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Matrices Part 1: Mr. Garth Reid, BSC (Ongoing) September 2020

This document provides an introduction to matrices, including their definition, dimensions, types of matrices, and basic matrix operations. It defines what a matrix is and how they are represented and notes some common matrix types like identity, diagonal, and null matrices. It also summarizes how to perform basic matrix algebra operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. As an example, it shows how to find the sum and product of several matrices. Finally, it provides a homework problem asking the reader to construct a specific 2x3 matrix.

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jemima Mills
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69 views6 pages

Matrices Part 1: Mr. Garth Reid, BSC (Ongoing) September 2020

This document provides an introduction to matrices, including their definition, dimensions, types of matrices, and basic matrix operations. It defines what a matrix is and how they are represented and notes some common matrix types like identity, diagonal, and null matrices. It also summarizes how to perform basic matrix algebra operations like addition, subtraction, and multiplication. As an example, it shows how to find the sum and product of several matrices. Finally, it provides a homework problem asking the reader to construct a specific 2x3 matrix.

Uploaded by

jemima Mills
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Matrices Part 1

Mr. Garth Reid, BSc (Ongoing)


September 2020

Introduction
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, expressions
or symbols that is enclosed in either square or round
brackets. Popular matrices that are applied in different
industries would be the unit matrix, otherwise called the
identity matrix, the permutation matrix and symmetric
matrix (heavily used in statistics) just to name a few.
When observing a matrix, we take note of the number of
rows and columns which we call the dimensions or size
or order of the matrix. The dimensions of a matrix is
always m × n where m represents the number of rows
and n represents the number of columns. Matrices can
be applied to various fields of study such as Statistics,
Physics and Engineering. Some matrices can be seen
below.
     
3 0 0 0 2 4     0 0 1
0 5 0, −2 0 9, 1 0 0 0 0
, , 1 1 0
3 2 5 4 0
0 0 2 −4 −9 0 0 0 1

1
General m × n matrix
 
a11 a12 a13 · · · a1n
 21 a22 a23 · · · a2n 
a 
A = [aij ]m×n =  .. .. .. .. .. 
 . . . . . 
am1 am2 am3 · · · amn
m×n
where, 1 ≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n; i, j ∈ N.

Some types of Matrices

• Row Matrix: This is a matrix of dimensions 1 × n.


In other words, this matrix
 has
 only one row. An
example of this is A = 3 8 1 .

• Column Matrix: This matrix has dimensions m × 1.


In other words, this matrix
 has only one column. An
2
example of this is B = 4.
6

• Square Matrix: This is a matrix of dimensions m×m.


In other words, the number of rows is equal to the
number of columns. An example of this is
 
3 1 0
W = 2 7 −4
9 0 6

2
• Diagonal Matrix: This is a square matrix in which
all the non-diagonal
 elements
 are zeros. An example
1 0 0
of this is K = 0 9 0.

0 0 4

• Null Matrix/Zero Matrix : This is a matrix in which


all its elements
 are zeros. An example of this is
X= 0 0 0 .

• Scalar Matrix: This is a diagonal matrix in which


all the diagonal
 elements
 are equal. An examples of
8 0 0
this is D = 0 8 0.
0 0 8

• Unit Matrix/Identity Matrix: This is a scalar matrix


in which all its diagonal elements are ones. Examples

  1 0 0
1 0
of this type are I 2 = , I 3 = 0 1 0,
0 1
0 0 1
 
  1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0  
I4 = 
0 0 1 0
, I 5 = 0 0 1 0 0.
 
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1

• Real Matrix: This is a matrix in which all its el-


ements are real numbers. An example of this is
1 
1 √ π
2 √
M =  0 −10 3
0.3 12 e

3
• Complex Matrix: This is a matrix which contains
complex number entries. An example of this is
 
2 (5 − i)
Y =
i 9
.

Matrix Algebra

Let us now go through the addition and subtraction of


matrices. If we have two matrices P and Q and these
matrices are of the same dimensions, then the commu-
tative property says that P + Q=  Q+ P . Let us  look
2 4 1 3
at an example of this. If P = and Q =
3 5 2 4
 
3 7
then, P + Q = by just adding the correspond-
5 9
ing elements of the matrices. So by the commutative
3 7
property we know that Q + P = and you can go
5 9
ahead and do the addition for yourself to see. However,
the subtraction for matrices is not commutative which
means, that P − Q 6= Q − P . Now for the associative
property, let us say that P , Q and R are matrices and
they are of the same dimensions. The property
 says
 that 
3 7 1 0
(P +Q)+R = P +(Q+R). If P = ,Q=
5 9 6 −1
   
5 −7 8 0
and R = then, (P + Q) + R = and
5 2 10 11
 
8 0
that means P + (Q + R) = .
10 11

4
Let us now look at the existence of the additive iden-
tity. Do you remember 0 from the set of real numbers
? Well as you could recall, 0 plus any real number k is
the same as k plus 0. This means that 0 is the identity
element for addition under the real number system. But
how can we apply this same concept with matrices ? Well
what we can do is use the null matrix to represent the
identity element for addition. So if I add matrix R plus
the null matrix
 Z that
 result
 will give us matrix R. So
5 −7 0 0 5 −7
R+Z = + = . Now we will look
5 2 0 0 5 2
at the existence of the additive inverse. From the real
number system, we know that k + (−k) = 0, where k is a
real number. This means that −k is the additive inverse
of k. Now how do we apply this same concept to matrices
? well if we want to show that Q + (−Q) = Z, we could
use scalar multiplication which is essentially multiplying
each element inside of matrix
 Q by (−1).
 So we  can say
1 0 −1 0 0 0
that Q + (−Q) = + = .
6 −1 −6 1 0 0

Let us now investigate matrix multiplication. The


product of two matrices P and Q exists if and only if
the number of columns in matrix P is equal to the num-
ber of rows in matrix Q. To determine the dimensions
of matrix P Q, we look at the number of rows in ma-
trix P and the number of columns in matrix Q, hence
the dimensions
  of matrix  be a 2 × 2 matrix.
  P Q will
2 4 1 0 26 −4
PQ = = . This can be obtained
3 5 6 −1 33 −5
in many ways but one way is to multiply the rows of

5
matrix P by the columns of matrix Q which is the com-
monly used method of matrix multiplication. Now you
should know that matrix multiplication is not always
commutative. Now if you find the matrix QP , you will
recognize that P Q 6= QP . But we will look at case in
which matrix multiplication is commutative.
  
1 0 5 −7
Consider the matrix product I 2 R = ,
0 1 5 2
where I 2 represents the 2×2 unit matrix. When you per-
form the matrix multiplication, you will see that I 2 R =
R and if you do the matrix multiplication for RI 2 you
will see that RI 2 = R. Hence, we can say that I 2 R =
RI 2 = R, so we can say that matrix multiplication is
commutative in this case. Try some matrix multiplica-
tion and see if you can find other matrices that fit this
property. In matrices part 2, we will be focusing on solv-
ing systems of linear equations. This was just a brief
introduction to matrices.

Homework

Construct a 2 × 3 matrix A = [aij ]2×3 , where elements


of matrix A are given by:

i − j, i>j
aij =
i + j, i ≤ j
Solution:
a11 = 2, a12 = 3, a13 = 4, a21 = 1, a22 = 4, a23 = 5
 
2 3 4
∴A=
1 4 5 2×3

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