency Health Provider for the

construction project sit
sitee shall be considered as having comp
complied
lied
with the requirement of accessibility to the nearest hospital
facilities.

8.4 The employer shall always have in the constructi

construction
on
site
and the requiredasminimum
equipment indicatedinventory
in of medicines, supplies

Section 9. Constructi on Safety

Safety Signages 

Construction Safety Signages must be provided to warn the workers

and the public of hazards existing in the workplace. Signages shall be posted in
prominent positions at strategic location and, as far as practicable, be in the
language understandable to most of the workers employed.
9.1 The signages includ
includee but
are not limited to:
a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal
protective equipment prior to entry to the project site.
b) Areas where there are potential risks of falling objects.
c) Areas where there are potential risks of falling.

d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are

used or stored.
e) Areas where there are tripping or slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or
irritant airborne. Contaminants/substance
Contaminants/substancess may exist
which should indicate the name of the
contaminant/substance involved and the type of
worn 
respiratory equipment to be worn 
g) All places where contact with or proximity to
electrical/facility
electrical/facility equipment can cause danger.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

h) All places where workers may come in contact with

dangerous moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and firefi
firefighting
ghting
equipment.
 j) Instructions on the u
usage
sage of spe
specific
cific con
construction
struction
equipment.
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.

9.2 Signages should be regularly inspected and maintained in

good condition. Signages that are damaged or illegible or that no
longer apply should be removed and replaced by the safety officer,
as needed.
Section 10. Sa
Safety Heavy Equipment  
fety on Constr uction Heavy

In relation to heavy equipment operation in all construction sites, the following

are required in the different phases of the project.

Pre-Construction  
10.1 Pre-Construction

The General Constructor must ensure that appropriate certification is obtained from
DOLE duly accredited organizations for the following:
a) All heavy equipmen
equipmentt operators assigned at the project site
must be tested and certified in accordance with a standard
trade test prescribed by Technical Education and Skills
Development Authority (TESDA) in coordination with its
accredited organization/s.
b) All hea
heavy
vy equipment must be tested and certified in
accordance with the standards prepared by DOLE or its
recognized organization/s prior to commissio
commissioning
ning of said
equipment.

10.2 During Construction

The General Constructor must ensure that the following
conditions are met or complied with:
10.2.1 Mobilization or Transport of
Heavy Equipment.

a) Load restriction of trailers carrying such heavy

equipment.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

b) Load restrictio
restrictions,
ns, height and width clearances
as imposed by Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) for all roads
and bridges to be utilized during transport.
c) Only duly certified operators are allowed to load
and unload heavy equipment to trailer.
d) Equipment to be transported must be properly
secured to the trailer.
10.2.2 Erection/Set-up of Heavy quipment.

a) Existing hazards must be avoided.

b) Standard checklist of steps and procedures must be
observed.
c) List of necessary equipment, tools and materials
must be available and properly utilized.

10.2.3. Routine Inspection

In the interest of accident prevention, duly certified
mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine
inspection of all heavy equipment dep
deployed
loyed at the site in
accordance with standards set by TESDA in
coordination with the Association of Construction
Equipment Lessors (ACEL, Inc.).
a) Routine inspection of all heavy equipmen
equipmentt must
be performed by DOLE accredited professionals
in accordance
acc ordance to standards sset
et by DOLE
recognized equipment suppliers.

b) All equipment
minimum safetywhich do not comply with the
standards for equipment certification shall be
immediately
immediate ly removed from the work site for
restoration or repair until they meet said
standards or requirements.
The General Constructor and the equipment owner shall
maintain a separate logbook for data on maintenance,
repairs, tests and inspections for each heavy
equipment. Such logbook shall be used as a
necessary reference during the conduct of equipment
inspection.

10.2.4. Certified Operators

a) Only duly certified operators shall be allowed
to operate their designated heavy equipment.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

b) All operators and riggers must wear personal

protective equipment as prescribed in the above
pertinent sections.
10.3 Post-Operation and Post-Construction
The procedures for dismantling and demobilization of heavy
equipment shall follow the same requirements as listed under
equipment
10.2.1 and 10.2.2 above.
Section 11. Constructi on Safety
Safety and Health Committee 

11.1 Composition

To ensure that these rules and the Construction Safety and

Health Program are observed and enforced at the project
site, each
e ach site shall, at the start of the construction have a
construction safety and health committee composed of the
following personnel as described under Section 7 above:
a) Project Manager or his representative as the chairperson ex
officio;
b) General Construction Safety and Health Officer;

c) Constructio
Constructionn Safety and Health Officers;
d) Safety representatives from each subcontractor,
e) Doctors, Nurses and other Health personnel, pursuant to
the requirements
require ments stated in Rule 1042 of the OSHS, who shall be
members ex officio;

f) Workers’  representatives (minimum of 3, union members if

organized, not necessaril
necessarilyy from one emp
employer).
loyer).

The persons constituting the Safety and Health Committee

shall, as far as practicable, be found at the construction site
whenever construction work is being undertaken.
The time spent by the members of the Safety and Health
Committee in the performance of their duties such as
committee meetings, seminars and training, investigation and
other tasks that maybe assigned or planned by the
committee shall be considered hours worked and therefore
compensable time.

11.2 Authority and Duties of the Construction Safety and Health Com
Committee
mittee

The chairperson shall convene the Construction Safety and Health Committee
at regular
regula r intervals so as to e
effectively
ffectively and efficiently monitor the implementation
implementation
of the Construction Safety and Health Program. As such, he shall have the
following duties:
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

a) plan, develop and oversee the implementation of accident prevention

programs for the construction project;
b) Direct the accident prevention efforts for the constructi
construction
on project in
accordance with these rules and the Construction Safety and Health Program;
c) Initiate and supervise the conduct of brief ssafety
afety meeti
meetings
ngs or toolbox
meetings every day;
d) Review reports of safety and health inspections, accident investigations;
e) Prepare and submit to DOLE reports on committee meetings;
f) Provide necessary assistance to government inspecting authorities in the
proper conduct of their enforcement and other activities;
g) Initiate and supervise safety and health training for employees;
h) Develop and maintai
maintainn a disast
disaster
er contingenc
contingencyy plan and organize such
emergency service units as may be necessary to handle disaster
i) Perform all duties provided in the Constructio
Constructionn Safety and Health Program
or those that are necessary and incidental to the fulfillment of their duties
herein described.
Section 12. Safety and Health Information

12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitab

suitably:
ly:
a) Informed of potential safety and h
health
ealth hazards to which they may b
be
e exposed at
their workplace; and
b) Instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, con
control
trol and
protection against those hazards.
12.2 No person shall be deployed in a constructio
constructionn site unless he h
has
as undergone a
safety
Health and health
Center awareness
(OSHC), BWCseminar
an
and conducted
d other conc by the
concerned
erned Occupational
office
officess of DOLESafety
or byand
safety professionals or safety organizations or other institutions DOLE has accredited
or recognized. The DOLE in collaboration with constructors shall promote programs for
the implementation of these awareness seminars for construction workers.

12.3 Every w
worker
orker shall receive instruction and training regarding the general safety
and health me
measures
asures co
common
mmon to construction sites which shall include:
a) Basic rights and duties of workers at the construction site
b) Means of access and egress both during nor
normal
mal w
work
ork and in emergency
situations

c) Meas
Measure
uress for good housekeeping
d) Location and proper use of welfare amenities and first-aid facilities
 26 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

e) Proper care and use of the items or personal protective equipment and
protective clothing provided the workers
f) General measures
measures for personal hygiene and health protection
protec tion
g) Fire precautions to be taken

h) Action to be taken in case of any emergency

i) Requirements of relevant health and safety rules and regulations.

12.4 The instruction, training and informatio

informationn materials, shall be given in a language or
dialect understood by the worker. Written, oral, visual and participative approaches shall
be used to ensure that the worker has assimilated the material.

12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, lead man, gang
boss, etc.) shall conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks
for the day to discuss with the workers and anticipate safety and health problems
related to every task and the potential ssolutions
olutions to those problems. T The
he
supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions that need to
undertaken 
be undertaken 

12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

a) Drivers and operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and

materials-handling
materials-handling equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or
dangerous nature;
b) Workers engaged in the erection or dismantling of scaffolds;
c) Workers engaged in excavation
excavationss at least one meter deep or deep e n o u g h to
cause danger, shafts, and earthworks, underground works or tunnels;
d) Workers handling explosives or engaged in blasting operations;

e) Workers engaged in pile-driving;

f) Workers working in compressed air, cofferdams, and caissons;

g) Workers engaged in the erection of prefabricated parts of steel
s t r u c t u r a l fr
frame
amess a
and
nd ta
tallll ch
chim
imne
neys
ys,, a
and
nd in cconc
oncret
rete
e w
wor
ork,
k, ffor
orm
m w
work
ork an
and
d o
othe
therr
such work;
h) Workers handling hazardous substances and materials
materials;;
i) workers as signalers; and
 j) Other w
workers
orkers as mayb
maybe
e categor
categorized
ized by TESD
TESDA.
A.

Section 13. Constructi on Safety

Safety and Health Training  

The basic construction safety and health training shall be a forty (40)-hour training
course as prescribed by the BWC. The training course shall include the provisions
 course as prescribed by the BWC. The training course shall include the provisions
27 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

of Rule 1410 of the OSHS. The BWC, from time to time, may modify the basic
construction safety and health training course, as the need arises.
 All safety person
personnel
nel involved in a consconstruc
truction
tion pro
project
ject shal
shalll be requ
required
ired to comp
complete
lete
such basic training course. Every constructor shall provide continuing construction
safety and health training
t raining to al
alll technical pe
personne
rsonnell under his emp
employ.
loy. Continu
Continuing
ing training
shall be a minimum of 16 hours per year for every full-time safety personnel.

Section 14. Construction Safety and Health Reports  

 All genera
generall constructo
constructors
rs shall be requir
required
ed to submit a monthly constructio
construction
n safety
and health report to the BWC or to the DOLE Regional Office concerned. The
report shall include a monthly summary of all safety and health ccommittee
ommittee meeting
agreements, a summary of all accident investigations/reports and periodic hazards
assessment with the corresponding remedial measures/action for each hazard.
In case of any dangerous occurrence or major accident resulting in death or
permanent total disabil
disability,
ity, the concern
concerned
ed employ
employer
er shall initially n
notify
otify the DOLE
Regional
Region al Office within twenty- four (24) hours from occurrence. After the
conduct of investigation by the concerned construction safety and health officer,
the employer shall report all permanent total disabilities to DOLE Regional Office on or
before the 20th of the month following the date of occurrence of accident using the
DOLE/BWC/HSD-IP-6 for
Section 15. Constructi on Workers
Workers Skills Certificates  

In order to professionalize, upgrade and update the level of competence of construction

workers, the TESDA shall:
a) Establish national skills standards for critical construction occupations;
b) Prepare guidelines on skills testing and certificat
certification
ion for critical constructio
constructionn
occupations;
c) Accredit construction sector organizations in the area of skills training and trade
testing; and d) extend relevant assistance to construction sector organizations.

In this regard, all construction workers in critical occupations shall undergo

mandatory skills testing for certific
certification
ation by TESDA.

 An occupa
occupation
tion shall
shall be
be conside
considered
red critic
critical
al -

a) When the performance of a job affects and endangers people’s lives and limbs;
b) When the job involves the handling of tools, equipment and supplies;

c) When the job requires a relatively long period of education and training;
d) Wh
When
en the performance of the job may compromise the safety, health and
environmental
environmental concerns within the immediate vicinity of the construction site.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Section 16. Workers’ Welfare Facilities 

The employer shall provide the following welfare facilities in order to ensure humane
working conditions:
16.1 Adequate supply of safe drinking water.

a) If the water
containers fromis used
whichinthe
common drinking
water is areas,
dispensed it should
through be or
taps stored in closed
cocks. Such containers
should be cleaned and disinfected at regular intervals not exceed exceeding
ing fifteen (15)
days.
b) Notices shall be conspicuously posted in locations where there is water
supply that is not fit for drinking purposes.
16.2 Adequate sanitary and washing facilities
a) Adequate facilities for changing and for the storage and drying of work
clothes
b) Adequate accommodation for taking meals and shelter.

16.3 Suitable living acco

accommodation
mmodation for wor
workers,
kers, and a
ass may be ap
applicable,
plicable, for
their familie
familiess
16.4 Separate sanitary, washing and sleeping facilitie
facilitiess for men and women
workers.
Section 17. Cost of Constructi on Safety Health Program 
Safety and Health

The total cost of implementing a Construction Safety and Health Program shall
be a mandatory integral part of the project's construction cost as a separate pay
item, duly quantified and rreflected
eflected in the Proj
Project's
ect's Tender Documents and likewise
reflected in the Project's Construction Contract Documents.

Section 18. Miscellaneous

 All provis
provisions
ions o
off oth
other
er ex
existing
isting occup
occupation
ational
al sa
safety
fety and h
health
ealth guide
guidelines
lines not
inconsistent with the above Guidelines shall form part of this Department Order.
 All provisions of other existing ooccupatio
ccupational
nal safety and health standards
standards,, rules
and regulations
regula tions not specifically provided herein shall rema
remain
in in full force and
effect.
In the event that any provision of this Guidelines is declared invalid by competent
authority, the rest of the provisions thereof not affected shall remain in full force and
effect.
Section 19. Violations and Penalties  

19.1. A s circums
circumstances
tances mamayy war
warrant,
rant, the D DOLE
OLE shashallll refer to the Philippine
Contractors Accreditati
Accreditation
on Board (PCAB) iits
ts findings
findings,, after due proc
process,
ess, on any
act or omission committed by construction contractors in violation of labor
standards, safety rules and regulations and other pertinent policies.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

 Any such viola

violation
tion comm
committ
itted
ed by conconstruc
struction
tion contractor
contractors,
s, whethe
whetherr general
constructors or sub-contractors, shall constitut
constitute
e as prima facie case of a
construction malperformance of grave consequence due to negligence,
incompetence or malpractice contemplated under R.A. 4566 (Constructors’  
Licensing Law), as aamended,
mended, and its Impl
Implementing
ementing Rules and Regulations.
19.2. In cases of imminent danger situations, the DOLE Regional Director shall issue a
stoppage order, in conformance with the guidelines specified under Rule 1012.02 of the
OSHS and other pertinent issuances for stoppage of operation or for other appropriate
action to abate the danger. Pending the is issuance
suance of the order, the employer shal shalll
t a k e appr
appropr
opriate
iate mea
measure
suress to prot
protect
ect his wor
workers.
kers. The sstopp
toppage
age orde
orderr sh
shal
alll re
remain
main
in effect until the danger is removed
remov ed or corrected. Non-compliance with the order sshall
hall be
penalized under existing provisions of labor laws.
Section 20. Effectivity  

This issuance shall serve as policy and procedural guidelines for this Department and its
agencies in the administration and enforcement of applicable labor and ssocial ocial
legislation and their implementi
implementingng regula
regulations.
tions.
Nothing herein shall be construed to authorize diminution or reduction of benefits being
enjoyed by employees at the time of issuance hereof.

Module 3:
3: Const
Construc
ructio
tionn Site P
Premises
remises
Construction is inherently dangerous and present almost all hazards in every way and
processes.

We must be responsible to help make it safe for everyone with Management support.

Coverage

• Good Housekeeping 
• Safety Signage 
• Fire Safety 
• Electrical Safety 
• Means of Access and Egress 
• Heavy Equipment 
• Lifting Equipment 
• Excavation
• Scaffolding 
• Ladder  
• Safety Inspection
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

HOUSEKEEPING
SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING

1. cluttered and poorly arranged

arrange d areas
2. untidy or dangerous storage of materials
3. presence of items no longer needed or in in excess
4. dusty, dirty floors and wwork
ork surfaces
surfaces
5. tools and equipment left
left in
in work areas
6. no waste bins and containers
7. presence of spills and leaks
8.

Disadvantages
Disadvantages of Poor Housekeeping
Housekeeping

  Low Morale
  Low Productivity
  Fire

WHAT IS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING?  

Good housekeeping means there is a clean and orderly place for everything and
everything is in place.

The 5S
5S of Good Housekee
Housekeepin
pingg

Seiri (Sort/eliminate)  

( /organize)
Seiton Systematize  
Seiso (Sweep/clean/polish) 

Seiketsu (Sanitize/standardize)

Shitsuke (Self-discipline/ training)

Controls

  Clean work area

  Provide waste bins
  Keep floors, aisles and stair
stairss free from obs
obstructions
tructions
  Properly stack & store m
materials,
aterials, tools and equipment
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Rule 1060 OSHS

 – Premises of establishments

 –  Good housekeeping shall be maintained at all times thru cleanliness of building, yards,
machines and equipment, regular waste disposal and orderly processes, operations, storage
and filling of materials.

Deteriorating housekeeping may be the first evidence of a deteriorating safety

and health program.

SAFETY SIGNAGES
 A Sa
Safety Sig n  provides information about health and safety at work by means of a
fety Sign
signboard, a safety color and a safety message to a specific object, activity or situati
situation.
on.

D.O. 13 Sect
Sectio
io n 9
Constructi on Safety
Safety Signage

Construction Safety Signage must be provided to warn the workers and the public of
hazards existing in the workplace. Signage shall be posted in prominent
prominent positions at
strategic locations and, as far as practicable, be in the language understandable to most of
the workers employed.

Section
Section 9.
9.1
1 The
The signage should i nclud e but are not limit ed to:

a) Mandatory requirement on the usage of personal protective equipment prior to entry to the
project site.
b) Areas where there areare potential
potential risks of falling o objects.
bjects.
c) Areas wher
where
e there
there are potentia
potentiall risks of falling.
d) Areas where explosives and flammable substances are used and stored.
e) Areas wher
where
e there
there are tripping
tripping or slipping
slipping hazards.
f) Approaches to working areas where danger from toxic or irritant airborne
contaminants/substances may exist which should
indicate the name of the contaminant/ substance
involve and the type of respiratory equipment to be
worn.
g) All places where contact with or proximity to electrical/
facility equipment can cause danger.
h) All places where workers may come into contact with
dangerous
dangerou s moving parts of machineries or equipment.
i) Location of fire alarms and
and fire fighting equipment.

 j) equipment.
Instruction on the u
usage
sage of specifi
specificc constructio
construction
n
k) Periodic updating of man-hours lost.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Safety
Safety Bulletin Board
Bo ard

Mandatory provision of safety and warning signs are reiterated not only for the protection of
workers, but also the public in general. Signs should conform with the standard
requirements of the OSHS.

Where Signages are needed . . .

  Usage of PPE
  Falling/falling objects
  Explosives and flammable substances
  Tripping and Slipping Hazards
  Toxic or iirritant
rritant airborne contaminants/ substances
  Proximity to electrical facilities/equipment
  Moving parts of machines
  Location of Fire Fighting Equipment
  Instructional signs/Update of m man-hours
an-hours los
lostt

PPE Safety
Safety Scoreb
Scoreboard
oard

Effective
Effective Visuals

1. Change Periodically 4.Locate Properly

2. Employees Involvement 5. Use COLOR
3. LARGE Enough 6. K I S S

Fire Safety  

Fire  is the
presence result ofheat.
of enough the chemical combination
If any one of the threeofisa missing,
combustible
a firematerial
will not (fuel) with relationship
start. The oxygen in theis
called fire triangle. It is important that every worker, not only supervisor, knows the main causes of
fire, how fire spreads, how to fight fire, and how to prevent fire.
 33 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Basic Chemist
Chemist ry of Fire

  Fuel. Or combustible materials. This includes many substances such as natural gas
(methane), plastics, wood, natural and artificial fibers, paper, coal and other living
matter. Inorganic substances are also combustible, substances like hydrogen,
ammonium nitrate magnesium, phosphorus, sodiumand sulfur.
  Oxygen.  Fire normally draws its fire through the air, which is a mixture of 21 percent
oxygen and 78 percent nitrogen. 16% of oxygen is needed to sustain fire.
  Heat.  Sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the fuel surface to a point where
chemical union of the fuel and oxygen occurs. The temperature
tempe rature at which the substance
gives off these vapors or gases in sufficient quantity to be ignited is cal led the “flash
point” of the substance. 
  Chemical Reaction. Vapors of gases, which are distilled during burning process of a
material, are carried into the flame

Three methods of Heat Transfer

  Conduction. Is the transfer of thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a

substance due to a temperature gradient. 
gradient.  It takes place in solids, such as metals,
timber, concrete and glass. Some solids, such as metals, are better conductor of heat
than woods, for example.  
  Convection. Is one of the major modes of  heat  heat transfer and
and mass
 mass transfer. It
transfer. It takes
place in fluids and gases cause by the convection currents.  
  Radiation.  Is electromagnetic radiation emitted from a material which is due to the
heat of the material, the characteristics of which depend on its temperature.
its  temperature. It
 It is the
process of heat transmission
transmiss ion through air and gases. If you are sitting close to a bonfire,
he will feel the heat of the fire, even though the surrounding is cold, this is an example
of heat radiation. 

Sources of Ignition


  Electrical equipment. Hot surfaces produced by defective electrical equipment are a
common source of ignition.
  Spontaneous
Spontane ous Ignitio n. If some liquids are heated or sprayed to a very hot surface, it may
ignite spontaneously without a present ignition source.  
  Spontaneous
Spontane ous Combust ion.  Is a type of   combustion
combustion which occurs without an external ignition
source. Combustion begins if a sufficiently strong oxidizer,
strong oxidizer, such
 such as oxygen, is present. 
  Smoking.  In many workplaces, employees smoking, or other persons smoking in a certain
area, can be a source of fire.
  Friction. Sparks can be created by friction, for instance where the moving part of a machine
comes to contact with a fixed part, or two moving surfaces rub each other or slide together
during machine operation. 
  Vehicle Emissions and Hot Surfaces. In vehicle maintenance, and parking areas,
Engines, Vehicle

diesel-petrol
of ignition.  engine, vehicle emissions and hot surfaces like exhaust systems can be a source
  Open Flame Sources. Open flame in the workplace such as boilers, furnaces, portable
heating appliances, etc can be also a source of ignition .
  Lighting. In limited cases, lighting can be a source of ignition. 
 34 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Products of Combustion
  Fire Gases. Are the vaporized products o off combustio
combustion?
n? 
  Flame. Is the visible luminous body of a burning gas, which becomes hotter and less luminous
when it is mixed with increased amounts of oxygen?  
  Heat. Is the process of   energy
energy transfer from one body or  system
 system due to thermal contact? 
  Smoke. The Visible product of incomplete combustion.  

Phases
Phases of Burni ng

  Incipient Phase or Beginning Phase

  Flame Producing or Free-Burning
Free-Bu rning Phase
  Smoldering phase

PHASE –  or beginning of fire 

INCIPIENT PHASE –
•  oxygen is plentiful
•  Temp has not built to high peak
•  Breathing not difficult
•

  Direct water application

•  Ventilation: not a problem
•  Little steam producti
production
on

PHASE –  fire begins to deplete the room ’s oxygen supply and temperature greatl
FREE BURNING PHASE – greatlyy
increased.
  Fire has involved more fuels
•

  Oxygen supply is being depleted

•

  Heat accumulates
• accumulates at ceiling
  SCBA is a must
•

  Ventilation: not a definite need

•

  Good steam production

PHASE –  after oxygen content of the air falls below 15%, the fire enters a smoldering
SMOLDERING PHASE –
phase where flame may cease but dense smoke and heat completely fill the room.  
•  Oxygen supply is below 15%
•  Temp is very high
•  Normal breathing not possible
•  Backdraft hazard
•  Fire extinguishment:
extinguishm ent: indirect method
•  Ventilation is a must

**********************
************************************
*****************************
**************************
*************************
***************************
************************
***********

Fire Spread Control

  Starvation o r Fuel Removal. There are three ways to achieve starvation:  
  Take the fuel away from the fire
  Take the fire away from the fuel
 35 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

 
Reduce the quantity or bulk of the fuel.
  Smothering or oxygen removal. Smothering can be achieved by:  
  Allowing the fire to consume the oxygen while preven
preventing
ting the inward flow of more
oxygen
  Adding an inert gas to the burning mixture.

Oxygen levels can be reduced below the minimum (16%) percentage needed for combustion by
purging and rendering the atmosphere inert in closed containers or processing systems.

  Cooling or heat source control. The most common means of fire. Water is the most effective
and cheapest medium for fighting a fire.

Classifi
Classifi cations of Fire and
and Extinguish ing Methods

  materials  such as solid materials, wood, cloth, paper, and natural

Class A or comb ustibl e materials
fibers. Water is used in cooling to reduce the temperature of the burning material below its
ignition temperature. It is the most effective way of extinguishing the Class A fire.  

  Class B fires involve Flammable liquids, greases and gases. Foam, vaporizing liquids,
carbon dioxide and dry powder   can be used on Class B fires. There may be some
restrictions on the type of foam which can be used because some foam breaks down on
contact with alcohols. 
  Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment. This class of fire can be controlled by
the use of non-cond
non-conducting extinguishing  agents. The safest procedure is to always de-
ucting extinguishing
energize high voltage circuits and treat as Class A or Class B fire depending on the fuel.  
  Class D fires involve combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium
and potassium. Water and other common extinguishing agents are ineffective on this kind of
fire because of its extremely high temperature. There is no agent available that will effectively
control fires in all combustible metals. Special extinguishing agents are available for control of
fire in each of the metals and are marked specifically for that metal.  

  Class K fire
under the USor ki tchen
system, fire.
and Fires
"Class F"that involve
involve cooking
under  cooking oils or fats aresystems.
the European/Australasian designated "Class
Though K"
such
fires are technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the special characteristics of
these types of fires are considered important enough to recognize separately.  

Fire Extinguishers - Is an active

an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense. Fire extinguishers are further divided
into handheld and cart-mounted, also called wheeled extinguishers. Handheld extinguishers weigh
from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1 to 30 pounds), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units
typically weigh 23+ kilograms (50+ pounds). These wheeled models are most commonly found at
construction
constructi on sites, airport
sites, airport runways,
 runways, heliports,
 heliports, as
 as well as docks
as docks and marinas. 
and marinas.

Portable Fire-Fighti
Fire-Fighti ng
These are appliances designed to ba carried and operated by hand. These contains extinguishing
medium which can be expelled by action of internal pressure and directed on to a fire. The maximum
mass of a portable extinguisher in working order is 23kg.
 36 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

  Water. These operate on the basis of cooling and reducing the temperature
within a fire, slowing down the rate of combustion and preventing reignition from
taking place. Water is the most efficient form of extinguisher for use on Class
 A fires. 
  Foam. Foam applied to a fire has a smothering effect, preventing further air
from reaching the combustion area or seat of the fire.
  Carbon dioxide. It produces a snow that is converted to gas in the fire. This
has the effect of slowing down the rate of combustion, reducing the available
oxygen through the smothering effect created. 
  Dry Chemical. These incorporate a specific powder mixture that interfer
interferes
es with
the combustion process, reducing the combustion rate until no further ignition
and reignition of the fuel can take place. They are designed for Class A and B
fires. 

Proper Use
Use of Fire Extinguish ers

The Parts
Parts of the Fire Extin
Extin guisher
 37 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE is a chemical reaction between a flammable or combustible material and oxygen. 

Classific
Classific ation of Fire

PREVENTION

Control of Heat Source

 –Welding
 –Cutting
 –Friction from Grinding
 –Electricity
 –Friction

Methods
Methods of Extinguishing Fire
• Removal of Fuel 
• Blanketing or Smothering 
• Cooling or Quenching 

Using the Fire

Fire E
Extin
xtin guis her

remember the.. 
 Always remember PASS-word
 38 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Electrical Safety
Like any other forms of energy, it can be completely safe provided it is treated and handled with care
and people know the basic principles in its use. Electrical abuse and misuse, however, can result to
serious injuries, fire, damage to plant and equipment, even death.

Every piece of equipment is a potential source of electrical shock. Even an electrical shock small
enough not to cause an injury can trigger an involuntary reaction that may result in physical harm.

Electric accidents are classified into: electric shock caused by contact with charged or leaked parts of
electric facilities; a burn cause by discharge arc, eye injury caused by strong light from arc welding
work; and fire or explosion ignited by overheat, sparks, leakage current, static charges, and the like.

 An effective electri

electrical
cal sa
safety
fety policy coupled with an employee training and hazard awarene
awareness
ss program
can further prevent electrical shock. It is also recommended that an effective electrical inspection
program be implemented and conducted periodically as conditions warrant.

Myths and Misco

Misco nceptions about electricit
electricit y:

  Electricity
Electric ity takes the
the path of least resistance.
resistanc e. This myth implies that current only takes llow ow
resistance paths. Actually,
Actually, current will take any path, high or low resistance in order to return
to the source that provides power.
  A person is led to believe that electricity wants to go to ground and simply disappear. In reality,
current uses the ground to get back to its grounded power source.
  When an electrical
electrical tool or appliance iis
s into water, it does
does not short ou
out.
t. If the swi
switch
tch is ON, the
item will continue to operate. If it is switched OFF, it will do no harm.
  AC reverse polarity is not hazardous. The switch is supposed to be on the “hot” conductor
supplying power to the item.
  It takes high voltage to kill; 120 volts AC is not dangerous. Current is. However, AC voltage as
low as 60 volts can kill. At higher
h igher voltage,
voltage, the body can be severely burned and yet the victim
could live.
  Double- insulated power tools are doubly safe and can be used in wet and damp locations.
Basic Electrical Terms

Voltage- the difference in potentials between points (measured in volts)

Current- The movement or flow of electric charges (measured in amperes)
Resistance - The property of material that opposes the flow of electric current (measured in ohms)
Ohm’s law- the current flowing in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely
proportional
proportion al to the resistance.
Conductor - permits electrons or electric current to flow through it Conductors have low resistance to
electricity and are used for wires, switches and electrical connecti
connections.
ons.

Insulator - Used to provide

provide barrier around a conductor (to prevent accidental contact). Insulators have
a very high resistance to the flow of electricity and are used to cover wiring and other electrical
components

Semiconductors   - can change their resistance to act as either a conductor or an insulator. They
 are used to make computer microchips.
39 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Electric
Ele Circui t  - Any combination of a conductor and a source of electricity connected together to
ctric al Circui
permit electrons to travel in a continuous stream.
stream. Electricity may take multiple paths,
paths, flowing through
all possible circuits. The greatest amount of current will flow through the path of least resistance, or
lowest resistance, or lowest impedance. 

 Any part
part of your body
body that accidental
accidentally
ly bridge
bridgess the gap bet
between
ween two different voltage llevels
evels create
createss a
new electrical circuit, and your body may provide the path of least resistance to the ground.
Equipment grounding connects all conductive
conductiv e materials that enclose electrical lines. Bypassing
grounds or careless handling of grounding connections can result in electrical fires and fatal accidents

Circuit-Protection Devices (CPDs)

  Fuses
  Circuit breakers
  Ground fault circuit- interrupters
interrupter s (GFCIs)- A GFCI is a supersensitive
supersensitiv e appliance,
appliance, rapid
action power switch which breaks a circuit when there is more than 5 milliamps
difference between the hot wire and the neutral or grounded conductors.

Rules for Circuit Protection

  Do not create an octopus connection
  Never bypass, bridge nor disable any circuit protection device in an energized or live
circuit
  Always make sure the power is safely off.
  Replace a fuse with the exact duplicate.
  Use fuse pliers for added protection
  Be sure the markings on the old and new fuses match.

Electric
Ele Shock –  is the most serious electrical hazard. This happens when you touch a live wire, a
ctric al Shock –
tool or machine with poor insulation. You then become a conductor.   The danger of an electric shock
is not directly related to the voltage, but mainly determined by the following conditions: current value,
type of power supply, duration of electric shock, passage of current and human condition.  

The minimum current at which a man feels an electric shock is about 1 mA at 60Hz; the limit current
at which man can endure the pain of an electric shock is about 7 to 8 mA and the maximum current
at which man can still move is about 10 to 15 mA. The heart is particularly the susceptible to electric
shock. The flow of the current disturbs the hearts rhythm, upsetting the blood flow and affecting its
vital functions. When the current increases, the heart shivers and death results in few minutes.

Measure
Measures
s for Preventing
Preventing Electric
Electric Shock Accidents
 Accidents or deat
deaths
hs by an el
electric
ectric shock
shock are mostly caused by contact with po
power
wer transmi
transmission
ssion lilines,
nes,

followed
other power by movable
facilities. or portable electric machines and equipment, switches, wiring, capacitors, and
To prevent such accidents, even death, it is necessary to check the electric facilities and put them in
order, and to conduct training for handling electric equipment and working method around electric
facilities.
 40 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

1. Maintenance
Maintenance and Inspection of ele
electric
ctric faciliti es
  Check the wiring,
wiring, movable wires, switches and all electric machines and
equipment if provided with complete insulation cover and enclosures. If you
found out that it is faulty, they must be repaired immediately.
  Before using the electric equipment, check the earth conductor is connected
and not damaged and see to it that the earth pole is not floating.
  Before using the welding machines, check if the electrode holders, safety
devices and tools such as automatic voltage reducing device for AC welding
machines and leakage circuit breaking equipment for preventing electric
shocks are complete.

2. Electric shock prevention

prevention when handling
handling li ve lines and working near
near live lines
When handling hot lines, it is necessary to install an insulation protector, and have
workers wear safety garments such as insulati
insulation
on gloves and electric safety helmet. For
high- voltage live lines, it is preferable to use live line working tools such as live sticks,
live line working carts, and insulation
insulation bench. If work
working
ing near a high- voltage live lines,
workers must approach within 30cm from overhead live lines or within 60 cm from
sideway or underneath live lines. The workers must wear insulation protective
garments or the live lines must be provided with a safety device. Low- voltage live lines
must be protected in the same way.
  Electric safety Helmet. Or electric safety helmet is useful to prevent an
electric shock and protect
protect the head from flying and falling objects. The
helmet consists of high- insulating synthetic resin, such as
polyethylene. Polyester and hard polyvinylchloride.
  Electric Rubber gloves
o  For high voltage. When handling high voltage live lines, the
gloves protect the hands and forearms.
o  For low voltage
Raw and synthetic rubbers are used, of which the latter has
better wear resistance. The withstand voltage is 2,000 V/min
for raw rubber gloves and 1, 000 V/min for synthetic gloves.
  Electric Insulation garments. Is used to protect both shoulders and
back from an electric shock.

  Electric sleeve cover. Pr

Protects
otects ar
arms
ms fro
from
m electri
electricc shock
  Electric insulation tube.
  Electric insulation sheet
  Protective tube for construction
construction field.

3. Electric shock prevention

prevention whe
when
n handling
handling power failure
failure
It is caused by misrecogniti
misrecognition
on of hot lines, touching residual electric
electric charges, and error
of power transmission and this accident is greater at power failure than at normal operation.
 41 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

First Aid Procedures

Mild Shock
  Have the worker sit down
  Be sure muscle movement is normal
  Check for loss of feeling in any part of the body
  Check the pulse rate and breathing
  If there
there is no severe p
pain,
ain, tthe
he worker can return to wor
work.
k.

Continuous Shock
  Remove the contact of the worker from energized source using wooden chair, broom
handle, plastic pipe or rope.
  When you have freed the victim from the power source, assess if the victim’s
v ictim’s condition.
condition.
Check the airway, breathing and pulse. Always bring the victim
v ictim to the doctor for medical
attention
attention after first aid.

Lockout - is blocking the flow of energy from the power source to the equipment- and keeping it
blocked out.
Lockout/ tag out protects you from the unexpected start-up of machines or release of stored energy
during service or maintenance.

Lockou t- tag out procedure

  Place a lock on a disconnection
disconnection switch, circuit breaker, valve handle to make sure it cannot
be moved from the OFF or closed position.
  Attach a written tag at the place where the equipment would be energized, such as the ON
switch or on a valve that opens a supply line.
  NEVER use you LOTO for blocking personal or unauthorized
unautho rized items
  NEVER lend or borrow a lock or tag
  NEVER remove someone else’s lock or tag  

6 steps to lockout/ tag out

1. Preparation - know the equipment, its energy source before working on it
2. Shutdown - turn off the equipment
3. Isolation - find and isolate every form of energy that the machine uses. This includes pulling
fuses, throwing disconnects and capping any secondary sources of energy.
4.  App li cat io n - anything that might restore the flow of energy to the work area must be locked
out. In situations where multiple pieces of equipment are being locked, an authorized
employee places all keys in a lock box to which each employee attaches his or her personal
lock.
5. Control - even after the equipment is locked out, you must control the stored energy.
a. Relieve, disconnect or restrain any residual hazardous energy that could be present
b. Check that all moving parts have been
been stopped.
c. Relieve trapped pressure
d. Install ground w
wires
ires to discharge e
electrical
lectrical capacitor
capacitors.
s.
e. Block or support elevated equipment
 f. Check continuously if energy build- up is possible
42 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

6. Verify
a. Energy source is shut down. Blocked off, controlled and locked out
b. Warn everyone in the lockout area and be sure they are moved to a safe place
c. Activate con
controls
trols that might restore
restore power to the machine
machine you are worki
working
ng on
d. If equipment does not start, restore all controls to the OFF position and begin to work

3 steps to r emoval and Re- Energizing a System

System
1. Restore Work Area
a. Remove all tools
b. Double check all equipment components
c. Replace all safety features, such as machine guards
d. Close access panels that were opened to perform service on equipment

2. Notify Personnel.  Notify all employees that LOTO devices are being removed. Remove
employees from the area or make sure they are at a safe distance from the equipment.

3. Devic es. The person who placed each device must be the one to remove it.
Remove LOTO Devic
Someone who placed a LOTO device is not present, notify your supervisor who will follow specific
procedures. Never remove it yourself.
 After all devices are removed,
removed, tell invol
involved
ved employees that LOT
LOTO
O is ended and tha
thatt the equipment
is being re-energized.

SAFETY IN LIFTING
L IFTING OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIAL HANDLING OPERATIONS

Refers to any methods for moving materials:

   by people

   by people using equipment

 43 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

MANUAL MATERIAL HANDLING

Manual Material Handling  means moving or handling things by lifting, carrying, placing,
pushing, or storing using own physical strength.

CORREC
CORRECT
T MANUAL LIFT BAD MANUAL LIFT

Properr Liftin g Method

Prope
  Stand clo
close
se to the load
  Keep feet apart
  Keep back strstraight
aight
  Bend your knee
kneess and not your b
back
ack
  Grip the object with the whole hand
  Lift load gradually
  Keep body weight directly over your feet and us
use
e muscle power of legs
Whatt m akes
Wha akes m anual
anual m aterial
aterial handli ng h azardous?
azardous?

•Load too heavy 

•May have a shape that makes it hard to handle
•Wet, slippery, or have sharp edges 
•Unstable or can shift its center of gravity 
•Too big or high to block your frontal vision  
•Located too high or low for a safe lift  

Mechanical
Mechanical Handli
Handli ng Classification

•  Manually Powered
  Push Cart
•

  Hand Pallet
•

•  Motor/Pneumatic/Hydr
Motor/Pneumatic/Hydraulic
aulic driven
  Lifting Equipment
•

  Hoist
•

  Cranes
•

  Transport Equipment
•

  forklift
•

  tractor
•
   dump truck
•

44 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

How Do
Do Accidents Occur?

Instability  – unsecured load, load capacity exceeded, or ground not level or too soft

Lack of communication - the point of operation is a distance from the crane operator or
not in full view of the operator

Lack of training

Inadequate
Inadequate maintenance
maintenance or i nspection

Haza
Hazards
rds in Crane Operatio
Operatio ns

   Structural failure
   Overloading
   Instability
   Falling or slipping load

  Electrical Hazards

Safety Precautions in Crane Operation

  Do not carry or use crane beyond the rated load

  Never move load over people.
  Never alallow
low personnel to ride on a load.
  Center the crane over the loa load
d before sstarting
tarting to hoist
hoist..
  Lift, move & llower
ower loads smoothly.
  Do not leave suspended load unattended.
  Keep hook blocblockk more than 2m above the floor when not iin n use.
  Use tatagline
gline to stabilize and control loads.
  Respond ttoo si
signals
gnals from designated signalman only.
  Maintain ssafe
afe distanc
distance
e from electrical transmission lines.

Rigging

Is the process where a load is prepared for lilifting

fting using a lift
lifting
ing machine. The main part of
this process is the tying up of the load with sling and/or other connecting devices so that the
load could be hooked onto a crane.

Sling Inspection

  Broken Wires
  Abrasion
  Crushed Strands
  Corrosion
  Kinks
 45 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Safety
Safety Insp
Inspection
ection

Is a systematic way of identifying potential workplace hazards before they cause a

health and safety problem.

Purposes of Safety
Safety Inspection
• Eliminate Hazards
• Assess Effectiveness of OSH Program 
• Display Visible Management Commitment to Safety  
• Establish Accountability 
• Identify Training Needs 
• Fulfill Legal Obligations  

Types
Types of Inspection

Continuous Inspection
Inspection
a process conducted as part of their job responsibilities in noting and correcting
potential danger

Period
Period ic/Interval
ic/Interval Inspectio n
a systematic process with specific intervals and widely regarded as “real” safety and
health inspection

Intermittent/Emergency
Intermittent/Emergency Inspection
an unscheduled inspection may be

 Aftt er Insp
 Af In spect
ectio
io n

•Writing of inspection report 

•Correction of hazards 
•Monitoring and evaluation 

Corrective Actions

•Immediately correct everything possible.  

•Report at once conditions beyond one’s authority and suggest solutions.  
 46 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

•Take intermediate action as needed.

Our main goal in th e

premises.....

Module 4:
4: De
Demol
moliti
iti on Sa
Safety
fety
DEMOLITION

Complete or partial dismantling of a building or structure by pre-planned and

controlled methods or procedures.

“SAFE DEMOLITION REQUIRES ADEQUATE PLANNING”  

Why Plan?

Demoli tion Techniqu

Demoli Techniqu e
Sequential

gradual reduction of height in reverse order to its construction

Induced

key structural members are weakened or removed, causing the whole part of the
structure to collapse

Method
Method of Demolition

Manual – use of hand held tools

Mechanical  – use of heavy equipment, wires and chain, power shear, etc. 

Explosives  – use of explosives 

 Workplan
47 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Technique and Method of Demolition

Demolished Materials

Haza
Hazards
rds As sociated wit h Demoli
Demoli tion

Shock

Falls

  Falling through fragile roofing material

  Falling through openings
  Falling from open edges
  Falling out of elevating work platfo
platforms
rms
  Failure of equipment

Being Hit/Trapped/Crushed by Objects

  Falling debri
debriss (from service du ducts
cts and lift sh
shafts)
afts)
  Accidental/uncontrolle
Accidental/uncontrolled d ccollapse
ollapse of a struc
structure
ture
  Use of eq
equipment
uipment (c (crane
rane lifting loads)
  Failure of struc
structural
tural member
memberss (load bearing steelwork)

Manual
Manual Handling
  Using equipment
  Operating equipment
  Manual demolition
  Lifting material
  Clearing up
  Loading trucks/bins
 48 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Hazardous Substances

lead based paint, tanks containing lead based petrol

sprayed coatings, insulation materials, fire resistant walls/partitions, cement

sheets, flooring materials

stones, bricks and concrete aggregates

Dangerous
Dangerous Goods

Flammable liquids/ vapors and sludge from industrial process and confined space
Noise and
and Vibration

Equipment

Electric
Electric Shocks

Live wires from structures

Fires and
and Explosio ns

explosives gases from accidental

accidental damage of pipes

Equipment

Flying particles

e hazards
 49 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Isolation

Personal
Personal Protective Equipment

Module 5 Excavati
Excavation
on Safe
afety
ty
Excavation
  Is any man-made cut, cavity or depression
in an earth surface that is formed by earth
e arth
removal

Trench

•  is a narrow e
excavation
xcavation where the depth iiss greate
greaterr than its wi
width,
dth, and the width
measured at the bottom is not greater than 15 ft.

Haza
Hazards
rds of Excavation Wor
Works
ks

•  Soil Collapse
•  Falls
•  Vehicular Traffic
•  Underground Utilities
•  Working Surface
•  Confined Space Conditions
 50 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Principal Causes
Causes of Soil Collapse

•  Steep cutting angle

•  Super imposed load
•  Shock & Vibration
•  Water Pressure
•  Drying

Prevention
Prevention of Soil Collapse
Collapse

Type A  –– Most stable: clay

Type B   –
– Medium stability: silt and unstable rrock
ock (disturbed soi
soill as type B)
Type C  –– Least stable: gravel, loamy sand, submerged soil, soil from which water is freely
seeping.

Prevention
Prevention of Soil Collapse
  Cut the slope at a safe angle (H:V)

•  Type A - 3/4:1 or 53°

•  Type B - 1:1 or 45°

•
  Type C - 1½ :1 or 34°

Prevention of Soil Collapse…  

 51 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

•  Provision of shoring and timbering

timbering

Plate Lining System 

System 

The walls of every excavation over 1 meter deep shall be supported by adequate shor
shoring…
ing…  
 52 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Falls
•  Minimum Berm
-  not less than one third of the depth of the excavation
-  may be reduced to nonott les
lesss than 1 meter provided that m
materials
aterials are stable,
shoring and barriers are present
(Per Rule 1413 of the OSHS) 

•  Barricades of at least 1 meter high should be p

provided.
rovided.
•  Signs should be posted to prevent the public
from going near the excavatio

Surface Crossi
Crossi ng of Trenches

•  Walkways or bridges must be provided

•  Minimum clear width of 20 in.
•  With standard rails
•  Extended a minimum of 24 in. past the surface
edge

Vehicul
Vehicul ar Traffic

•  Provide workers with warning vests or other suitable g

garments
arments marked with
reflectorized materials
•  Designate a trained flag person along wi
with
th ssigns
igns and barri
barricades
cades when nece
necessary
ssary
•  Use horn or give signals to ensure
safety.

Underground Utilities

•  Determine location of
underground facilities and take
necessary steps to prevent
damage to these facilities.
•  In an open ex
excavation,
cavation, support, protect or remove underground installation.

Working Surface

•  Excavation shall be kept free of water at all times

•  And in muddy area, wo
workers
rkers sshould
hould be provided with boo
boots
ts to reduce the hazard of
slipping.
 53 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Groundwaterr Control
Groundwate

Sump Pumping ll Pointing  

Well
We

Single-sided
Single-sided Well
Well Point Double-sided
Double-sided Well
Well Point

Confined Space Conditions

Haza
Hazardous
rdous Atmosph ere:
ere:

••   Oxygen, O2 gas

Flammable : < 19.5% or > 23.5%
concentration > 10% of Lower Flammability Limit (LFL)
•  Hazardous toxic chemicals
 54 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Excavation
Excavation in con fined space

Check the condition of the atmosphere before entry

Do not work alone in a confined space
Provide lifeline
Provide ventilation or blower before entering
Provide emergency rescue equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety
harness and line and basket stretcher
Working in Excavation 
Excavation  

  Prior to opening
Check excavation permit
Identify all underground installations
Remove trees, boulders, stumps, other surface encumbrances and hazards
before starting excavation
•  During operations
Wear appropriate PPE
Give special attention to side slopes that are adversely affected by weather,
moisture content or vibration
Safe working distance between workers
Maintain guardrails, fences, or other barricades and warning lights
•  During break time, workmen should never stand o orr take rest on high ba
banks
nks of soft
material
•  Do not leave tools
tools,, mater
materials,
ials, or debris in walkways, ramps, or near the edge of
excavations
•  Do not use guardrails as resting place

Inspection

•  Daily before start of each shift

•  After heavy rain
•  When fiss
fissures,
ures, tension cracks, undercutting, water seepage, bul
bulging
ging at the bott
bottom
om or
other conditions occur
•  When there is any indication of cha
change
nge or movement in adjace
adjacent
nt str
structures
uctures or spoil
pile

Rule 1413 of the OSHS states that excavation shall be inspected at least once everyday.

Summary Key Points:

  An excavation m may
ay not be ssafe
afe to enter witho
without
ut a proper su
support
pport structure
being provided.
  Back-filled grounds are e
especially
specially dangerous.
  Water incr
increases
eases th
the
e possibi
possibility
lity of a cave in.
  Excavation should b
be
e considered as a confined sspace.
pace.
  A worker does not have to be completely bur
buried
ied in soil to be seriously injured
or killed.
 55 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module
Modul e6
6:: Hea
Heavy
vy Equ
Equip
ipment
ment Safety
   Many types
types of mobile constr
construction
uction heavy equipment are being used in a construction
site doing a wide variety of work. Most of these machines operate within close
proximity to persons on foot. With this, many people are exposed to hazards
associated with this equipment.

   In short, you have a congested cconstruction

onstruction ssite
ite with personnel on foot, and m
mobile
obile
machines working in the same area at the same time

CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT ACCIDENTS

TOTAL EQUIPMENT SAFETY MANAGEMENT

1. Management Commitment
  Restrict entry onto site of non-essential personnel.
  Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
  Coordinate Operations of Various Trades Working in the Same Areas.
  Provide Fundamental Site Rules and Training to al alll Persons at R
Risk.
isk.
  Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.

2. Employee Involvement
  All must receive basic orientation.
   Attend operator’
operator’s
s Tool Box Meetings 
Box Meetings
  Must learn, follow, and obey established Safety rules.
  Realize that they must see and be seen.

DO#13 Sec. 12S & H Information

12.6 Specialized instruction and training should be given to:

a. drivers/operators of lifting appliances, transport, earth-moving and materials-handling

equipment and machinery or any equipment of specialized or dangerous nature.

b. Workers as signalers

3. Pre
Pre-C
-Cons
ons truc tion Job Ha
Haza
zard
rd Analysis

  Identify Potential Known Hazards.

  Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.
  Lay down/Storage Areas.
 56 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

4. HAZARD PREVENTION
PREVENTION and CONTRO
CONTROL
LS

  Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.

  Spotters provided for in-the-blind,
in-the-b lind, backing machines and/or equipment.
  Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
  Temporary Barricades around Hazards.

5. Equipment maintenance
  Duly certified mechanics and operators shall conduct daily routine inspection
  Inspect before operation
  Check instrumentation
  Check safety devices; horns, lights
  Warm up and make trial run
  Keep machine clean
  Be aware of abnormalities

SAFE OPERATION GUIDELINES

1.  AUTHORIZED OPERATOR 
 AUTHORIZED
  Qualified with license
  Well trained
  Good physical condition

EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

  Keep control of the Machine at all Times.

  Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is unsafe to operate.  
  Familiarity with the operating characteristics
characteristics of your machine.
  Be on The Look-Out
Look-Out For Ot
Other
her Trades
Trades Working iinn the Same Area
Area..

  Frequently check for the Location
Location of other Machines. Keep Lights a
and
nd B
Backup
ackup Alarm
Alar m in
in
Operating Condition.
  Allow NO ONE to Ride
Ride Outside
Outside the Cab for
for Any Reason!
  Always inform
inform Appropriate Personnel of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects, or Changes
made in Machine and/or Job Procedure or Conditions.
  Report Unsafe Workers to Supervisor.
  Talk Safety with Those Who Work with You. Maintain “Constant Awareness”.  
  Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand.
  Always Check the Mirror on the Blind Side, making Sure of Your
Your Clearance. (Backing on the
Blind Side should be Avoided if at all Possible).
  Learn and Follow Safe Work Practices!
2. Pe
Personal
rsonal Protection

3. Physical Condition

4. SAFETY RULES 
   Check job site condition
57 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

  Soil condition
  Working near utilities
 

5. SALIENT POINTS 
HE Operators be tested and certified
 All Heavy Equipment
Equipment test
tested
ed and certified

6.  Al
 Alert
ertnes
nesss
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!

  Know where your Blind Spots are.

  Look for people walking around you.
  STOP! When Signaled; When waived at violently; Or if you are in doubt….  
  Maintain a safe operating speed.
7.  Av
 Avoi
oi di ng Distr act io n  
Dis tr actio

   Small MMachines
achines hhave
ave sm
small
all bli
blind
nd spots, where large ma
machines
chines have large blind
spots, both can cause serious injury or death!
   The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the bblind
lind sspot
pot area.

8.  Ap
 Appr
pr op ri ate Use

   Specific equipment operation

   Equipment capacity
   Equipment capability
   Equipment restriction


 
CONCERNED PERSONNEL
   Equipment Operator
   Workers on foot
   Spotters
   Management people and supervisors
  Other construction site personnel

HAZARDS PRESENT IN CONSTRUCTION HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION

   Moving parts of the equipment

   Uneven terrain
   Energized electrical lines
   Fall
   Dust
   Overloaded equipment
   Noise
    Vibration

58 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

   Unsecured loads
   Improvised attachments
  Blind spot.

BLIND SPOTS – DUMP TRUCK

   Small heavy mobile equipmen
equipmentt has small b
blind
lind spots and heavy m mobile
obile equipment
have large blind spots, both can cause serious injury or death
   The taller and wider the machine, the bigger the b
blind
lind sspot
pot area
   Operators, spotters and workers on foot need to be aware where the blind spots are.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF WORKERS ON FOOT

   Wearing of high visibility vests (or equivalent) and other appropriate PPE’s.  
   Keep a safe distance from heavy equipment
   Know the equipment’s blind spots. Never assume that the equipment operator sees
you



   Never
Watch ride on swinging
out for the steps parts.
or drawbars of any equipment.

SPOTTER RESPONSIBILITIES

   Wearing of high visibility vests and other appropriate PPE’s.  

   Spotters should
should use clearly understood hand ssignalsignals o
orr traffic control devices, (i
(i.e.
.e.
signs, etc.)
   Spotters should
should know operator visi
visibility
bility limitations, always remain visivisible
ble to the
operator and be sure eye contact is made before any signals are given.

EQUIPMENT OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITIES

   Learn and follow Safe Work Practi ces !

Safe
   Review manufacturer’s operating manual 
   Conduct pre-operational inspection of equipment.
   Know how to operate and use safety features  on equipment properly
   Allow NO ONE to ri ride
de outsi
outside
de the cab for any reason!
   Keep all lights,
lights, back-up alarm, sseat
eat belts, mirrors, shields and safety guards in place
and in good condition.
   Be aware of people on foot around you and other machines operating in the area.
   Know where your blind spots  are and always check the mirror on the blind side.
   Avoid underground utilities and overhead power lines.
   Must understand signals and always obey  the spotter.
   STOP! When signaled; when waved at violentlyviolently;; or if you are in doubt!
   Maintain a safe operating speed .
   Operate within the equipment’s rated capacity.  
Operate 
   Report  any abnormalities, defects and unsafe condition. Take Machine “Out of
Service”, if it is unsafe to operate 
   Do Not Attempt  Repairs or Maintenance that You Do Not Understand
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

  Never get on or ooff

ff a m
moving
oving equipment. Par
Parkk in a safe place, apply parking brakes,
turn off engine and remove the key before dismounting.
  Turn the engine off before refueling

OPERATOR AUTHORIZATION

  Operating heavy equipment is a great responsibility. Operation is reserved only for

safe and responsible operators
  A policy and procedure on authorization of heavy equipment operators must be in
place. The operator must be competent, trained and in good health.

D.O.13 – ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT

  Se
Secti
cti on 7.2
“The General Constructor must provide for one (1) Construction Safety and Health Officer
for every ten (10) units of heavy equipment assigned to the project site, to oversee the
effective compliance with the Construction Safety and Health Program at the construction
project site, in terms of heavy equipment utilization and maintenance”  

  Section 10.1-a
“All heavy equipment operators assigned at the project site must be tested and certified in
accordance with a standard trade test prescribed by TESDA in coordination with its
accredited organization/s” 

  Section 10.2.4-a
“Only duly certified operators shall be allowed to operate their designated heavy equipment”  

5 BASIC
B ASIC GUIDELINES ON HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION
OPERATION

  When u sing heavy

When heavy equip ment, there are
are 5 basic gui delines that t he operators
operators
must always fol low to ensure safety:
safety:
1. Know how to properly o operate
perate the equipment yyou
ou are using
2. Do not use heavy mac
machinery
hinery when you are drowsy
drowsy,, intoxicated, or taking prescription
prescription
medication that may affect your performance
3. Use only equipment that is appropriate for the work to be d done
one
4. Inspect yyour
our equipment to ensure that it is in good working ccondition
ondition before
beginning a job. In addition,
add ition, ensure that regular inspections and maintenance are
conducted as appropriate
5. Do not stress or overlo
overload
ad your equipment.
 60 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module
Modul e7
7:: Crane S
Safety
afety
Particular hazards exist when operating mobile cranes. Operators, and personnel in the
vicinity of the operating cranes must be alert to the potential for injury and\or damage at all
times. These hazards include but not limited to:

 Collision of the crane jib or its load, with personnel, equipment or buildings,
  Contact with live aerial conductors (overhead power lines),
  Overturning of the crane during lift,
  Introduction of a source of ignition to a haz
hazardous
ardous area,
  Damage to underground services. 

PROXIMITY HAZARDS

Consideration shall be given to the presence

pr esence of proximity hazards. Proximity hazards
include, but are not limited to, the following:

(a) Overhead
(b) Nearby power lines.
structures or other cranes.
(c) Excavations.
(d) Fixed hazards.
(e) Personnel movement within the crane working area.
(f) Mobile equipment movement within the crane working area.
(g) Public access areas including roadways, railways and rivers.
(h) The effects of electromagneti
electromagneticc radiation (EMR) (e.g., busbars, strobe lights, induction
furnaces, welding) on radio, infra-red or electronic controls.

CLEARANCES

Where two or more cranes work within a site, or share the same air space, procedures shall
be established to maintain sufficient clearances to prevent contact between parts of the
cranes and crane loads except where multiple crane lifting is carried out . When cranes
operate on adjacent sites and may share the same air space, negotiations shall be carried
out to formulate procedures to ensure sufficient clearances are maintained between the
cranes.

LOADING

Crane operators must understand and check the weight or load charts applicable to the crane
to be used. Weights should be marked on loads, contained on manifests or shown on
drawings. If the load weight is not available, estimate the weight (using weight charts or
tables) and include the weight of lifting beams, chains, slings, block and hook.(Hook could
weigh up to 1 tonne on a 50 tonne crane). Note: All cranes with capacity of 16 tonne and
upwards have a load indicator in the cab.
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

CRANE STABILITY
STAB ILITY DURING
DURING ERECTIONAND DISMANTLING PROCEDURES
PROCEDURES

Precautions shall be taken when erecting and dismantling a crane to ensure that the stability
of the crane is maintained. In particular, the following procedures shall be followed where
applicable:
 Only parts and components meeting the manufacturer’s specification shall be used.  
  Jointing pins shall be assembled so that they can be removed
re moved by a person standing on the
outside of the assembly.
 All outrigger jacks shall be fitted with foot plates according to manufacturer’s instructions.  
  All outrigger jacks shall be fitted and adjusted in accordance with the operating instructions.
  The correct amount of counterweight shall be fitted on the crane and at the appropriate
location before the boom or jib is raised.

  When the operating length of boom or jib is reduced, the specified counterweight shall be
removed to ensure that the backward stability of the crane is not adversely affected.
  Appropriate precautions shall be taken before a long boom is lowered to the ground level.

 To maintain the best margin of stability when a long boom is raised or lowered to the ground
level, the hook blocks shall be lowered and rested on the ground before the Boom or jib is
lowered.
   Where timbers are used under outrigger footplates, they shall be arranged so that
successive layers are laid at 90o to each other (pig sty fashion) so that the top layer is in line
with the outrigger arm.

GENERAL PRECAUTIONS

Observe the following precautions when operating a mobile crane:

  Do not leave a crane unattended even for a short time, unless all loads have been re
removed,
moved,
lowered to the ground or the engine shut down and brakes applied.
 Do not operate a crane in high or gusty wind conditions that may put the load or personnel
p ersonnel
at risk. Always use the cranes load rating charts for guidance, these have wind and weather
factors built into them.
 Do not use flat web
w eb slings to raise, lower or suspend a load.
 Do not use a fibre rope slings if a suitable steel wire rope can be used.
 62 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

 Faulty slings shall be tagged for destruction with

an Out of Service Tag and returned to the area
reliability planner.
 Discard any wire rope used on a crane, when the
visible number of broken wires in any length of
rope diameter exceeds 5% of the total number of
wires in the wire rope
 Check that there are no loose objects on a load
that could fall during lifting. Pay special attention to
the tops of the containers.
 All lattice boom cranes fitted with outriggers will
have the outriggers operational at all times. No
slewing of these cranes is to take place unless
outriggers are fully extended and in place.
 Do not use the crane to drag the load along the
ground. Severe overloading may result.
  Do not exert a sideways pull on a shackle or
eyebolt.

 Lower the load under crane power, except where
a chain and block system is attached between the
crane hook and the load.
  The work area, equivalent to that of the extended
 jib, should be barricaded
barricaded off to ensure unauthorized personnel do not enter the area.

Module
Modul e 8: H
Hand
and and Portabl
Portablee Power T
Too
ools
ls
  The Supervisor is primarily responsible for en
 ensuring
suring the sa
safe
fe use of tools.

  The use of han
handd and portable power tools m must
ust b
be
e accomp
accompanied
anied with proper
orientation.
  The use of righ
 rightt tools for the job elimi
eliminates
nates potential hazards th
thus
us ensuring quality o
off
work.
Hand
Hand too l accide
accidents
nts fro m;
 
 Human carelessness
 
 Not knowing the right tool for the job
 
 Ignorance of safety precautions
 
 Failure to maintain/keep the tools properly
 
 Not instructed for the correct usage

Basic tool check

  Are the tools right for the jo
job?
b?
  Are the tools in ssafe
afe working condition?
   Are the ttools
ools being used p
properly?
roperly?
  Are the tools kept in a s
safe
afe pl
place?
ace?
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

HAND TOOLS SAFETY TIPS

  Keep tools clean
  Check tools for good working condition
  Use the right ssize
ize and type for the job
  Carry tools iin
n tool box, bag or belt
  Do not use exexcessive
cessive fo
force
rce on the tool
  Wear appropriate PPE

MAIN TYPES OF PORTABLE POWER TOOLS

TOOLS

INJURIES CAUSED BY:

Wheel Breaking

• choose, right wheel for the task. 

• don’t bend or stress wheel.  
• ensure disc is compatible with grinder.  
• ensure disc is correctly f itted.
itted.
• wear correct PPE for the task  

PNEUMATIC TOOLS DANGER

  Leaving airline w
where
here it may cause tripping hazard of be dam
damaged
aged by traffic
  Leaving tool with air supply switched on
  Disconnecting the hose from the tool using it to clean ma
machine
chine or clothing.
  Squeezing the trigger before reaching the work

CARTRIDGE TOOLS
  Used for fas
fastening
tening fi
fixtures
xtures and material
materialss to metal, pre-cast, p
pre-stressed
re-stressed concrete,
masonry, block, brick, stone and wood surfaces
  Instructions for use, handling and sto
storage
rage must be available o onn hand
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

DANGERS

  Free shots
  Ricochet
  Atmosphere causing explosion
  Projectiles fired through the work

SAFETY TIPS

  Do not use if your hands are wet or iiff standing on wet surfaces
  Make sure that you know how to use the tool properly
  If tools are misused, iitt can result iin
n injury or spoiled work

COMMON ERGONOMIC
INJURIES

Osteo-arthritis
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Tendonitis
Cellulitis
Tenosynovitis
Epicondylitis
Tension Neck/Shoulder
Ganglion

INJURIES CAUSED BY… 

  Repeated overtime use of vivibrating

brating tool/equipment.
  Tools/tasks which require twi
twisting
sting hand or joi
joint
nt movement.
  Applying force in an awkward position.
  Applying excessive
excessive pressure on parts of the ha hands,
nds, back, wri
wrists
sts or jjoints.
oints.
  Working with
with the arms o
over-stretched
ver-stretched or overhea
overhead. d.
  Working with a bent back.

TAKE NOTE!

The injury/disease caused by poorly designed or unsuitable tools and work stations often develop
slowly over a period of months or years.
However, a worker will usually have some signs and symptoms for a long period of time indicating
that something is wrong.

THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Because power tools often come into close contact with the body, wearing the appropriate personal
 protective equipment is necessary to prevent personal injury.

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Module
Modul e9
9:: Sca
Scaff
ffol
oldi
ding
ng Sa
Safety
fety DO. 128
128 –
 –13
13 (Amendment t o OSHS
Rules 1414)
1414)

COURSE
COUR SE OBJECTIVES
OB JECTIVES
This training will further enhance the knowledge and skills of the participants on Scaffolds Safety
including erection/installation and inspection of Scaffolds, working safety on heights including rescue
and basic standard safety procedures on handling ladders and eventual certification from TESDA NC
II as Scaffold Erector and competent person in compliance to Department Order No. 128-13 of the
Department of Labor and Employment .

SCAFFOLD means any temporary elevated platform (made of timber, metal or bamboo )
and its supporting structure (including points of anchorage)  used for supporting employees
e mployees
or materials or both in the course of any construction works, including maintenance and
demolition works.

Function
   As a wo rk
rkin
ing
g plat
p latff orm
or m
•  So that the w
worker
orker ccan
an sta
stand
nd on the platform to do their wo
workrk easi
easily
ly and
safely
•  So that the w
workers
orkers can pplace
lace their mate
materials
rials and logis
logistics
tics to ca
carry
rry out
their job

   As a platf
pl atfor
ormm and
an d w alkin
alk ing
g p assage
ass age
•  Scaffolding support the platform used by the worker as their walking
path to transport the material and logistics

Classification of Scaffolds

  Supported Scaffolds
  Suspended Scaffolds

  Supported Scaffold
Scaffold s  are platforms supported by legs, outrigger, beams, brackets,
poles, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
 66 | P age 
 

CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Frame
Frame or fabricated scaffolds

  the most common type of scaffold because they are versatile, economical, and easy to
use.
  frequently usused
ed in one or two tiers by residential ccontractors,
ontractors, painters, etc., but their
modular frames can also be stacked several stories high for use on large-scale
l arge-scale
construction jobs. 

Mobile scaffolds

  a type of supported scaffold set on wheels or casters

casters..

  designed to be easily moved and are commonly used for things like painting and
plastering, where workers must frequently change position

Tube and
and coupl er scaffol
scaffol ds

  they are built from tubing connected by coupling devices.

  are frequently used where heavy loads need to be carried, or

where multiple platforms must reach several stories high.

  Their versatility, which enables them to be assembled in multiple directions in a variety

of settings, also makes them
hard to build correctly.

Pole scaffolds
  Are types of supported scaffold in which every structural
component, from uprights to braces to platforms, is made of

wood. Cannot
fashioned and easily be reused,
are rarely used and considered old-
today.

Suspended Scaffolds

Suspended
Suspende Scaffol ds  contains one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-
d Scaffol
rigid means from an overhead structure.

Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds

  also known as swing- stage scaffolds
scaffolds,, are perhaps the most common type of
suspended scaffold.

  Hung by ropes or cables connected to stirrups at each end of the platform, they are
typically used by window washers on skyscrap
skyscrapers.
ers.
 Single-point Adjustable
  consists of a platform sus
suspended
pended by one rope from an overhead support and equipped
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

with means to permit the movement of the platform to desired work levels.

  The most common among these is the scaffold used by window washer
washerss to clean the
outside of a skyscraper (also known as a boatswain's chair).

Suspended
Suspended Scaffolds:
  Support Device rest on surfaces capable of supporting
supporting at least four times the load
imposed
 Counterweights
o  Must be able to resi
resist
st at least fou
fourr times the tipping moment
o  Secured mechanically to outrigger arm

o  Made of non-flowable materials

o  Tiebacks must be installed

  Guardrails or personal fall arrest system or both 

Haza
Hazards
rds in th e U
Use
se of Scaffolds
Scaffold s


  Falls
Struckfrom elevation
by falling tools / debr
debris
is
  Scaffold collapse
  Electrocution

Recomm
Re Measures  
comm ended Contro l Measures

  Falls
Fa elevation  
lls from elevation
•  Use guardrails
•  Must be fully planked
•  Use fall arrest systems

  falling tools or debris  

Struck by falling
•  Barricade the area below the scaffold and forbid entry
•  Use panels or screens
•  Build a canopy or net

  Scaffol
Scaffol d coll apse
•  Proper scaffold construction
  Firm foundation
•

  Plumbed and level

•

  All components installed

•

•  Do not overload with people or equipment

•  Provide wall ties or anchorage
•
  Have a competent person check scaffold

  Electrocution 
   Observe clearance/distances required between power lines and scaffolding
•  De-energize the lines
•  Install protective covering
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Cleara
Clearance
nce fro m Power Lin es

Line Voltage Minimum Distance

Less than 300 volts 3 feet (0.9 m)

300 volts to 50 KV 10 feet (3 m)

more than 50 KV  10 feet (3 m) plus 4 inches for every 10 KV over 50 KV

Mobile Scaffold
Scaffold s  

  Plumb, level and squared

  Braced to prevent collapse
  Casters and wheels locked to prevent m
movement
ovement while iin
n a stationary position
  Not allowed to ride on scaffolds when m
moving
oving

Three Stages
Stages of Scaffolding

1. Building Scaffolds
2. Using Scaffolds
3. Removing / Dismantling Scaffolds
4.
Stage
Stage 1:
1: Bui ldin g Scaffold
Scaffold s

1. Persons Involved – wear PPE

2. Site Specific Hazards Identification
Erectors
Classification
Classification of Scaffolds
Inspect all scaffold parts before use (cracks, dents, bends, breaks, corrosion & bad
welds)
Condition of fittings (distorted, stripped, missing, bent parts)
Condition of scaffold planks (cracks, splits
splits))
Damaged scaffold (tagged, set aside, repaired or replaced)
3. Erection of scaffolds
  Supervised by competent person


4. Means of safe Access

  Stairs/ Ladders
  Frame scaffolds
  Platforms are fully planked
5. Fall protection systems and falling object protection
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Platform

 
No paint on wood platforms
•

 
Use scaffold grade wood
•

 
Fully planked between front upright and guardrail support
•

• 
Component pieces used m must
ust match and be of the same type
 
Erect on stable and level ground
•

Platform Ends  
Platform

   Each end of a platform, unless ccleated

leated or oth
otherwise
erwise restrained by hooks, mus
mustt
extend over its support by at least 6 inches
in ches

Proper Scaffold
Scaffold Access

   Provide ac
access
cess w
when
hen scaffol
scaffold
d platforms are more than 2 feet above or bel
below
ow a point
of access

Permitt
Permitt ed types of access:

  Ladders, such
such as por
portable,
table, hook-on, attachable, stairway type, and buil
built-ins
t-ins
  Stair towers
  Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come out window

 Acce
 Ac cess
ss

   No access by crossbraces
   When us
using
ing ladders, bottom rung n
no
o mo
more
re than 24 iinches
nches high
   Can use some end frames
   Can access from another scaffold, structure or hoist

Stage
Stage 2: Using Scaffol
Scaffol ds

  Training of personnel in the proper use of the sc

scaffold
affold an
and
d hazards associated
  Establish and communicate jobsite rules
Put in writing
Taught to all employees
Part of the safety culture

Scaffold Inspection

  Competent person inspects scaffolds for visible defects before each shift and after any
alterations
  Defective parts must be immediately
immediately repaired
  Provide Scaffold tags
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Stage
Stage 3: Removing
Removing / Dismantli ng of Scaffolds

  Must be done by trai

trained
ned pers
personnel
onnel
  Proceed in reverse or
order
der to iits
ts erecti
erection
on
  Workers should wear a safety harness and lanyard tied off to a sec
secured
ured anchor
before attempting to loosen stuck or jammed parts.
  Do not h
hammer
ammer or p pry
ry apart the scaffold components.
  Do not throw scaffold components

THE FIVE MOST SERIOUS

SERIOUS SCAFFOLD HAZARDS

Falls

Falling Objects

Scaffold Collapse

SCAFFOLD TERMINOLOGIES DEFINITIONS 

Mudsills - A minimum 50 mm x 250 mm (2" x 10") wood plank or other device used to
support the scaffold frame base plates or other support devices.

Base Plates - A device used to support and distribute the leg load of a scaffold
system sized according to the manufacturer’s specification.  

Outrigger Stabilizers - A device used to extend the support length at the base of the
scaffolding in order to provide stability against overturning.

Bracing - A system of members connecting frames or sections of scaffolding to make

the scaffold structure and add strength and rigidity between members.
 Tie-Backs - A reinforcing connection device which secures a scaffold to a fixed structure.

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Guardrail - A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of
platforms.

Platform - A working surface provided on a scaffold to support the weight of workers,

tools and materials.

Scaffold Wood Planks

12” width x 2 “ thickness x variable length 

10” [min.] width x 2 “thickness x variable length  

Fall Arrest Systems - A fall protection system that prevents serious injury or death of
a worker due to a fall, usually consisting of a full body harness secured to a lanyard
lany ard
and lifeline.

Plumbness - Ensuring that the scaffold is balanced and erected at a 90-degree ang
angle
le
straight up from a level surface.

Foundations - The surface upon which the scaffold is erected.

Coupling Devices - A connective device used to secure scaffold frames together.

Swivel Coupler - A load bearing fitting which rotates so that tubes can be joined at
any angle. Mainly used to connect braces to standards.

Double Coupler - Also referred to as right angle or 90? Couplers. Used to join tubes at
right angles where maximum load carrying capacity is required. Double couplers must
always be used to join ledgers and standards together.

Putlog Coupler - A fitting used for fixing putlogs to ledgers.The fitting must not be
used to join ledgers and standards together
tog ether or in any load bearing situations.

End to End Coupler - Used to join tubes together end to end.

Sleeve coupler

Expanding joint pin

Standards [Post] - Make sure the standards are sitting on a base

b ase plate and where the
ground dictates a sole board. A vertical or near vertical tube based on the ground
g round or a
structure.Used
structure.Used to carry the ledgers.
Ledgers [Runners] - A longitudinal tube fixed parallel to the face of the building.It also
acts as a support for the transoms.It can also be used to form part of the ties in the
 scaffold.Ledgers should be fixed to the standard using load bearing
be aring fittings. (double)

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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Transoms [Bearer]

Board overhang and Overlap do 128

 All platforms must

must be fully decked or planked.

Each abutted end of a plank shall rest on a separate support surface.

Overlap platforms not less than 12” only over supports, unless restrained to
prevent movement, i.e.” Cleating”. 

The working deck should never be more than 14” away from the working surface.  

Toe board - A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform to guard against
the falling of materials or tools.

Engineering Design - The design of a scaffold system by a registered professional

engineer, drawings of a scaffolding system should include all appropriate information on
loading capacities and, detailing on tie-backs, foundations, etc. These drawings must be
kept on site.

RESPONSIBIL
RESPONSIBILITIES/D
ITIES/DESIGN
ESIGN APPROVALS

Management / Employers:

Ensure that proper scaffolding material and equipment is provided at the project site.

 All workers must

must be trained in proper scaf
scaffold
fold use, erection, a
and
nd maintenance.

Provide all necessary personal protective equipment, (i.e. safety headwear,

footwear, fall protection systems,
systems, etc.) to workers erecting and using the scaffold.

Workers:
Ensure that they follow safe work procedures and use all necessary
n ecessary equipment and
 any necessary personal protective devices when erecting and
an d using scaffold

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systems. Workers must also take care to protect other workers when working on
systems.
scaffolding.

Design Approvals

 All site fabricated/conventional supported scaffolds exceeding 6 meters in height or a

working load of 150 kg/m2 shall be designed and inspected by the structural engineer
and approved by the appropriate authority.
Scaffolds of more than 6 meters in height
he ight shall be designed by a structural engineer
and shall be erected, installed and dismantled by TESDA
T ESDA certified erectors.

Supported scaffolds and their components shall be capable of supporting without

failure at least four (4) times the maximum intended load, while suspended scaffolds
shall have six (6) times factor of safety; and

 All manufacture
manufactured
d scaffolds
scaffolds and its
its accessories
accessories shall
shall follow the
the manufacturer’s
manufacturer’s design
design
and specification. Technical properties and data of such manufactured scaffolds shall
be design by structural engineer and approved by appropriate authority.

Scaffold Competent Person - The employer shall designate a competent person, who
shall be responsible for determining the feasibility and safety of providing fall
protection for personnel erecting, installing or dismantling scaffolds.

Competent Person

o All scaffolds competent person must undergo the standard scaffold

training and assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.

o The competent person shall have the following certification:

COSH Training Certificate from DOLE or its accredited safety training organization.

Must be a holder of TESDA

T ESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection Certificate.
Certificate.

 At least 2 years experience in scaffold

scaffold erection.

Scaffold Erector

 All scaffolds competent person must undergo the sstandard

tandard scaffold
training and assessment prescribed by DOLE and TESDA.
Scaffold erectors shall have the following certification:

One Day Workers Safety Orientation from DOLE or its accredited safety
training organization.
 Must be a holder of TESDA
T ESDA prescribed Scaffold Erection NC II.

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INSPECTION

Because of severe weather conditions, the scaffold system shall be inspected on a regular
reg ular

schedule and a record of the inspections maintained at the job site.

SCAFFOLD TYPE AND SELECTION

Basic Consid
Consid eration
eration

The weight of workers, tools, materials and equipment to be carried by the scaffold
system (safe work load)
Site conditions (interior, exterior, backfill, concrete floors, type and condition of walls,
access for the equipment, variations in elevation, anchorage points, etc.)

Height to which the scaffold may be erected (overhead power lines, tie-backs

Type of work that will be done from the scaffold (masonry work, sandblasting, painting,
metal siding, mechanical installation, suspended ceiling installation)
i nstallation)

Duration of work
Weather conditions, including wind
Requirements for pedestrian traffic through and under the scaffold area
Means of access to the scaffold
Configuration of the building or structure being worked on
Wind speed limit is 48kph (DO 128) and 40kph (International Practice)

SCAFFOLD CAPACITY

Scaffolds must be capable of supporting its own weight and at least 4x the expected load.
Expected load includes:= 4xLive Load + Dead Load

Live load includes:

Tools
Workers
Materials
Equipment
Environmental [wind + earthquake]
Dead loads includes:
Pipes
 Couplings
Planks
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Etc.

SCAFFOLD LOAD RATINGS

Scaffolds are designed to meet specific load ratings.

Standard Load Ratings:

25 lbs. per square

Light Duty foot
50 lbs. per square
Medium Duty foot
75 lbs. per square
Heavy Duty foot
The allowable working load of scaffolding is 3,450kg per leg
[TESDA] The allowable working load of scaffolding is 150 kg per
sq. m [DO 128]

TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
Tube and Coupler Ladder Jack Scaffolds
System Scaffold Trestle Ladder Scaffold
Frame Scaffolds Carpenters Bracket Scaffold
Cantilever Scaffold Hanging Scaffold System
Rustgo Manual Work
Hanging Scaffold Platform
Tower Scaffold Horse Scaffolds
Shoring Scaffold Adjustable Scaffolds
Scaffold Public Protection Scissor Lifts
“Stick -Built” Pole Scaffold  Aerial Lifts
Two-Point Suspended
Pump Jack Scaffolds Scaffolds

USE AND MAINTENANCE

Scaffold Location  

Checking the scaffold location thoroughly beforehand will eliminate many of the problems
that develop during construction and will allow erection to proceed smoothly, efficiently
and safely.

Before erecting a scaffold, check the location for:

 Ground conditions Variation in surface elevation
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Overhead electrical wires Tie-in locations and methods

Obstructions Potential wind loading conditions

Overloading 

Scaffold platforms are one of the most frequent violations of good scaffold practice.

Housekeeping  

Scaffold decks are usually small, narrow and confined. Tools and materials to be used
should be stored in an orderly fashion. Debris and waste materials should not be allowed
to collect on the platform.

Safe
Safe Scaffold
Scaffol d Use 
Do not use damaged parts that affect the strength of the scaffold.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds when they are feeling weak, sick, or dizzy.
Do not work from any part of the scaffold other than the platform.
Do not alter the scaffold.
Do not move a scaffold horizontally while workers are on it, unless it is a mobile scaffold
and the proper procedures are followed.
Do not allow employees to work on scaffolds covered with snow, ice, or other
slippery materials.
Do not erect, use, alter, or move scaffolds within 10 feet of overhead power lines.
Do not use shore or lean-to scaffolds.
Do not swing loads near or on scaffolds unless you use a tag line.
Do not work on scaffolds in bad weather or high winds unless the competent person
decides that doing so is safe.
Do not use ladders, boxes, barrels, or other makeshift contraptions to raise your work
height.
Do not let extra material build up on the platforms.
Do not put more weight on a scaffold than it is designed to hold.

SCAFFOLDING INSPECTION
INSPECTION

Scaffold systems
systems and components should be b e inspected before each use to ensure
structural stability.
stability. Some main areas to check for include:

Damage to frames, braces and other structural components.

Damage to hooks on manufactured

 platforms. Splits, knots and dry rot in
planks.
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De-lamination in laminated veneer lumber planks.

Compatibility of components.

Sufficient and proper components for the job.

Stability of the ground or work surface, proper

 All components
components from tthe
he same manufactu
manufacturer
rer
mud sills when needed

 Adjustable screw jacks with base pads in

 Adjustable
every External ladder access for steel scaffold bucks not

post designed for climbing

Erection, dismantle, alteration done under Complete decking from front to back on all working

supervision of a competent person levels

Fall protection in place once work deck

reaches Daily inspection performed by a competent person

or exceeds 10 ft. for conventional

conven tional scaffolds before and during the shift

Scaffold must be designed to hold four times Tie-ins set once the height of the scaffold exceeds
the four

intended working load (safety factor of “4”)   times the minimum base dimension

Planks overlapped over horizontal support no less

Scaffold grade planking or better for all work than

surfaces 12” 

Overhead protection for other trades or Pre-shift inspection of all motorized components,

personnel below proper PPE in use

Scaffolding that has been in place for long periods of time

Scaffolding Safety Inspection Checklist
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SCAFFTAG SYSTEM 

COLOR CODING OF SCAFFOLD MATERIAL

Contractor annually checks scaffolding material for wear / rusting etc. & certifies the
material for usability by changing color

1st year - Red

2nd year -Yellow

3rd year - Blue

4th year - Red
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Module
Modul e 10
10:: Pe
Pers
rson
onal
al Protect
Protective
ive Equip
Equipment
ment ((PP
PPE)
E)
If a hazard is identified in a workplace, every effort should be made to eliminate it so that all
employees are not harmed in anyway. One way of reducing or controlling hazard is to isolate the
process, which is engineering control. The second is to control the hazard by administrative
control, like increased breaks, shifting, so on. If the two controls of hazards cannot be done, the
use of Personal Protective Equipment or PPE is necessary.

PPE usage is considered the last resort . PPE can provide added protection to the employee but
will not eliminate the hazard.

Role of Management

  Development of PPE program  

  Implementation 
  Evaluation based on guidelines, standards  
  Revision, refinement 

Limi tations of PPE

PPE
  Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby
  Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times
  Must be used properly
  Must be replaced when it no longer offers the correct level
level of protection. This is
required when respiratory protection is used.

Benefits of PPE

  It gives immediate protection to allow a job to continue while engineering controls

are put in place
  In an emergency it can be the only practicable
practicab le way of effecting rescue or shutting
down plant in hazardous atmospheres
  It can be used to carry out work in confined spaces where alternatives are
impracticable. But it should never be used to allow people to work in dangerous
atmospheres, which are, for example, enriched with oxygen or explosive.

Options for Control Management of PPE programs

  Risk Evaluation   Ultimate responsibility of a PPE

  Hazards Identification Program rests at Management
  Choice of control options
level
  Determination of control need  
  It should be supported by a
Risk Evaluation
Evaluation written procedure and controlled
  What particular job by a responsible person
  Nature and degree of exposure
   Magnitude of exposure

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  Increased level of exposure

  Length of exposure
  Frequency of exposure occurrence
  Related circumstances
  Result of exposure
  Local or systemic effect

  Short or long-term
Reversibility effect
or otherwise
  Acceptable level of exposure
  Standards
  Accurate measurement
  Variations in concentration of contaminant
  Overall level of risk to the worker

Haza
Hazard
rd Identif
Identif ication

  Agent
  Physical Characteristic
  Route of Entry

  Effect from exposure

Control Options selected should:

  Reduce individual exposure to an acceptable level

  Be acceptable to the potentially exposed workforce
  Be practicable in terms of engineering concepts

PPE
PPE Program
Program is compo sed of the foll owing elements:
elements:

1. Selection

  To be done by a suitably trained person with adequate information of the task,

hazards, personnel, materials, etc.

2. Fitting
  When first issued, the user should also be trained to check the fit whenever the
equipment is used.
  Ensure an adequate fit under supervision

3. Health
Health Aspects
  Use of PPE can have an impact on an employee’s health (e.g. skin irritation, heat
stress)
  A number of medical conditions may make it difficu
difficultlt to use certain equipment
equipm ent

4. Compatibility  
  If more than one type of PPE
PPE is
is required to be worn simultaneously, then the
harmony of the individual items needs to be evaluated.
   The PPE also needs to be compatible with the task involved

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5. Issue
  Provision should be made to control the issue of PPE to employees,
remembering that several types of equipment may be available.
  PPE should be issued on a personal basis to individual employees. Apart from
hygiene considerations, employees are then more willing to accept responsibility
for the care and maintenance of the equipment.
  A system requiring employees to sign for certain types of equipment is
recommended and can provide another check on the use of correct equipment.
6. Proper Use
  PPE is effective if worn properly for the appropriate task
  Use of PPE by Supervisor encourages employees & enforces PPE program
equipment that can provide complete protection, but which is not properly used,
may provide no protection at all
  Employees should be prevented from taking used PPE for domestic purposes

7. Maint
Maint enance (Cleaning
(Cleaning and Storage)
  Depending on type of equipment used, procedures need need to be established for
its cleaning and maintenance when necessary
  Exempted here are single use (disposable) items
  Occasionally, during use, PPE may become contaminated with toxic materials.
Provision should be made to prevent contamination with other areas of the
workplace or employees engaged in cleaning or maintenance activities.
  Respirators can be placed in suitably labeled containers until sent for cleaning.

8. Disposal
  Used PPE can be contaminated with toxic agents and disposal procedures
need careful consideration.
consideration . Depending on the circumstances, equipment may
need to be treated as toxic waste

9. Information and Training

  Employees have to be given sufficient information and proper training about the
hazards associated with their jobs to enable them to work safely with minimal
risk to health.
  Employees who are fully aware of the hazards and the need for protection will be
much aware to accept such difficulties and use the equipment provided
  Supervisors should be alert to any changes in the requirements of the job and a any
ny
limitations placed on the employee by the. PPE, ensuring that appropriate feedback
is given to the Safety Advisers, Occupational Health Personnel or Hygienist

10. Supervision
  A PPE program is unlikely to be successful unless the first
first line supervisory personnel are
knowledgeable and held accountable for effective use of PPE
  Supervisors must set an example by wearing PPE as as appropriate and ensure its use by
others as required

11. Reviews
  Periodic evaluation to confirm that the agreed procedures are appropriate and
being followed:
  Formal audit carried out by a third party with specialist advisers
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12. Checklist
  to ensure
ensure use
use of properly
properly fitted, effective PPE fo forr specific
specific jobs
   It must be remembered that PPE is
is the last line of defense, hence, iits
ts
effectiveness
effectiveness may be crucial to the health of the workers

Controll ing Haza

Hazards
rds

To develop an effective PPE program, the supervisor should:

  Be familiar with required standards and requirements of government regulations

  Be able to identify hazards
  Be familiar with the safety equipment on the market to protect specific hazards
  Know the company procedures for maintaining the equipment
  Develop an effective
effectiv e method for convincing employees to dress safety and wear
wear the
proper protective equipment
  Review all material safety data sheets (MSDS) that require personal protectiv
protective
e
equipment for protection against hazardous chemicals and materials
  Consider establishing an industrial hygiene evaluation procedure to determine w whether
hether
PPE is needed to meet MSDS requirement.

PPE
PPE and
and their Classification s
  Head Protection
  Face Protection
o  Helmets
o  Shields and Goggles
o  Hoods

  Eye Protection
o  Contact Lenses
o  Goggles

  Earr Protection
Ea
o  Earplug
o  Muff Devices

  Respiratory
Respiratory Protection
o  Air Purifying Device
o  Mechanical Filter Respirator
o  Chemical Cartridge Respirators
Respirators
o  Gas Masks
o  Hose Masks
o  Air Supplied
Supplied Respirators
o  Abrasive Blasting Helmets
o  Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

   Arms
 Ar ms , Hands,
Hand s, Fing
Fi ngers
ers
o  Heat Resistant Gloves- used to protect against burns and discomfort
when the hands are exposed to sustained conductive heat.
o  Metal Mesh Gloves- used by those who work constantly with knives to
protect against cuts and blows from sharp or rough object.
 o   Rubber Gloves- Worn by electricia
electricians
ns

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o  Rubber, Neoprene and Vinyl Gloves-

Gloves - are used when handling chemicals
and corrosive.
o  Leather Gloves- are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chips and rough
objects.
o  Chrome Tamed Cowhide Leather GlovesGloves-- used iin
n foundries and steel
mills.
o  Cotton Fabric Gloves- are suitable for protect
protection
ion aagainst
gainst dirt, silvers,
chafing or abrasion.
o  Heated Gloves- are designed
designed for use in cold environments suchsuch as deep
freezers and can be part of a heated-clothing system

  Feet, Legs
o  Metal Free shoes, boots and other footwear- are available for use where
there are specific electrical hazards or fire explosion hazards
o  Congress or gaiter-type shoes- are used to protect people from splashes
of molten metal or from welding sparks.
o  Reinforced or inner
inner soles of fl
flexible
exible metal- are buil
builtt into shoe
shoess worn in
areas where there are hazards from protruding nails and when the
likelihood of contact with energized electrical equipment is remote, as in
the construction industry
o  For wet work- leather shoes with wood soles or wood soled sandals are
effective
o  Safety Shoes with Metatarsal Guards
o  Leg Protection- Encircle the leg from ankle to knee and have a flap at the
bottom to protect the instep and the entire leg.

2 Types of Head Protection

Hard hat

Provides protection from impact and penetration caused by objects hitting the head, and from
limited electrical shock or burns.

Bump Cap

Provides protection from minor bumps, bruises and lacerations in work settings where hard hat
protection is not required.

How Hard Hat

Hat Protect You

Shell - resists and deflects blows to the head

Suspension  - acts as a shock

s hock absorber

Non-Conductin
Non-C Material - serve as an insulator against electrical shocks\
onductin g Material

Major
Major parts of a HARD HAT

SHELL

- provides a barrier between the head and the blow

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SUSPENSION SYSTEM

- a strap assembly that acts as a shock absorber against the force of a blow (normally one inch)  

BRIM OR VISOR

- protects the face from blows, splashes, spills, dirt, rain or the sun  

Hard Hat Shell

1. Class
Class E (Electr
(Electr ical)
-tested at 20,000 volts
2. Class G (General)
-tested at 2,200 volts
3. C
Class
lass C (Condu
(Condu cti ve)
-no protection from electrical conductors

Hard Hat Suspension

4point suspension 6-point suspension

Types of Eye & Face

Protection

1. SPECTACLES 

  Intended to shield the wearer ’s eyes from a variety of hazards.



2. GOGGLES 

  Intended to fit the face immediately surrounding

surrou nding the eyes.
  Aside from impact/flying particles,
particles , it also protects the worker from liquid droplets, gases
& vapors.

3. FACE SHIELD 
   Face shield is used when the entire face area needs protection. Worn over goggles
for extra protection.

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Hearing Protectors:  
Types of Hearing

1. Earplugs

a. Foam Type (Disposable)

b. Formable (Reusable)
c. Semi-Aural
2. Earmuffs
a. Head Band
b. Neck band
c. Hard Hat Mounted

Respirators  
Two Types of Respirators

For Oxygen Deficient Atmosphere  

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR) - Provides fresh air from a remote source to the breathing area.

For Contaminated Air

 Ai
 Airr Pu ri fy in g Respi
Res pi rat or (APR)  - Removes contaminates before reaching breathing zone,
rator
either trap particulates or neutralize or absorb gases and vapors

I. Dispo sable Type 

 A. Foam Type

B. Polypropylene
II. Cartr idg e Type 
II. Cartr
 A. Quarter Mask
Mask
B. Half Mask
C. Full Face Mask

Summary Key Points:

  PPE usage is considered the last resort.
  PPE can provide added protection to the employee but will not eliminate the hazard.

  Limitations of PPE: Only protects the person wearing the equipment not others nearby.
Relies on people wearing the equipment at all times. Must be used properly . Must be
replaced when it no longer offers the correct level of protection. This is required when
respiratory protection is used.  
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Modu
odule
le 1
11:
1: E
Emergency
mergency Prepa
Preparedness
redness in Constr
Construct
uction
ion
The potential for emergencies and disasters to happen at all plant facilities, even
at home can be devastating in terms of casualties, business interruptions, loss of
capital investments, etc. These events cannot be avoided but the management
can reduce their frequency of occurrence and severity of damage when effective
preparation and planning is done. No matter
matte r how committed an industrial compa
companyny
may be in terms of occupational safety and health program implementation, the
probability of an emergency may arise at the least expected times. This module
will help employees to make decisions and take appropriate actions to keep a
victim alive, keep injuries becoming worse and how prepare in case of an
emergency.

Emergency is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an immediate action.

However, a disaster is an extremely serious state of emergency where the
possibility of loss of life, severe injury or extensive damage to property exists. A
disaster may or may not be preceded by a state state of emergency
emergency.. Emergency
planning involves the development of a specific plan that details action/s to be
taken by trained personnel during an emergency in an effort to efficiently control it
and minimize its negative impact.

Disaster
Sudden, calamitous event bringing wide spread damage or suffering, loss or
destruction and great misfortune, often arriving without forewarning.

Design
Design plans

Will provide established procedures and guidelines for the management and staff to
follow in the event of disaster.

  Communications
  General Emergencies
  Evacuation Procedures
  Natural Emergencies
  Man-made Emergencies
  Consideration for Emergencies
  Disaster Recovery

Respo
Respo nse Plan Provide Guidelines 
Guidelines  
  Protect lives and properties
  Improve preparedness in the event of an emergency or disaster
  Provide for orderly and efficient transition from normal to emergency operation
   Reduce losses associated with emergencies through improved enterprise resources
   Assign emergency
emergency au
authority
thority

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   Assign emergency
emergency re
responsib
sponsibility
ility
  Improve safety awareness, emergency and disaster readiness

 A
 App p lic
li c at
atio
io n o f th
t h is p la
lann
Man Made
Made Emergenci es

•  Hazardous material
•  Transportation accident
•  Terrorism
•  Sabotage
•  Kidnapping
•  Fire
Natural Emergencies

•  Typhoons
•  Flood
•  Earthquake

 A
 A.. Com mu n ic at
atio
io n

External Internal
- Telephone - two-way radio - personal contact

- Cellphones - warning system - megaphone

B. General
General Emergenc y Plan
1. Warning
Warning from Outsi de Agencies
Agencies
Warning of a severe weather, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions or other
emergencies which can be foretold by gov’t.

2. Warning
Warning fr om Within
It is the responsibility of the Building Captain, head of Communications
& Security in the ERT organization to notify all personnel and visitors
when it is necessary to evacuate the facility/building or go directly to
PAP.

3. PAP (Perso
(Perso nnel/Pre-designated Assembl y Point)
Personnel and visitors will immediately proceed to this area.

4. Education and Training

 A. Personal and Personnel Survival.
 B. Drills

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Fire drills shall be held at least annually or more often if

deemed necessary.

Familiarity with evacuation routes/plans

Drills shall be held at both opportune and inopportune
times to cover almost any situation.

5. Special Duties
  Each head of department shall take notice of their
personnel’s attendance when each drill is conducted.
  Upon arrival at the pre- designated assembly point, the
department head shall count their personnel to assure
assu re that
all are accounted.
  The evacuation plan provides for checking of restrooms,
vacant rooms, specialty rooms and elevator to ensure that
all persons are aware and are heeding the warning.
  Each employee is assigned during his/her shift certain
task to conduct closing doors, windows, and turning off
lights in a disaster.
  ERT member from maintenance personnel shall shut off
electricity in an emergency and report for further
assignment.
6. Employees

  Don’t take time to get belongings when the alarm is

sounded.
  Certain employees will be designated by Area Marshall to
be responsible for closing windows, doors, turning off the
lights and equipment and other duties.
  Employees will proceed to the nearest exit and evacuate
the building in an orderly fashion to the designated area.

C. EVACUATION PROCEDURE 
1. Employee seated near windows shall secure that the windows are close.
2.  Any employee next to a restroom or vacant room shall check that room and, if
anyone is there, instruct that person(s) to proceed to the PAP.
3. Employees are not to take anything with them unless ordered by the Area Marshall
for important documents or in case of fire.
4. Employee closest to the doors/stairways will leave first; then the last person out of
the room will close
c lose the door.
5. Employees should move quickly and safely as possible without creating more
hazards than already encountered.
6. Keep calm and listen for information or instructions.
7. If primary exits are blocked, for any reason, then go to an alternative exit.
8. Department heads should account for all his/her personnel.
9. If a fire is in the corridor just outside the room or close enough to the exit route, then
 close the door block all gaps around the door until a move can be decided.

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10. Delegation of Duties.

1. Floor warden
2. Building Captain
3. Head-count and reporting
4. Exit guards
5. Fire Extinguisher Squad
6. Hose and Nozzle Team
7. First Aiders
8. Search & Rescue Team

D. Considerations
Considerations for Eme
Emergency
rgency Operations
I. Direction and Control.
Use of Emergency Response Team for emergency operation. To facilitate
policy making, coordination and control of operating force in a large scale
situation.

 Asp ect s:
•  Indicate in-charge of each emergency
•  Determine when to issue order to evacuate the facility
•  Identify individual responsibility for issuing evacuation orders and how it will
be announced.
•  Chain of command to assure continuous leadership, authority and
responsibility in key positions.

•   Assignment of operational
operational and administrative
administrative support for emergency
response.

II. Emergency
Emergency Information

-defining responsibility of the department and describing activation procedures.

procedur es.
-assignment of responsibility to assure employees understands the
warning signals, receive instruction, know and what to do in case of
emergency -include emergency response activities on the agenda of
regular supervisors meeting.

-designation of information office as official point of contact during an emergency.

-timely forecast of all hazards that require emergency preparedness or response

action

Facility Shutdown

-defines and assigns responsibilities for the protection of company property

and classified material before employee leave work stations.
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 Aspec
 As pec ts :
  Indicate under what conditions shutdown must
  occurred to be considered
  Identify authority to shutdown
  Complete checklist for shutdown
  Diagrams to show where to turn everything off

III. Communication.
-Establishing, using, maintaining and providing back up for all channels of
communications needed for emergency response and recovery. 

 Aspec
 As pec ts :
o  Primary and back up communication with generator or extra batteries.
o  Two way response radio communication between Bldg. Captain and Group

Leader of emergency response forces.

o  Key telephone numbers for industry emergency
assistance organization.

IV. Emergency Services.

-plot plan of utility shut off, water hydrant mains, and building plan.

-traffic and security control.

-fire equipment storage

-damage assessment reports

-obtaining emergency medical support during emergency

-adequate water supply for drinking, firefighting and sanitation

 A well
w ell -organ
-or gan ized emergen
emer gency
cy pr oc edure
edu re tak es acco
ac co unt
un t of
o f fou
f ou r s tages:
tag es:
  Preliminary action- the most important part of the emergency procedure o
The preparation of a plan tailored to meet the specific requirements of the
site, products and surroundings
o  Briefing of employees on details of the plan, including the position of

essential equipment
o  The training of personnel involved and appointment of competent persons

for certain actions.

o  The implementation of a program of inspections of potentially hazardous

areas, testing of warning systems and specification of evacuation

procedures
o  Specifying the date at which the plan will be re-examined and updated.

   Action when emergency is imminent- when there is evidence that an

emergency is imminent, this stage will feature procedures for assembly of
 key personnel, advance warning to external authorities and testing of
systems connected with the emergency scheme.

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   Action during the emergency-there

emergency-there may however, be unexpe unexpected
cted
variations in a predicted emergency. Decision- making personnel,
selected beforehand for this purpose, will need to make precise and rapid
 judgments toto ensure
ensure that ap
appropriat
propriate
e action follows
follows the deci
decisions
sions made.
  Ending Emergency- there must be a procedure for declaring plant,
systems and specific areas safe, together with the reoccupation of
premises where possible.

The emergency
emergency plan should possess the followin g provisi ons:

1. The purpose of the emergency plan is to provide guidance on

the following:
a.  A site
site emergency
emergency response
response organization’s
organization’s structure and responsibi
responsibilities
lities
b. Develop a sample emergency scenarios and their consequences
c. Establish emergency control resources (human, equipment, training,
etc.)

2. Make sure that the emergency plan is up-to-date

3. The emergency telephone numbers must be provided,
including the senior personnel or people that must be notified in case of
emergency EMERGENCY is a sudden, unexpected event demanding an
immediate action.

Generall Procedur es In Respons

Genera Respons e To
To Different Typ es Of Emergenci
Emergenci es.

– is the immediate care given to a victim who has been injured or suddenly
FIRST AID  –
taken ill.

ROLE OF FIRST AIDER :

1. Serves as the bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. He is not to compete with nor take the place of the physician.
3. He will assist the physician when he arrives.

ECTIVES IN GIVING FIRST AID:

OBJ ECTIVES

1. To alleviate suffering of the victim.

2. To prevent added injury to the victim
v ictim and to prevent further harm.
3. To prolong the life of the victim.

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLE:

PRINCIPLE:

1. Survey the scene.

 2. Do the primary survey of the victim.
3.  Activate medical
medical assi
assistance
stance or ttransfer
ransfer facili
facility.
ty.

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4. Do the secondary survey of the victim

SHOCK   is a depressed condition of many body functions due to failure of enough

blood to circulate throughout the body following a serious injury.

OBJ ECTIVE OF FIRST AID TO SHOCK VICTIMS:

VICTIMS:
1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure adequate supply of oxygen.
3. To maintain normal body temperature.

WOUND is a break in the continuity in the body either internal or external.

FIRST
FIRST AID for c los ed wounds :
– ice application provided to the affected portion of the body.
I  –

C – compression over the affected portion.

– elevate affected portion above the heart to reduce swelling.

E  –

– splint or immobilize
S  –

FIRST
FIRST AID
AID for open wou nds :
C –
 – control
 control bleeding
C –
 – cover
 cover wound with dressing
C –
 – care
 care for shock
C –
 – consult
 consult or refer to physician

EARTHQUAKE  - What to do:

   Act quickly! Protect your body
body from falling debris by getti
getting
ng under a sturdy desk, table
table or
doorway

  Keep away from glass windows and free standing furniture.

  When outside, stay away from tall buildings, move to an open field.
   At the end of initial
initial shock, evacuate
evacuate bui
building
lding when given clearance
clearance by the Chie
Chieff Marshal
  Go to the assembly area assigned near your position.
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EMERGENCY – If you discover a

FIRE EMERGENCY –
fire:
 Activate fire
fire alarm (break glass)

  Call for help, dial your hot line number

  Try to extinguish fire if knowledgeable to do so.

  Do not take any personal risks.

  Follow instructions
instruction s of evacuation team guide. Proceed to the assembly area.

EVACUATION
  On hearing the alarm signal, gather vital personal effects
effects and go for the nearest exit near
you.
  Go to the assembly area at the open field assigned near your present location If you are
away from normal work floor, obey instructions from that floor. Do not attempt to return
to your own floor Security will take any other action.

BOMB THREAT
  If a bomb or suspicious object is discovered  –  do not touch it, clear the area Notify

security office
  Prevent other personnel from going into the area
  Security will take any other action required

IF YOU RECEIVED A CALL…

   Attractthe
the attenti
attention
on of another
another staff member to rring
ing your local
local hotlin
hotline
e
  Record details of threat as per procedure given: do not hang up your phone
  Try to record exact words; keep the caller TALKING (try to obtain as much information as
possible)
  Security will take further action required

QUESTIONS TO ASK…

  When
  Whereisisthe bomb
it right
r ight going to explode?
now?
  What does it look like?
  What kind of bomb is it?
  What will cause the bomb to explode?
  Who place the bomb?
  Why?
  Where are you?
  What is your name?
DO NOT HANG UP THE PHONE! 

SECURITY
  Most Senior Security Officer on-duty shall respond when an emergency arising from fire,
earthquake and explosions occurs upon notice given by the Chief Marshal
  The compound shall be cordoned to prevent u nauthorized person’s entry
   Security Officers shall supervise crowd control to prevent employees and looters around
the affected area.
  Follow the safe and orderly evacuations of employees to the assembly area.

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Summary Key Points:

  Fire is the result of the chemical combination of a combustible material (fuel) with
oxygen in the presence of enough heat.
  Fuel, Oxygen,
Oxygen, Heat and chemical
chemical reacti
reaction
on are the ba
basic
sic chemistr
chemistryy of fire.
  Classifications
Classifications of fire are Class A or combustibl
combustiblee materials, Class B or Flam
Flammable
mable
Liquids, Class C or energized electrical equipments, Class D or combustible metals
and Class K or kitchen fire
  Fire Extinguishers are an active
an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control
small fires, often in emergency situations. This is the first line of defense.
  P.A.S.S= Pull the pin, Aim at the fire, Squeeze the handle, Sway the nozzle side by
side.
  The purpose of fire alarm is
is to give an early warning of fire in vicinity.

Modu
odule
le 1
12:
2: W
Work
orking
ing at H
He
eigh
ights
ts / F
Fall
all Protection
Construction work is traditionally a hazardous occupation, wherein various work phases
involved have its own corresponding
corresponding hazards.
hazards. Since majority of the work is located in high p
places,
laces,
falls are so significant and need a lot of attention. Most falling accidents could be traced in
excavation, scaffolding, ladder, temporary structure, roofing and opening. Likewise, alarming, are
falling materials that cause damage to properties and even serious injuries and death to
pedestrians.
pedestri ans. Amidst these risi
rising
ng falling accidents, ther
there
e is indeed an ever-growing need
need for fall
protection principles and concepts in the construction industry.

Evaluating
Evaluating the Risk

Employees exposed to a fall of 6 feet or more to a lower elevation must be

protected. It is important to undertake a complete risk evaluation in each phase of the
construction work
work in order to identify potential ssources
ources of fall accidents. This evaluation
can be done in the form of a job hazard analysis, where the work task is broken down into
a number of distinguishable steps. The steps are then analyzed to determine
d etermine the hazards
and identify preventative meas
measures
ures to protec
protectt against the hazards. It is important to
regularly review and update the job hazard
h azard analysis, especially if there are changes in the
work environment or new technology, equipment and machines are introduced.

Categor
Categories
ies of Fall
Fall Haza
Hazards
rds

1. Fa
Falls elevation  
lls from elevation
Scaffolds
Ladders
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Roof
Elevated workplaces
Floor openings
Leading edges

2. Fa
Fallll o n th e same level
level  
Slipping and tripping hazards
3. Being struck by falling objects
o bjects
Objects that are
- Improperly stored
- disposed of
- mishandled at elevation

Controll Mea
Contro Measur
sures
es

Ideally, the choice of a protection system will be one that removes the risk of falling
entirely. For example, it is preferable to provide a fixed barrier to prevent a worker from
falling, than a personal protective equipment (safety harness and lifeline). In this way, the
worker is never in a position where an actual fall may occur. Otherwise, the worker must
rely on the personal protective equipment system to safely arrest the fall.

Working at He
Heigh
ights
ts & Fall Protection Systems Categories
Categories

1. Surface Protection against Slipp ing & Tripping Hazards  

Hazards

Ensure that good

good housekeeping practice
practicess are inst
instituted
ituted at the wworkplace.
orkplace. It is
important to keep the work area free of equipment and materials that are not required for
the task at hand. Oil spills
spills,, mud, scraps & other ddebris
ebris must be clea
cleared
red up immediately.

Floors that may become slippery due to the work operations should be provided
with
with aspecial
non-slip typemay
soles surface or coating
be also that will provide a secure walking surface. Footwear
required.

2. Edge Protection
Protection Using Fixed Barriers

 A fixed barrier must be capable of stopping a worker from proceeding

proceeding past the edge of a
work level or into a floor opening. Barriers may be permanent or temporary, depending
on the circumstances at the workplace. Types include: guardrails, handrails, warning
barriers, & ladder cages.

a. Guardrail  - is a permanent or portable structural system consisting of a top rail, mid-

rail and toe board secured to vertical posts intended to stop a worker from inadvertently
stepping off a working level and falling to a level below. Variations of guardrail include:
wood slat, wire rope, steel frame, safety fencing, tube and clamp, perimeter netting and
others. Any of these varia
variations
tions is acceptable, as long as the system m
meets
eets the basic
design specifications
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b. Warnin g B arrier  -
Warnin  - is used to indicate to workers that they are approaching a hazardous
work area, where a potential to falling exists. The warning barriers used where it is not
reasonably practicable to provide fixed barrier protection, or a guardrail has been
temporarily removed from an area.

This system may utilize a cable, rope, or a fence system that is set up at least2 meters
from the work surface opening or edge. The effectiveness of this type of system is
increased when high visibility flagging or other means issued to mark the warning barrier.
b arrier.

c. Handrail  - on the open side of stairs, ramps and other similar means of access, proper
handrail must be provided. These serve as both a physical
ph ysical barrier and a means of support
to a worker moving up and down the access way. Handrails should be designed the same
as a guardrail.

d. Ladder Cage - is a permanent structure attached to a ladder that provides a barrier

between the worker and the surrounding space. It serves as a support to a worker, if he
needs to rest against the barrier. The worker would be able to secure to the rung or side
rail of the ladder at any time during the
th e climbing of the ladder. However, it does not provide
complete fall protection on its own. It should be used in conjunction with a full body
harness and lanyard.
3. Surface Opening
Opening Protection  - Guardrails/Floor Coverings Surface openings in floors
and other walking surfaces where workers have access must be protected by guard
railing or secured wood or metal covers. The covering must be capable of supporting all
loads to which it may be subjected.
The covering must also be identified to indicate that there is an opening below. When
plywood is used to cover openings, the minimum thickness shall be 19mm (3/4") with
proper support for the plywood.

4. Travel Restraint Systems - Safety Belts/Lifelines/Lanyards/Anchorage a travel

restraint system
system is intended to limit a worker's movement so the worker is unable to
reach a location where there is a risk of falling.

The restraint system is made up of a safety belt (or safety harness), lifeline and/or
lanyard and anchor. The safety belt is secured to a lifeline having a fixed length that is
attached to a secure anchor. The length of the lifeline is such that the worker can only
proceed to within approximately 1 meter of an opening or edge. Under no circumstances
should a travel restraint system be rigged so that a worker is in a position to fall.

5. Fa ll Arrest Systems  - A fall arrest system differs from a travel restraint system. Unlike
Fall
travel restraint, a fall arrest system does not prevent a fall; it reduces the chance of injury
when a fall takes place.
place. A complete fall arrest sys
system
tem consists of an ananchorage
chorage point,
lifeline, fall arrestor, lanyard, shock absorber, and full body safety harness.
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Specifications for
fo r a F
Fall
all Arrest System:

a. An
 Anch or age po in t  - anchorage points shall be located as high as equipment permits it,
chor
as it is dangerous to work above the point of anchorage. Belt anchors shall be made of
metal of metal machined from bar stock, forged or heat treated, capable of supporting a
pull of 2730 kgs. (6,000 lbs.) applied in any direction. If the anchor is exposed to the
elements, it must be corrosion resistant.
b. Lifeline - This is the part of the system that is attached to the anchor point
p oint and the user
of the system. Lifelines must have sufficient strength to support a weight of 1140 kgs.
(2,500 lbs.) without breaking. Lifelines must be properly secured to the anchorage point
and be protected
protected from abrasion or dam damage
age along thei
theirr full llength.
ength. Lifelines mmay
ay run
vertically or horizontally (installed between two or more anchors), depending on the
application. Temporary lifelines are made of wire or synthetic rope. Permanent systems
may be made of rigid steel or aluminum rails, wire ropes, or similar materials.

c. Fall arrestor (rope grab) - This is a device that automatically locks onto the lifeline
when a fall occurs. It is fitted between the lifeline and lanyard and normally slides freely
on the lifeline until there is a sudden downward motion. When this sudden motion occurs,
the fall arrestor "grabs" the lifeline and holds firmly. Fall arresting mechanisms are also
built into retractable life line devices, which play out and retract as necessary, but hold
fast in the event of a fall (similar to a seat belt in an automobile).
auto mobile).

d. Lanyard  - A lanyard is an approved device located between the fall arrestor and the
worker's safety harness. Lanyard must incorporate a shock absorber and be fitted with
double action devices.

e. Shock absorber  -  - This is a device that limits the force applied to the user when a fall
occurs. It is designed to absorb the kinetic energy of the fall as the worker is stopped. The
shock absorber prevents both injuries to the worker and the amount of force transferred
to the lifeline and anchor. A shock absorber may be a separate device or built into the

lanyard design.
f. Full body safety harness  - This is a device designed to contain the torso and pelvic
area of a worker and to support the worker during and after a fall. Body type harnesses
of the parachute type
type should be used. The harness should be cconnected
onnected to the lany
lanyard
ard
or lifeline at the dorsal (back) position.
position. If a lifeline and rope-grab device is used on steeply
sloping surfaces, the user needs to have the device located in front. This will allow safe
manual operation of the mechanism

6. Fall Containment Systems a Safety Net  - where it is impractical to provide a fixed

barrier or fall arrest system, an alternate solution is the provision of safety nets. Safety
nets are used most often where it is difficult or impossible to arrange for guard railing or
to provide a proper anchoring and lifeline system for fall arrest. The most common
applications for safety nets are bridge work and structural steel erection.
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Safety
Safety nets re
requir
quir ements inclu de:

It must be constructed of materials of sufficient strength to catch a falling person

or debris.
There is sufficient tension and clearance to prevent a falling person against
contacting any surface or structure below the net.
It shall be installed so that it extends 2.5 m. (8 ft.) beyond the edge of the work
area & no further than 7.5 m. (25 ft.) below the working surface.
No welding or oxy cutting is performed above safety nets.
Nets are inspected after installation, relocation or repair.
Perimeter safety nets are in position before any work is commenced.

b. Safety Mesh  - Safety mesh, which is securely fixed, provides fall protection for roof
installers and offers long term protection against falling for maintenance and repair
r epair works.
Safety mesh should be used in conjunction with appropriate edge protection, guardrails
or fall arrest systems and devices. However, it should not be used for access to or egress
from a work area or as a working platform.

Module 13: Communication in Safety including Tool

Box Meeting 
Meeting   (TBM)
Communication   is defined as the transfer of information, ideas, feelings, knowledge and
emotions between one individual and group of individuals and another. The elements of
communication are the Sender, Receiver, Message, and Feedback. In regards to safety, the
success of preventing an accident, a delay or miscommunication is in the effort of how well the
workers communicate with one another.
The Supervisor   holds the key to the communication between the top management and the
workers. Good communication is vital to the supervisor’s success in his accident prevention
program, for creating a zero accident workplace, etc. The
The workers are also vital in the supervisors
success because they are the ones who are receiving the message and gives feedback.

The Commun
Commun ication Cycle
Cycle

Communication does not limit to what the workers and supervisor says, it also depends on what
they do or don’t do. This is an example of non-verba
non-verball commu nication.

Non-verbal communication can be communicated if the workers don’t do what they are

supposed to do, or if they do something that is not right.

Communication can also be written. Writing a memo is an example of a written communication,
 however, getting the feedback may be difficult that face-to-face communication. Follow up verbal
or oral  communication should be followed.

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Basic Elements
Elements of Communication:
  The Sender- the one who delivers the message. 
  The Message- the thought; the information 
  The Receiver-the one who accepts the message 
  The Feedback -the output of the communication cycle.  
 
Importance of Communication
Communication

•  It is
is about
about how information
information is
is sent and received within firms
•  It is crucial for working successfully with others
•  It enables to maintain relationships
relations hips
•  It allows
allows to aaccomplish
ccomplish tasks w while
hile working with
with b
both
oth individuals
individuals and gr
groups
oups
•  It motivates
•  It helps to overcome obstacles
•  It creates a comfortable, trustful and psychologically safe feeling

7Cs
7Cs for Effective
Effective Business Communication
  Clarity
  Completeness
  Conciseness
  Consideration (The 'You' Attitude)
  Correctness
Correctness (Accuracy)
  Concreteness
  Courtesy

Questioning Te
Techniques
chniques

It is crucial for effective communication to ask the right questions.

 Asking the right questions
questions help
help to:
  Gather better information quickly.
  To learn more about a situation.
  To build stronger relationships.
relationships .
  To manage people more effectively.
  To avoid misunderstandings.
misunderst andings.

Open Questions  
Open questions evoke longer answers. Open questions usually begin with what, why, how. Such
a question asks the respondent for his or her knowledge, opinion or feelings.

When to Use:  
•  To develop an open frank conversation
 •  To find out more detail
•  To learn about other person's opinion, feelings or issues

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Example:
•  Why did he react that way?

Closed Question
Question s
Closed questions generally evoke a single word or very short, factual answer

When to Use:
•  To test your or the other person's understanding
•  To conclude a discussio
discussionn or making a decision
decision
•  To set a reference frame for the person within which to answer

Example:
•  Are you hungry?

Funnel Questions
 Asking funnel
funnel questi
questions
ons involves st
starting
arting wi
with
th general questions,
questions, and then
then zoomi
zooming
ng in on a poi
point
nt
in each answer. Then, you move on to asking more and more detail at each level. Hence,
generally, when using funnel questioning, start with closed questions. As you progress through
the funnel, start using more open questions.

When to Use:
•  To find out more detail about a specific point.
•  To gain the interest
interest or increase the confidence of the person you're speaking
speaking with.

Example:
•  "How many people were involved in the fight?"
•  "About seven."
•  "Were they kids or adults?"
•  "Mostly adults.” 

Probing Questions
Probing questions are asked to find out more detail. In such questions, use questions that include
the word "exactly" to probe further. An effective way of probing is to use the 5 Whys method,
which can help you quickly get to the root of a problem.

When to Use:
•  To gain clarification
•  To draw information
information out
out of people unwilling to give information
information

Example:
•  Who, exactly, wanted this report?
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Leading
Leading Questions
Questions
Leading questions are asked to try to lead the respondent to your way of thinking. It is important
to note here that leading questions tend to be closed.

When to Use:
•  To get the answer you want but letting
letting the other person
believe that they had a choice.
•  To close a sale.

Example:
•  Option 2 is better, isn't it?

*******************************************************************  

Some Tips for Commu

Communicatio
nication
n Sa
Safety
fety in the wor kplace
Safety propaganda is the process of getting a range of messages across to people and may
take a number of forms; here are some examples:

 As per DO#13 Section

Secti on 1 Item Y

Tool box meeting meeting ” refers to daily meeting among workers and thei r respective
meeting o r gang meeting”
supervisors for the purpose of instruction, discussion and proper briefing on the planned work, the
assessment of past work, the possibility or actual occurrence of accidents at the site, tips and
suggestions on how to prevent possible accidents and other related matters.

 As per DO#13 Section

Secti on 12. Safety and Health
Healt h Inf or matio
mat io n

12.1 Workers should be adequately and suitably:

a)informed of potential safety and health hazards to which they may be exposed at their
workplace; and

b)instructed and trained on the measures available for the prevention, control and protection
against those hazards.

12.5 Each supervisor or any designated person (e.g. foreman, leadman, gangboss, etc.) shall
conduct daily tool box or similar meetings prior to starting the tasks for the day to discuss with the
workers and anticipate safety
safe ty and health problems related to every task and the potential solutions
to those problems. The supervisor shall remind the workers on the necessary safety precautions

that need to be undertaken.

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Running the Tool B ox Meeting

Meeting

Schedul e the meeting  

1. Schedul

Let the team know where and when the meeting is. At the start of the day works best with most
workplaces.
2. Set the scene for the meeting —  keep it real and be positive 
real and

Encourage everyone to join in and provide their own feedback, knowledge and experiences.
Use simple language for everyone to understand to convey the key health and safety
messages.

Toolbox meetings are an opportunity to provide positive feedback for safe actions, hard work
and initiatives. It’s also important to avoid criticism and acknowledge everyone for their
contributions. The meeting shouldn’t be a lecture, but a chance for engagement with the team.  

Ensure that running and attending toolbox safety meetings is recognized as an important part of
a person’s role. If the worker regards health and safety as an add -on, it will often be neglected.

3. Follo w an agenda 
Follow an agenda to make sure you cover everything off:

 
 Inform workers of changes to company procedures
 
 Identify new hazards and review existing hazards
 
 Develop/review hazard controls
 
 Discuss/review accident and incident data
 
 Discuss the work program for the day/week ahead
 
 Have company leaders talk about the business direction or a particular topic


  Discuss any new equipment on site

 
 Provide a short training session

4. Close the meeting  

Thank the team for their time and let them get to work.

5. Record meeting not es 

Details of meetings should be recorded and kept on file. Record meeting

dates, attendees and discussion items. Show follow-up items from previous hazards, accidents
and incidents.
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Module
Modu le 14 - Roles of Superv
Superviso
isorr in Safety
Safety  
 A supervisor , foreman, team leader, overseer, cell coach, facilitator, or area coordinator is a
manager in business. A supervisor is first and foremost an overseer whose main responsibility is
to ensure that a group of subordinates get out the assigned amount of production, when they are
supposed to do it and within acceptable levels of quality, costs and safety. The supervisor is
management on the front line . They directly influence the quality and quantity of goods and
services produced.

Managers or supervisors have a direct bearing on health and safety since they have control and
can give instruction. They are also the focal point of a lot of
employee attention and the manner of their behavior and the
way they view on safety and health greatly affects the
employees’ attitudes. 

Supervisor
Supervisor s can in fluence safety
safety performance by:

  Setting policies that requires high safety s afety

performance.
  Providing resources, handouts, and materials to
achieve those policies.
  Demonstrating the commitment to safety by:
o  Personal involvement in health and safety matters
o  Encouraging employees to approach high standards on on safety
o  Giving health and safety
safety equal
equal consi
consideration
deration with everyone iin
n the company.
o  Being knowledgeable in health and safety issues.

Safety Responsib
Safety Responsib ilit y of Li ne Supervisors
Supervisors  
The largest share of responsibility in the substantial reduction of accidents and injuries on the
 jo b fal
falls
ls on th e sho
s ho ul ders s up ervi so rs , not because it has been arbitrarily assigned to
der s of th e sup
him, but because accident prevention and production control are closely associated to supervisory
superviso ry
functions. Whether or not a company has a safety program, the supervisor has these principal
responsibilities:

  Establish work methods

  Giving job instructions
instructions
  Assigning people to jobs
  Supervising people at work
  Maintaining the equipment and the workplace.
workplace .
  Instill safety consciousness
  Proper safety equipment
   Education and training program

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Summ
ummaary Key P
Poin
oints:
ts:
  The supervisor is management on the front line.
line.
  The Supervisor’s behavior
behav ior and the way he view on safety and health greatly affects
the employees’ attitudes. 

  The largest
injuries share
on the of responsibility
job falls in the
on the shoulders of substantial reduction of accidents and
the supervisors.

Module 15:
15: Occupatio
Occ upational
nal He
Health
alth
Health(OH) - defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest
Occupati onal Health(OH)
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations. People at
work can be exposed to risks to their health and may contract a range of occupational
diseases and conditions. Some people may die as a result of a contact; others may be
permanently incapacitated, etc.
 AIMS of Occup
Occ upati
ation
onal
al Health
Heal th::

1. Promotion & maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of w

workers;
orkers;
2. Prevention of illness;
3. Protection of workers from ‘risks’ at work;
4. Placement and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment appropriate
to his capacity.

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGIC ERGONOMIC

HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS HAZARDS
  Noise Forms:   Bacteria    Improper tools
  Vibration   Liquids   Viruses  and equipment
  Extremes of   Solids   Fungi  design 
temperature   Gas   Insects/   Unnecessary
  Illumination Route of entry Parasites  and unusual
  Pressure   Inhalation  design 
  Ingestion    Repetitive
  Injection Motions 
  Skin    Stress at work 
  Eye
Contamination  
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Physical Hazards

Noise-  An
1. Noise-  An unwanted sound;  Noise can
block, distort, change or interfere with the
meaning of a message in both human and
electronic communication.

Three Characteristics of Sound:  

  Frequency- is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time;

unit time;  
measured in Hertz cycles per second. 
  Loudness - Intensity of the sound; measured in Decibel (dB) 
  Duration - Continuous, intermittent, burst, waxing/ waning 

Permi
Permi ssi ble Noi se Exposure
Expo sure (OHSC
(OHSC 1074
1074:02)
:02)

Footnote(1) When the daily noise exposure is composed of two or more periods of noise
exposure of different levels, their combined effect should be considered, rather than the
individual effect of each. If the sum of the following fractions: C(1)/T(1) + C(2)/T(2) C(n)/T(n)
exceeds unity, then, the mixed exposure should be considered to exceed the limit value. Cn
indicates the total time of exposure at a specified noise level, and Tn indicates the total time
of exposure permitted at that level. Exposure to impulsive or impact noise should not
exceed 140 dB peak sound pressure level

 Adver
 Ad verse
se Health
Heal th Effect
Eff ect s of
o f Nois
No is e:
   Ac
 Acut
ut e Effect
Eff ects:
s:
o  Acoustic Trauma (explosion, Gunshot); acoustic trauma refers to permanent
cochlear damage from a one-time exposure to excessive sound pressure.
 o Temporary Threshold Shift (Disco)
o Poor Communication 

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  Chronic or Long Term

Term Effects:
o Permanent Threshold Shift (Noise Induced Hearing Loss); Noise-induced

ring l oss  (NIHL ) is an increasingly prevalent disorder

hearing
hea
that results from exposure to high-intensity sound,
high-intensity sound, especially
 especially
over a long period of time. 

Control of Noise
1. Engineering methods
 P
Purchase
urchase new equiequipment
pment
 P
Preventive
reventiv e maint
maintenance
enance
 IIsolation/damping
solation/dam ping
2. Administrati
Administrative ve Control
 J
Job
ob rot
rotation
ation / breaks
3. PPE
 E
Earar pl
plugs
ugs / ear muffs

Heatt Stress- (Hyperthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more heat

2. Hea more  heat
than it can dissipate.
  High Temperature
  High Humidity
  Poor Ventilation
  Multiple Heat Source

Mechanisms
Mechanisms of heat
heat removal
removal
  Conduction
  Convection
  Radiation
  Evaporation

 Acut
 Ac ut e Health Eff ects
ect s of
o f Heat
  Prickly Heat- is a skin disease marked by small and itchy
itchy rashes
 rashes
  Heat Fatigue-bad mood, water loss
  Heat Cramps- muscle spasm (water + ssalt)
alt)
  Heat Exhaustion- fatigue, dehydration, diaphoresis, nausea, vomiting
(water + salts + electrolytes )
  Heat Stroke- overheating, seizure, coma (failure of thermoregulatory
system); a temperature of greater than 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) due to
environmental heat exposure 

Control of Heat
Heat Problems
1. Engineering control
  Ventilation
  Water sources (fountains/showers)
2. Administrativ
Administrativee control
  Job rotation/breaks
3. PPE
 Cotton clothes, multiple changes
   Cotton clothes, multiple changes

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Stress- (Hypothermia) is a condition in which core temperature drops below that

3. Cold Stress- (Hypothermia)
required for normal metabolism
normal metabolism and body functions which is defined as 35.0 °C
(95.0 °F).

 Acut
 Ac ut e Health Effect
Eff ects
s of
o f Cold
Co ld
  Hypothermia

  Frostbite-  is the medical
the medical
and other   tissues
tissues conditioncold.
due to extreme where
  localized damage is caused to
to skin
 skin
  Trench Foot- is a medical condition caused by prolonged exposure of the feet
to damp, unsanitary and cold conditions. 

Chronic Hea
Health
lth Effects of Cold
  Bradycardia- ("heart slowness"), as applied to adult


medicine, is defined as a resting heart

resting heart rate of under 60
beats per minute, though it is seldom symptomatic until the
rate drops below 50 beat/min. 
  Skin Scaling- due to dryness of the skin. 


  Ca
 Callous
llous Formation
Formation

Control Methods
1. Engineering
Engineering Control
 Isolation / enclosure / insulation
2. Admini strative Control
 Shift work, rest periods
 Warm food and drinks / medical exams 
3. PPE
  Thermal clothing / electric blanket
  Gloves / cap / jacket / wool lined shoes

Vibration-- refers to mechanical 

4. Vibration mechanical  oscillations about an equilibrium point. The oscillations
may be periodic
be periodic such as the motion of a pendulum or   random
random such as the movement of a
tire on a gravel road; continuous low frequency oscillation that is more likely felt than
heard; affects the body through direct contact.

Health
Health Effects of Vibration
  Inflammation of wrist, elbows, shoulders 
  Carpal Tunnel syndrome- median neuropathy at the wrist is a medical
condition in which the median
the median nerve is compressed at the wrist,
wrist, leading
 leading to
paresthesias, numbness
paresthesias,  numbness and
and muscle
 muscle weakness in the hand. Night symptoms
and waking up at night is a characteristic of established carpal tunnel
syndrome. 
  Tenosynovitis-   is the inflammation of the fluid-
fluid-filled
filled sheath (called the
synovium) that
synovium)  that surrounds a
a tendon.
 tendon. Symptoms
 Symptoms of tenosynovitis include pain,
swelling and difficulty moving the particular joint where the inflammation
occurs. 
  Fatigue- is a major safety concern in many fields, but especially in
transportation, because
transportation,  because fatigue can result in disastrous accidents. Fatigue
is considered an internal precondition for unsafe acts because it negatively
 affects the human operator s internal state. 

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Prevention & Treatment

1. Engineering
  Tool re-design
  Isolation
2. Administrative
  shifting
3. PPE
  gloves, dampers

Illumination-   is the deliberate application of   light

5. Illumination- light to achieve some aesthetic or practical
effect. Lighting includes use of both artificial 
artificial  light sources such as lamps and natural
illumination
illuminati on of interiors from
from daylight.
 daylight. Daylighting
 Daylighting (through windows, skylights, etc.) is often
used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings given its low cost. 

The impor tance of Illumination or Light ing

  1915.92(a) of OSH Standards - all means of access and walkways leading to w working
orking
areas as well as the working areas themselves shall be adequately illuminated.  
o A minimum of 50 lux  – passageway, corridor, warehouse

o A minimum of 100 lux  – engine and boiler rooms; toilets and washrooms

o A minimum of 200 lux  – canning and preserving; planing of lumber

o A minimum of 300 lux  – medium inspection; office deskwork with intermittent

reading and writing for filing and mail sorting

o A minimum of 500 lux  – fine inspection, fine woodworking, accounting, drafting,

stenographic work.
o A minimum of 1000 lux  – extra fine assembling; jewelry and watch mfg;

proofreading in printing plants

 Acut
 Ac ut e effect
eff ects
s of
o f l ow il lu
lumi
mi natio
nat io n
  Eye Strain
Strain-- is an ophthalmological
an ophthalmological condition that manifests itself through
nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue, pain in or around the eyes, blurred
vision, headache
vision, headache and occasional
occasional double
 double vision.
vision. Symptoms
 Symptoms often occur after
reading, computer work, or other close activities that involve tedious visual
tasks. 
  Dizziness, Headache, Neck Pains, Teary Eyes

Control Methods
  Improve illumination by adding:
  artificial light sources
  natural light sources
  Reduce by:
  Isolation or enclosure
  PPE
  Eye examinati
examination on / Eye protection devices

6. Pressure- Pressure is an effect which occurs when a   force  is applied on a surface.

Pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area; is the atmospheric force that is
constantly applied on the body, as a result of normal changes in altitude or artificially
induced conditions; Pressure changes cause body stress.
 Work in compressed air, for example in pressurized caissons and diving bells, and
in diving operations, may expose people to the risk of decompression sickness.

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 Acut
 Ac ute
e Effect
Eff ects
s of
o f Pr essur
ess ur e:
Fatigue Dizziness Depressed Reduced Oxygen
Incoordination Headaches Sensorium Lowered
Temperature Apprehension Disorientat
Disorientation
ion Narcosis
Paresthesias Excitabil
Excitability
ity Tremors Death Pulmonary
Edema

Control methods

  Pre-employment screening
  Training (Pre-event)
  Scheduled work duration
  Exercise (During event)
  Medical monitoring
  Medications
  Pressure vessels / chamber
  Rehabilitation
Rehabilit ation (Post-event)
  Pressurized suits

Chemical Hazards
Hazards

Chemical Hazard is the danger caused by chemicals to the environment and people.

 A chemical
chemical hazard arises fro
from
m contamin
contamination
ation with harmful or potent
potentially
ially har
harmful
mful chem
chemicals.
icals.

The Routes
Routes of Entry of Chemicals
Chemicals

  Skin Absorption- Skin acts as a protective barrier.

Health Effects
  Local irritation 
  Generalized Reaction (sensitization or allergic reaction) 
  Absorption iis
s increased with high temperature and perspiration  

  Eye Contamination-enters thru contamination of the eye. 

Health Effects
 Irritation 
 Blindness 
 Swelling 

  Ingestion- enters thru mouth; accidental swallowing from eating in contaminated

area; smoking on the job with contaminated fingers and hands; ingestion of
inhaled materials. 

Health Effects
  Vomiting 
   Dizziness 

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  Inhalation- most important route of chemical

exposure; concentration in the air; duration
of exposure; amount of air inhaled. 

Health Effects
  Lack of oxygen 

 Difficult to breathe 
  Injection

Organs in that body that may be affected

affected by ch emicals:
  Skin
  Lungs
  CNS
  Kidney
  Liver
  Blood
  Heart
General
General Health effects
  Disorientation
  Euphoria
  Light headedness
  Confusion
  Unconsciousness
  Headache
  Nausea, vomiting
  Paralysis, convulsion, death 

Control of Chemical Hazards

1. Engineering
 Initial selection / substitution
 C
Chemical
hemical hood
 R
Redesign
edesign the proprocess
cess
2. Administrative
 APE / SOP / shiftwork / housekeeping
 S
SDS
DS review
 E
Environmental
nvironmental monitoring
3. PPE

Biolog ical Haza

Hazards
rds

 Also known as biohazards , refer to biological

to biological substances that pose a threat to the health of
living organisms, primarily that of humans. This can include medical waste or samples of a
microorganism, virus
microorganism,  virus or   toxin
toxin (from a biological source) that can impact human health; these
are the factors that cause infectious and contagious diseases. These are common problems
among health care workers and laboratory personnel handling biologic specimens.

Some Biologic Haza

Hazards
rds that can are Contiguo
Contiguo us or can lead to Death
Death
   Tuberculosis  Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs
the lungs but can also affect other parts of
the body. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough,
sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an
an asymptomatic,
 asymptomatic, latent
 latent infection,

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and about one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if
left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims.

   AIDS- This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system

and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic
to opportunistic infections and
and tumors.
 tumors. HIV
 HIV is
transmitted through direct contact of a
a mucous
 mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a
bodily
breast fluid
milk.containing
  HIV, such as
as blood,
 blood, semen,
 semen, vaginal
 vaginal fluid,
fluid, preseminal
 preseminal fluid,
fluid, and
 and

  Hepatit
Hepa A,B,C,E- implies inflammation of the liver
tit is A,B,C,E- the liver characterized
by the presence of  inflammatory cells
  inflammatory cells in the
the tissue
 tissue of the organ.
Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic
when it persists longer. A group of   viruses
viruses known as the hepatitis
viruses cause most cases of hepatitis worldwide, but it can also be
due to toxins (notably alcohol,
(notably alcohol, certain
 certain medications
 medications and plants),
other   infections
infections and
and autoimmune
 autoimmune diseases. 

  Chicken Pox- is a highly contagious

highly contagious illness caused by primary
infection with
with varicella
 varicella zoster virus.
virus. Chicken
 Chicken pox is spread easily through coughs or
sneezes of ill individuals, or through direct contact with secretions from the rash.
Following primary infection there is usually lifelong protective immunity from further
episodes of chickenpox. Chickenpox is rarely fatal, although it is generally more
severe in adult males than in adult females or children. Pregnant women and those
with a suppressed immune system are at highest risk of serious complications.
Chicken pox is now believed to be the cause of one third of stroke cases in children.
  URTI-
URTI- Upper
Upper respirator URTI), are the illnesses caused by
resp irator y tract inf ectio ns, (URI or URTI),
an acute infection
acute infection which involves the upper   respiratory
respiratory tract:
tract: nose,
 nose, sinuses,
 sinuses, pharynx
 pharynx or
larynx.  
larynx.
  Eyes- painful
Sore Eyes- painful and
 and uncomfortable,
 uncomfortable, usually
 usually as
 as a
 a result
 result of 
 of  an injury,
 an injury, infection,
 infection, or 
 or   too
too
much exercise.
much exercise.  
  Sexually Transmitted Disease- is an illness that has a significant probability of

transmission
including between
between humans
including vaginal
 vaginal  humans
intercourse, or   animals
intercourse, oral
 oral animals
sex,
sex, and by means
 and anal
 anal sex.  of   human
sex. human sexual behavior,
behavior,  
  eases  
Other Skin Dis eases

Ergonomic Hazards

It is a technique that brings together several disciplines to solve problems at work.

Job
  the task needed to achieve a result
  governed by guidelines designed to prevent muscle overload
  requires learning, training and skill

Workstation
  place of deployment
   where duties are carried out
  where equipment are located
  machines are the tools
  8 hours are spent

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  most accidents happen

Tool
  integral part of the man-machine system
  powerful, fast, tireless
  enables man to accomplish h his
is job with reduced effort

Man
  Integral part of the man-machine-system.
  intelligent,
intellig ent, adaptive and versatile
  the basis of existence - survival

Workplace Design
Fit the workplace to the worker; not the worker to the workplace

Tool Design
Fit the tool to the worker; not the worker to the tool

****************************************************************************************************

Ergonomics  is the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its
movements and its cognitive
its cognitive abilities.

The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics as follows:

Ergonomics (or human factors) is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding
of interactions among humans and other elements of a system, and the profession that
applies theory, principles, data and methods to design in order to optimize human well-
being and overall system performance.
Ergonomics is employed to fulfill the two goals of health and productivity. It is relevant in the
design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and
equipment. Proper ergonomic design is necessary to prevent repetitive
prevent repetitive strain injuries,
injuries, which
 which
can develop over time and can lead to long-term disability.

Five aspects
aspects of ergonomics
There are five aspects of ergonomics: safety, comfort, ease of use,
productivity/performance, and aesthetics. Based on these aspects of ergonomics, examples
are given of how products or systems could benefit from redesign based on ergonomic
principles.

1.Safety  - Medicine bottles: The print on them could be larger so that a sick person who
may have bad vision (due to sinuses, etc.) can more easily see the dosages and
label. Ergonomics could design the print style, color and size for optimal viewing.

2.Comfort - Alarm clock display:

display: Some displays are harshly bright, drawing oneʼs eye to
the light when surroundings are dark. Ergonomic principles could re-design this
based on contrast principles.
3.Ease of us e - Street Signs: In a strange area, many times it is difficult to spot street
signs. This could be addressed with the principles of visual detection in ergonomics.
 4.Productivity/performance  - HD TV: The sound on HD TV is much lower than regular
TV. So when you switch from HD to regular, the volume increases dramatically.

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Ergonomics recognizes that this difference in decibel level creates a difference in

loudness and hurts human ears and this could be solved by evening out the decibel
levels.

5. Aesth
 Aes theti cs  - Signs in the workplace: Signage should be made consistent throughout
etics
the workplace
easily to not only be aesthetically pleasing, but also so that information is
accessible

Risk Fa
Factors
ctors on Ergonomi cs
1. Position
a. Wrist straight, shoulders
relaxed
b. Back and neck as close to
their natural alignment as
possible
c. Elbows near the side, bent at
a 90º angle to reach the work
d. Keep materials close to the
body when carrying
e. Don’t twist, bend, reach
2. Force 
a. Use as little effort as allowable
b. Push a cart, don’t pull 
c. Seek assistance from others
d. Don’t exceed 25kgs when lifting 
3. Frequency  
a. Reduce the repetitions of movements in activiti
activities
es
b. Rest breaks

Source:  https://www.
https://www.microsoft.c
microsoft.com/accessories/
om/accessories/en-us/support/ergonom
en-us/support/ergonomic-comfort
ic-comfort

The Necessary
Necessary Health
Health Perso
Perso nnel in the Workplace
Workp lace

First Aider

  The one who gives iimmediate

mmediate and temporary treatment
in case of sudden injury or illness and refer the injured to the physician
or dentist if necessary. The First aider must maintain the medical and
dental services and facilities. 

Nurse

  Provide nursing care to the ill and injured. Performs

health examinations which are within the scope of
nursing profession, and refer the same to the physician
 if more intensive examination is needed. He/she maintains health
records and submits annual medical report and gives suggestions to
improve conditions that affect the worker’s healt h.

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Physician 

  Organize, administer, and maintain an occupational

health services program. Conducts studies on
occupational health. Prevents disease or injury in the
workplace and conserve the health of the workers
Provides medicalofand
analyze records surgical cases.
all medical care. Maintains and
Continually
monitors the work environment for possible health hazards. Acts as an
adviser to management and labor health hazards. He/ she reports
directly to the top management.

Dentist

  The duties of the dentist employed in a

workplace shall be in accordance with the
Standards prescribed by the Bureau of Dental
health Services, Department of Health.

Summary Key Points

  Occupational Health defines as the promotion and maintenance of the highest

degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.  
  Occupational Health Hazards are classified on the Phy
Physical,
sical, Chemical,
Biological and Ergonomic hazards. 
  Noise is an unwanted sound.
  The characteristics of sound are: Frequency, loudness, duration.
  Heat Stress (Hy
(Hyperthermia)
perthermia) occurs when the body produces or absorbs more
heat than it can dissipate.
  Cold Stress or Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops

below
definedthat
as required for normal metabolism
35.0 °C (95.0normal
°F).  metabolism and body functions which is
  Vibration is a continuous low frequency oscillat
oscillationion that is more likely felt than
heard.
  Illuminati
Illumination
on is the deliberate application of   light
light to achieve some aesthetic or
practical effect.
  Pressure is an effect which occurs when a force is applied on a surface.
  Ergonomics is the science of designing the job, equipment, and w workplace
orkplace to
fit the worker
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Module 16 –
16 – Fundame
 Fundamentals
ntals of Industr ial H
Hygiene
ygiene 
–is the science and art devoted to identification
Industrial Hygiene (IH)  – evaluation   and
identification,, evaluation
control  of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which may
cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among workers or
among citizens of the community.
Industrial hygiene is strict and rigorous scientific methodology and often requires professional
experience in determining the potential for hazard, exposures or risk in workplace and
environmental studies.
Safety  is the state of being "safe", the condition of being protected against physical, social,
spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types
or consequences of failure, damage, error, accidents, harm or any other event which could
be considered non-desirable. This T his can take the form of being protected from the event or from
exposure to something that causes health or economical losses. It can include protection of
people or of possessions. Or in short, safety is freedom from accidents.

 Acci
 Ac dentt  is usually a result of contact of a body with a source of energy above the threshold
ciden
limit of the body or structure. It is an occurrence that interrupts the normal and orderly
progress of any activity. Accidents can result to physical harm, damage to property or delay
in operation.

Causes
Causes of Acc idents

➢   Unsafe acts . A violation of safe procedure

•   act of omission
•   act of commission
➢   Conditi ons . Seen as a physical or chemical property in the material
Unsafe Conditi

Three Steps to Control Hazards and Accidents

➢  Identify - to map a known quantity to an unknown entity so as to make it known
➢  Evaluate - to ponder on something.
➢  Correct - an action to rectify, to make right a wrong.

1. Identif y = Hazard Identifi cation . Identification of hazard is done through: 

Hazard Identification

➢   Inspection . An organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It involves the

measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an object or
activity. The results are usually compared to specified requirements and standards for
determining whether the item or activity is in line with these targets. Inspections are usually
non-destructive. It is done before an incident or an accident occurs.

➢   Investigation. To observe or inquire into in detail; examine systematically. It is done

 after an incident or an accident.

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2. Evaluate = Risk As sessm ent

Compare what you identified with OSH standards

3. Correct = Control

➢   Engineering control . Eliminate or reduce the hazard through:

•  Initial design specificati

specification
on
•  Substitution
•  Change the process
•  Isolation (Place)
•  Ventilation

➢    Admi
 Ad mi ni
nist
st rat iv
ivee cont ro l . Control of employee’s exposure 
co ntro

•  Increased breaks
•  SOPs
•  Isolation (time)
•  Medical Exams
•
•  Workplace monitoring
Scheduled reduced work hours in contaminated areas

➢   PPE. Use protective barrier to protect the worker from the

hazard.

Other General Examples of Control Methods of Industrial Hygiene

1. Substitut
Substitution
ion of non-toxic or less-toxic for one which is harmful to health (lead in paint
pigment with zinc, barium or titanium oxide)
2. Change in the process to improve working condition (spray paint to dipping or
brushing)
3. Isolation or exposed
employees enclosure of a process or w work
ork operation to redu
reduce
ce the nu
number
mber of
4. Wet methods to reduce generation of dust
5. Local exhaustion ventilation at the point of generation or dispersion of contaminants
6. Dilutio
Dilutionn ventilatio
ventilationn to provide safe, hea
healthful
lthful atmosphere
7. Personal Protective Equipment (devices) such as special clothing, eye or respiratory
protection
8. Good housekeeping, includinincluding
g cleanliness of workplace, waste disposal, adequate
washing, toilet and eating facilities
9. Administrati
Administrativeve exposure controls, including adjusting w work
ork schedules or rrotating
otating job
assignments so no employee receives an overexposure
10. Special control methods for specific hazards, such as shielding, monitoring devices
and continuous sampling with preset alarms
11. Medical controls to detect evidence of absorption of toxic chemicals
12. Training and education to supplement engineering controls
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Environmental monitoring - describes the processes and activities that need to take
place to characterize and monitor the quality of the environment. Environmental
monitoring is used in the preparation of   environmental
environmental impact assessments, as
assessments, as well as in
many circumstances in which human activities
activit ies carry a risk of harmful effects on the natural
the natural
environment. All
environment.  All monitoring strategies and programmed have reasons and justifications
which are often designed to establish the current status of an environment or to establish
trends in environmental
analyzed parameters.
statistically and In all
published. The cases the results
design of monitoring
of a monitoring will be reviewed,
programmed must
therefore have regard to the final use of the data before monitoring starts.

The Three
Three Basic Components of environmental monit oring are:

1. Identify- Involves knowledge and understanding of the several types of workplace

environmental stresses and the effect of these upon the health of the worker.
2. Evaluate- The decision- making process resulting in
an opinion as to the degree of health hazard that
exists from chemical of physical agents from
industrial exposure.
3. Correct- Engineering, Administrative Control and
PPE.

Sources of Data

1. Walk-Through Survey- is done to pinpoint the

location of the existing health hazard so that proper
corrective actions can be taken and to identify
potential health hazards under normal and abnormal
conditions.

2. Chemical Inventory
  SDS (Safety
(Safety Data Sheet) - Raw materials (it is available to anyone who
requests for it. It should be accompanied to any delivery or storage materials)

  PSDS (Product Safety Data Sheet) - Normal written on the labels of the
products themselves. It contains the necessary
information about:
o  Description
o  Structural formula

o  Hazard/ toxicity

classification
o  First aid

o  Physical data

o  Fire and explosion data

o  Emergency
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Examples of Occupational Health

Examples Health Instruments/
Equipment

  Physical Agents

o   Noise/ sound - sound level meters, waveband

analyzers, audiometer

o   Light - Photometer, illumination meter

o   Hea
Heatt st ress - heat stress monitor

o   Radiation - radiation survey meter

  Chemical Agents-

o   Gas/ dus t - indicator tubes, stationary and personal

Gas/ dust
samplers

  Biological Agents - microscope, microbial samplers

  Otherr equipment- atomic absorption spectrophotometer,

Othe
gas chromatograph

Summary
Summary Key Points:

  Industrial Hygiene (IH)  –

–is the science and art devoted to recognition, evaluation and
control of environmental factors and stresses arising in or from the workplace, which
may cause sickness, impaired health and well-being, or significant discomfort among
workers or among citizens of the community.

  Accident is usually a result of contact of a man w

with
ith a source of energy above the
threshold limit of the body or structure.

  Unsafe Acts and Unsafe Conditions are the Causes of Accidents.

  Steps to control the Hazard are Identify, evaluate, and correct.

  Inspection is done before an accident or an incident occurs. Investigation is after an

incident or an accident.
   Environmental monitoring is used in the preparation of   environmental
environmental impact
assessments, as
assessments,  as well as in many circumstances in which human activities carry a
risk of harmful effects on the natural
the natural environment.
environment.  

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  Work environmental monitoring is carried out to evaluate occupational hazards

resulting from exposure to the following agents: Physical Agents, Chemical Agents,
and Biological Agents.

  It is important to recognize environmental hazards or stresses in the w

workplace.
orkplace. The
magnitude or level of hazards can be accurately determined by using industrial

hygiene
evaluate equipment. Prevention is better than cure so it is necessary to assess and
these hazards.

Module
Modul e1
17:
7: Job Haz
Hazard
ard An
Analysi
alysis
s (JHA)
Job hazard analysi s  is one of the safety management tools that can be used to define
hazard analysi
and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or procedure. Job Hazard
 Analysis is a term used interchangeably with Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment.
The purpose of a JHA is to ensure that the risk of each step of a task is reduced to ALARP
(As Low As Reasonably Practicable).

Some type of risk analysi

analysiss should be performed before every job. Some tasks are routine
and the hazards and controls well understood. For routine tasks consider using a
Standard Operating Procedure, a set of standing orders that control the known hazards.
For tasks that are complex, unusual, difficult, require the interaction of many people or
systems or involve new tools or methods, a JHA should be performed.

JHA should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is expedient
to review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been performed before
but the work group must take special care to review all of the steps thoroughly to ensure
that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job this time. The JHA is usually
completed on a form.

Uses
Uses of JHA:
  Create/ Improve SOP’s  
  Guide in o
observing
bserving employee performance
  Accident investigation
  Safety inspection

Establishing priorities are based on the following criteria:

  High frequency o off acc
accidents
idents or near- m misses
isses
  History of se
serious
rious acaccidents
cidents or fa
fatalities
talities
  Potential for serious harm

  New jobs
  Changes in procedures and standards
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Selecting a JHA team:

  Involving others
others in the pro
process
cess reduces the possibility or overlooking an individual
 job step or potential hazard
hazard
  It increases
increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropria
appropriate
te measures of
eliminating or controlling the hazards.

 An effect
eff ectiv
iv e JHA t eam usu
u suall
all y inc
i nclu
lu des:
des :
o  The supervisor
o  The employ
employee
ee most familiar w
with
ith how the job is done a
and
nd its related hazards
o  Other employees who perform the job
o  Experts or specialist when necessary
necessary,, such as
as safety officer, m
maintenance
aintenance
personnel, occupational hygienist, ergonomists,
ergonomists, or design engineers.

Sample of JHA:

Step Haza
Hazard
rd Control
Contr ol
(1) Prepare Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome Wear thick gloves
Surface Using
Electric Wire Use vibrating tool no more
Brush than 20 minutes at a time and for
no more than 2 hours a shift
Paint dust possibly containing lead Wear a P3 organic vapor mask
when disturbing old paint. Wear
disposable coveralls. Wash
hands thoroughly before eating
or smoking. Thorough
housekeeping.
Slips trips and falls Route all electrical cables
sensibly to keep walkways and
stairs free of hazards.
Sunburn Wear broad brim and SPF 40+
sun block.
(2) Paint Damage to adjacent surfaces from Use drop sheets
Handrails thinners and paint
Exposure to fumes from thinners If poorly ventilated, use P3
organic vapor mask
Paint in eyes Wear safety goggles when
working above shoulder height,
safety glasses at other times
Fire Keep containers of thinners and
flammable solvents closed
properly and stored in a cool
 place away from sources of
sparks

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(3) Housekeeping Slip and trip hazards Remove waste to bin, tools to
store, ensure barriers and signs
are in place to denote wet paint.

 Accidents
 Accidents can occur
occur when:
when:

  Work is performed incorrectly

  Workers use hazardous materials
  Work Under hazardous conditions

JHA Procedure

  List/ enumerate basic job ssteps

teps necessary to perform tthe
he job from start
start to finis
finish
h
  Identify every existing or potential hazards as
associated
sociated with eeach
ach job step.
  Develop recommendations
recommendations for wways
ays to eliminate, or control each hazard
Note: it is best to complete JHA forms one column at a time.

1. Identif
Identif ying Basic J ob Steps

The purpose of JHA is to identify hazards associated with a job and to make
recommendations for ways to eliminate or control these hazards. Describing job steps in
terms of what they are supposed to accomplish provides maximum opportunity to explore
alternative ways of performing the job in a safer, healthier manner.

Most common errors:

  Describing the job in too much detai

detaill

  Describing the job in too little detail

Solution:

  List as steps
steps only tho
those
se tasks that w
would
ould be described to someone being
trained to perform the job.

2. Determine
Determine t he Hazards
Hazards

Identify all of the existing or potential actions or conditions that could lead to an
injury or illness, or harm to the environment. To make sure that each step is
examined thoroughly, consider the following:

  Hazard guide:
 o  The phy
physical
sical actions required for that sp
specific
ecific step
o  The materials used

o  The equipments used

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  The cond
o conditions
itions under which the st
step
ep iiss nor
normally
mally performed.
  Physical action:
o  Force (weight)

o  Frequency (repetition)

o  Posture (Prolonged)

  Position (distance)
o

  Materials
o  Chemicals

o  Corrosive

o  Flammable

o  Volatile

  Equipment
o  Mechanical hazard

o  Electrical hazard

o  Conditions

o  Noisy environment

o
  Temperatures extremes
o  Vibration present
o  Poor or high Illumination
o  Pressure (atmospheric force)
o  Prolonged hours
3. Recommending Corrective Measures:
  Should be developed at the job site whenever possible
  Should be developed in s
sequence,
equence, beginning wi
with
th the fi
first
rst hazar
hazard
d
  Must be specific

Correctin
Correctin g t he haz
hazards
ards

  Administrative
Administrative control
  PPE
  Engineering control
  Physical action
o  Modifying/Rearranging/Combining actions

o  Change the process

o  Training

o  Use of PPE

  Material
o  Substitution of materials

o
  Machine guarding or Safe guarding
o  Limit employee exposure
   Use of PPE
o

  Equipment
o  Installation of machine

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  Use of automatic safeguard devices

o

o  Replacement of a particular piece of equipment

o  Training, experience, skills

o  Use of PPE should also be considered

  Work Area Condition

o
  Relocation (isolation by place)
o  Rescheduling (isolation by time)
o  Redesign of the work area

Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis

1. Develop / improve SOP’s - To constantly improve / develop written procedures to

perform the job in the safest & healthiest way possible.

2. Employee Training
  Ensuring that each job s step
tep is performed ssafely
afely & eefficiently
fficiently
  To point out p
particular
articular job ste
steps
ps / hazards that rrequires
equires special precautions.

   Refresherawareness
Increase training (infrequent jobs)
on hazards

3. Employee Observations
  Guide in employee performance observations
  Allows supervisors to focus on especially hazardous steps
  Ensures employee is performing steps according to SOP

4. Inspections - When developing inspection checklists,

checklist s, supervisors can use JHA’s to help
identify hazardous conditions that may need to be included.

5. Accident Investigations 
  To dete
determine
rmine if the job was being performed incorrectly
  To tel
telll if a h
hazard
azard was overl
overlooked
ooked in the initial analysis.
Summary Key Points:

  Job hazard analys

analysis
is (JHA) is one of the safety m
management
anagement tools that can be u used
sed
to define and control the hazards associated with a certain process, job or
procedure.
  Should be created by the work group performing the task. Sometimes it is
expedient to review a JHA that has been prepared when the same task has been
performed before but the work group must take special care to review all of the
steps thoroughly to ensure that they are controlling all of the hazards for this job
this time.
  JHA increases the likelihood of identifying the most appropriate measures of
 eliminating or controlling the hazards.
  To make sure that each step step is examined thoroughly, consider
consider the following:
Physical actions, materials and equipments used, and the working conditions.

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  Uses of a Job Hazard Analysis: Develop/ Implement SOP’s, Employee Training,

Employee Observations, Inspections, and Accident Investigations.

Modu
odule
le 1
18:
8: C
Cons
onstru
tructi
ction
on Safe
afety
ty & Hea
ealth
lth Prog
rogram
ram
(CSHP)
COURSE
COURSE OBJECTIVES
OB JECTIVES

  To practice preparing construc

construction
tion OSH program in compliance to Rule 1410 of the
OSHS and DO 13, series 1998 and best practices.
  To submit to DOLE-OSHC the construction OSH program duly signedsigned by the Project
Manager and OSH Consultant, for their review and approval.
  To fully understand that construc
construction
tion OSH program must be strictly implemented,
monitored and sustained until project completion.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

When submitting the construction OSH Program to DOLE-OSHS for their review
rev iew and
approval, the following must be incorporated:
  Three (3) copies of lletter
etter of intent;
  Name of authorized contac
contactt person
with telephone numbers
numbers;; and
  Three (3) copies of the Occupational Safety and Health Program. One (1) copy-
Client, one (1) copy-RO, one (1) copy-OSHS.

CONTENTS OF CONSTRUCTION OSH PROGRAM

Name
Name of Person prepared t he program  
Person who prepared
(Please indicate if accredited by DOLE as OSH Practitioner)
Descripti on  
Project Descripti

Specific name of project Name of main contractor

Location of the project Estimated number of workers to be deployed
Project classificati
classifications
ons Estimated start of execution of project
Project owner Estimated duration
   Company Safety Policy written on a company letterhead.
  Must be duly signed by the highes
highestt company official or the highest ran
ranking
king
company representative who has over-all control of project execution.
  Management/Owner's Commitment to comply safety and health policy.

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  Composition of Safety and Health Committee. (Per project)

  Must specify the proposed structure and member
membership
ship of the ssafety
afety and Health
committee. (Specify the names)
  Names of ssite
ite ssafety
afety a
and
nd health personnel.(depending on the number o off workers
to be deployed in the in the construction site)
  Specific duties and responsibilities of the Safety Officer.

SPECIFIC PROVISIONS ON THE FOLLOWING:  

o  On si
site
te sa
safety
fety and health promotion and continuing information
dissemination.
o  Accident and incident investigation and reporting.

o  Protection of the general public within the vicinity of the construction site.

o  Environmental control.

o  Guarding of hazardous machinery.

o  Personal Protective Equipment.

o  Handling of Hazardous substances.

o
  General material handling and storage procedures.
o  Workers’ skills and certification.(for critical occupation)

o  Provisions for trans

transportation
portation fac
facilities
ilities for worker
workerss in case of emergency
o  Temporary Fire Protection Facilities and equipment

o  First aid and health care medicines, equipment Workers’ Welfare Facilities  

o  Minimum wage and other statutory benefits

o  Proposed Hours of Work an and

d Rest Breaks
o  Construction waste disposal

o  Testing and inspection of cons

construction
truction heavy equipment (if constructio
construction
n
heavy equipment will be utilized in the project per requirements of Sec.
10, D.O. No. 13)
o  Disaster and Emergency Preparedness contingency plan.

Standards Operating
Standards Operating Procedure and
and Jo b Haza
Hazardrd Analysi
Analysi s for the foll owing
activiti es and
and ot her hazardous herein.  
hazardous work n ot out lined herein.
 Site cleaning
 Excavations
 Erection and dismantling of scaffolds and
an d other temporary working platforms
 Tem
 Temporary
porary electrical connections/install
connections/installations
ations
 Use of scaffolds and
an d other te
temporary
mporary working platforms
 Working at unprotected elevated
e levated working platforms or surfaces
 Use of power tools and equipment
 Gas and electric welding and cutting operations
 Working in confined spaces
 Use of internal combustion engines

 Handling hazardous and/or toxic chemical substances.

 Use of hand
han d tools
  Use of mechanized lifting appliances for movement of materials.
 Use of construction heavy equipment.
 Demolition
 Installation, use and dismantling of hoist and elevators.

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Penalties/S
Penalties/Sanctions OSH Program 
anctions for vi olations o f the prov ision s of the OSH

 ATTACHMENTS 

  Application Form
Form,, 3 co
copies
pies

 Photocopy of Registration Forms received and approved by the concerned DOLE
Regional Office per D.O. 18-02 (require yearly renewal)/PCAB per Rule 1020 of
the OSHS.(one time Registration)

  Photocopy of Invitat
Invitation
ion to Bid/Project Contract.
Contract.
  Photocopy of Certificate of Com
Completion
pletion on required Training of all designated OSH
Personnel. o Safety Officer - Construction Occupational Safety and Health Training
for Construction Site
Safety Officer

   OH Nurse - Basic Occupational Safety and Health Training

T raining for OH Nurse
(for more than 50 workers.

   First Aider  -
 - Standard First Aid Training and valid
PNRC ID as First Aider.
   OH Physi
Physi cian  - Basic Course on Occupational
Medicine.

Certificate of Inspection and Testing of Construction Heavy Organization accredited

by DOLE.(if any)
Skills Certificate of Construction Heavy Equipment operators issued by TESDA.(if
any)
Contract with nearby hospital/clinic in lieu of the required infirmary hospital.(if any)

Modul e 1
Module 19:
9: S
Sit
iteeSSafety
afety Inspect
Inspectio
ionn/S
Sit
itee Actual Visi
Visitt /
 Ac t i v i t y Pr
Pres
esen at i o n  
entt ati
 An inspection   is, most generally, an organized examination or formal evaluation exercise. It
involves the measurements, tests, and gauges applied to certain characteristics in regard to an
object or activity. A safety inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to locate
existing and potential hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace.

Safety inspection should be part of every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure. When a safety inspection has become part of a supervisor’s
 routine, the safety responsibilities of each department will then be integrated to improve the whole
company.

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It is recommended that formal inspection must be done at least once a month, using a checklist.
However, in some areas, frequent safety inspections should be done.

Objectives
Objectives and Purposes

  To maintain a safe work environment

environmen t through hazards recognition and removal
  To ensure that people are following proper safety procedures while working
  To determine which operations meet or exceed acceptable safety and government
standards
  To maintain product quality and operational profitability
profitab ility

 A safet
s afety
y Insp
In sp ect io n Prog
Pr og ram s houl
ho ul d ans wer the
th e foll
fo ll ow in g qu estio
est io ns :

  What items need to be inspected?

  What aspects of each item need to be
be examined?
  What conditions need to be inspected?
  How often must items be inspected?
  Who will conduct the inspection?
inspection?

Types of inspections
  Continuous or On- Going
Going Inspections
o   This process is done by supervisors,
supervisors , employees and maintenance personnel as
part of their job responsibilities. This sometimes called informal because it does
not have a schedule, plan or a checklist.
  Planned
Planned inspection at intervals
o   These inspections can be the foundation of a strong loss control program.
program . This
process is what most people call as “real” safety and health inspection. It is
deliberate, thorough and systematic by design.

Three Types of Planned Inspection Intervals

  Periodic inspection- includes those inspections scheduled at regular

intervals. It can be made weekly, monthly, semi- annually or at other
intervals.
  Intermittent Inspection- is those made at regular intervals and they are
performed unannounced.
  General Inspections- are planned and covers places not inspected
periodically.

Checklists

 A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce

reduce failure
 failure by compensating for potential
limits of human memory and attention. 
attention.  It helps to ensure consistency and completeness in
carrying out a task. A basic example is the "to do list." A more advanced checklist would be a
schedule, which
schedule,  which lays out tasks to be done according to time of day or o r other factors.
 How to create checkli
checkli sts

1. Enumerate every potential hazard within the category that you know exists in our work
area

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2. Check the written source yyou

ou have available to add any hazards that you did not think of.
3. Examine the work area itself to see if you overlooked
overlooked any conditions that needed to be
checked, and note the specific location of the hazards already listed.
4. Have your e employees
mployees review your list to make sure you have included all the hazards and
unidentified the locations of each one.

Chemical Hazard Mechanical Hazard Ergonomics Hazard

Checklists should have the following items:

  Hazardous locations, work processes, and machineries

  Grounds
  Loading and Shipping Platforms
  Outside Structures
  Floors
  Stairways
  Housekeeping

  Others- fire hazards, poor electrical installations, damaged chains, etc.

Samples
Samples of writ ten records:

  Previous inspection reports

  JHA
  Maintenance of records
  MSDS
  Accident investigation reports
  Work environmen
environmentt monitoring

Tips for Scheduling Inspection

  Determine how much time is required for each type of inspec

inspection
tion
  Inspect as often as possible
   Make sure each
each inspect
inspection
ion is thorough so it will not
not be a w
waste
aste of ti
time
me
  If no hazardous conditions are found, do not decrease the frequency of inspections
  Stick to the schedule

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Safety Observation Plan

There are several factors necessary for effective safety observation. These are:

  Know what to look for.

  Practice observing.

  Keep an open mind.

  Do not be satisfied with general impressions
  Guard against habit and familiarity
  Record observati
observations
ons systemati
systematically
cally
  Prepare a checklist.

Communicating the results

results

It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees. If poor work practices
and bad habits have developed, employees must be advised of the observations immediately and
explain the correct ways on how the work is to be done. Many supervisors forget to mention the
positive actions
actions and practices that take pl place
ace in their department. It is important to encourage
people to follow good work practices.  

Site Visit
Visit

This activity would depend if there would be a construction site project that will allow the
COSH class to perform an exercise on what they have learn during the discussion of
Safety Inspection.

The COSH Class will be divided into several groups and will be assigned to several
allowed locations within the selected construction (if allowed) and will perform simulated
safety inspection looking for any unsafe acts and unsafe conditions based on the recent
learning of past COSH Training topics.

If they may be allowed to take pictures, they will asked to show it during their group
presentations together with their findings and subsequent recommendations.

Summary Key Points:

  A safety inspection
inspection is defined as a monitoring function conducted to llocate
ocate existing and
potential hazards that may cause accidents in the workplace. 

  Safety inspection should be part of every

every phase of production and a regular element of the
standard operating procedure. 

  A checklist is a type of informational job aid used to reduce failure

reduce  failure by compensating for
potential limits of human memory
human memory and attention.
and attention. 
   It is important to encourage people to follow good work practices.
practices .

  It is important to discuss the result of the inspections with the employees  

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Modu
odule
le 2
20:
0: IInci
ncident
dent / Accid
Accideent Investigation
Investig ation
 Accident investigation is a necessary and effective technique for preventing recurring or
future accidents. Thorough accident investigation can point out the problem areas within
the organization. Investigations are conducted to prevent recurrence, comply with policies
and regulatory requirements, improve supervisor’s management approach, and maintain
employee awareness-HSE. Accident investigation must be fact-finding not faultfinding.
This means that investigation itself should be concerned only with facts. All accidents are
incidents and should be investigated. The supervisor is the person who most often
investigates accident and makes out reports. Supervisors are more familiar with the
people involved; they have better understanding of the operations and equipment, and
have personal interest in investigations. LTI, NON-LTI, Property Damage, Near Misses
that did not happened and could happen need to be investigated.

Accident Investigations are done to… 

  prevent recurrence 
  comply with poli
policies
cies and regulatory requirements 
  improve supervisor’s management approach 
approach 
  maintain employee awareness 

 Ac ciden
 Acci dentt Invest
Inv estig
ig ation
ati on s sh
shou
ou ld im
immed
mediat
iately
ely be in vesti
ves ti gated
gat ed
because… 

  Operations are disrupted

  Memories fade

  Employees are at risk

  May be considered in the supervisor’s performance review  
  Required by the llaw
aw in some cases
  Upper management usesuses them to judge the quality of the investigati
investigation
on work
  They are often used in the system
system for managing the follow-up of the
remedial action

Method
Method of Investig ation

Secure the Accident Site. It is essential to secure the accident site for the
duration of the investigation. In some cases, it may be necessary to barricade
or isolate the accident area to warn people about the accident. Nothing should
 be removed from the site to preserve the evidence and not contaminate other
passersby.

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Step One: Gathering Information (Preliminary Facts)

Sources
Sources o f i nformation:

  Witnesses
  Physical Evidences
  Existing records
 
Collect facts/ Data Gathering. Start the investigation as
soon as the accident has taken place to preserve evidences like chemicals that are easy
to evaporate and to prevent physical and chemical changes.   Time is of the essence
during investigation.
investigation.

Look for… 

  Nature, Place, Date, Time

  Personnel involved
  Property damages
  Environmental harm
Existing Records
 Employee records
  Equipment records
  Job or task records
  Previous accident investigation reports.
 
a. Collect physical evidence and store them. Preserving this evidence in
the accident scene makes the investigative process much less
frustrating. 
b. Take photographs  to record the actual condition of the accident site.
The camera is a useful tool for studying the accident site to prevent
recurrence. 

drawi ngs.  Objects involved

c. Make sketch es and drawings.
in the accident must be identified and measured
to show the proper perspective. Measurements
are vital to accident investigations. 

ntif y t he Witnesses. Witnesses are important source

Identif
Ide
of information. Ask them to identify and document the names of the persons
 involved, the time of accident so that all information are recorded.  

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Witnesses should be interviewed one at a time and ASAP.   For their

memories fade and minimize the possibility for the witness to
subconsciously adjust, edit, or alter the story. 

Whenever possible, interviews shou ld be conducted insid e the accident

accident
site.
time Ifand
there is more
away fromthan onewitnesses
other witness, they should be
to imitate theinterviewed oneother
thoughts of at a
witnesses.  

Some witnesses could be the… 

  Victim
  Onlookers
  Those who heard what happened
  Saw the
the area prior to the accident
  Others with info about involved individuals, equipment or
circumstances.

Step Two
Two : Analyze the Facts
Facts

 After the evidences have been collected, witnesses have been interviewed,
photographs have been taking, and it is now time to analyze the facts that have been
gathered.

  Why-Why
Why-Why Analysis
  Cause
Cause and Effect Diagram
  Fault Tree. Make a fault tree diagram to show where the accident taken
place, the persons involved, the kind of accident that happened and the

persons in charge of that place.

Step
Step Three:
Three: Recommending Corrective Action s

  Engineering Control. Note what engineering control should be done to

prevent the recurrence of possible similar accidents.  
   Ad
 Admi
mi ni strat
st rativ
iv e Cont ro l. If the employee did some unsafe acts or did the
Co nt rol.
 job wrong, make sure to have reorien
reorientation
tation to check his knowledge a
about
bout
the job his doing.  
  PPE. If PPE is needed, the employer should provide a PPE to protect people
from hazards. 

Kinds of Reports and Records

Records Used
Used
  Accident reports are essential to an efficient and successful safety programs. It has
necessary information to control the conditions and acts that contribute to accidents.

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Keeping records also helps the supervisor or the top management evaluate if the
employee has been violating safety rules again and again.

Report . The first aider or nurse fills out the first aid
1. The First Aid Report
report for each new case. Copies of the report are sent to the safety

departments or where the management may wish.

This is just a Sample

2. Supervisor’s Accident Report. Supervisors should make a detailed

report about
 Accident each accident,
investigation even
report near misses
should and small
be completed asaccidents.
soon as
possible. 

3. Monthly Accident Statistics Report. The monthly accident

statistics reports allow the tabulation of cumulative totals and the
computation of frequency and severity rates. With it the management
can determine if the goals on safety are attainable or not.  

NOTE: Refer to DOLE/BWC/OSH/IP-6, otherwise known as the “Employees Work

 Accident/
 Accide form on your OSH Standards.
nt/ Illness Report” form
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Summary Key Point

Point s

  Accident investigation
investigation is a necessa
necessary
ry and ef
effective
fective tech
technique
nique for pre
preventing
venting
recurring or future accidents. 

  The supervisor is
is the person who most o
often
ften investigates a
accident
ccident and
makes out reports. 

  The sources of information

information are the witnes
witnesses,
ses, the phy
physical
sical evidences and
the existing records. 

  Witnesses are iimportant

mportant ssource
ource of information. 

  Analyze the facts: Why-Why, Cause & Effect, Faul

Faultt tree 

  Recommend Corrective Action: engineering, Adm

Admin,
in, PPE. 

Module
Modul e2
21:
1: R
Re-
e-Entr
Entryy Prog
Program
ram
Participants of the BOSH training are now required to apply
Participants
what they learned. The re-entry program introduces the
BOSH trainees to his/ her new role in the safety committee.
The re-entry for the Safety and Health Committee is
outlined as follows:

1.) Review

-  After completing the BOSH training, participants need

to review their notes, manuals, workshop exercises,
experiences and other material
m aterials.
s.
2.) Application

-  When the participant returns their respective

companies, they should
should make a verbal or written report
to their supervisor signifying their intention to apply the contents of the BOSH training.
The simplest way to immediately use the material is by specific task, so as not to get
overwhelmed by the project.

NOT S
 _________________
 ___________________________
__________________
___________________
___________________
__________________
__________________
____________________
____________
  _________________
 ___________________________
__________________
___________________
___________________
__________________
__________________
___________________
____________
_

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Module
Modu le 22 –
22 – Employee
 Employee Compe
Compensation
nsation Commi ssio n

Objective

To explain and update the participants with the Employees Compensation Program of the
Government.

WORK CONTINGENCY PREVENTION is not a 100% guarantee against work-

connected sickness, injury or death.

That’s why there is the EMPLOYEES’ COMPENSATION PROGRAM. 

The Employees’ Compensation Program  

Compensable Diseases

Not any disease is compensable

Only diseases caused by work or the working environment is compensable

List of 30 Occupational Diseases with specific conditions set

Conditions or risk factors on the job must be present for the disease
to be compensable
Other diseases not in the list may still be compensable if employee can establish
causal connection with the nature of his work or the working environment 
 Theory ” but not for pre-existing disease o The Compensability of
“Increased Risk Theory”
Injuries  

For the INJURY and the resulting disability or death to be compensable, the

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injury must be the result of an accident arising out of or in the course of

employment.

Work-Connected Injuries  
Work-Connected
Seven
Seven Instances
Instances w here injury c an be compensable:

1.
  Happened at the workplace 
2.  Happened while performing official function 

3.  Outside of workplace but performing an order of his employer  

4.  When going to or coming from work  

5.  While ministering to personal comfort 

6.  While in a company shuttle bus  

7.  During a company sponsored activity 

ptin g Circumst ances 

Exceptin
Exce
Intoxication
Notorious negligence

Willful intent to injure oneself or another

8 EC
ECP
P Benefits

Loss of Income
Benefit Medical
Benefits

Carer’s Allowance

Death Benefits

Rehabilitation Services
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CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

Benefit  
9 Loss of Income Benefit
Under the ECP, it is not the illness or injury that is compensated.

It is the incapacity to work (DISABILITY) as a result of the illness or injury that

is being compensated.

10 Types Disabili ty  
Types of Disabili

Temporary Total Disability (TTD) Permanent Total Disability (PTD)

Permanent Partial Disability (PPD

Loss of the use of a body part including function loss

Lump sum or monthly pension for PPD per ECC schedule

Monthly Incom e Benefit

Benefit fo r Permanent
Permanent Loss o f the Use of Bo dy Part
Part or
Permanent  
Parti
Parti al Disabil ity (P
(PPD
PD))

Medical
Me Benefits  
dical Benefits
Ward services for hospital confinement

Medical attendance by an accredited

doctor Surgical expense benefit

Reimbursement of cost of medicines

Carer’s Allowance 

Granted to employee who gets permanently

permanentl y and totally disabled and has
difficulty taking care of basic personal needs P575/month allowance for the
th e
private sector employees only
Death Benefits

Monthly Income Benefit pension to beneficiary plus 10% for each dependent
child not exceeding five funeral benefit of P10,000 for private sector; P3,000
for public sector
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Rehabilitation Services for Occupationally-Disabled Workers (ODWs)

Physical therapy
  hearing aid, crutches, wheelchair, etc
Rehabilitation appliances e.g.
Kagabay Program of ECC
 
Re-skilling for re-employment
 
Training for Entrepreneurship

for pro gram admin

admin istratio n or settlement
settlement of cl aims and
and management
management of
the State Insurance Fund
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EC Contrib utio
utions
ns and Payments,
1975-
1975-200
2008
8 (in
(in m ill ion peso s)

Work Contingency Prevention

Prevention

To a worker,
psychological, it willand
emotional mean not getting
financial costssick or injured and be free from its
To the employer, it will mean less absences from work by workers, high level
of productivity, ability to meet delivery schedules and good company image

In summary
 141 |  P age 
 

The ECP Benefits are welcome but… 

but… 

“Di bale ng hindi ako ma

“Di mabiya
biyayaan
yaan ng Employees’ Compensation Program huwag lang
akong magkasakit o ma-aksidente
ma-aksidente ng dahil sa trabaho.” 
trabaho.” 

UPDATES ON COMPENSATION CRITERIA

CRITERIA FOR WORK
WORK-RELATED
-RELATED IL
ILLNESSES
LNESSES