456 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

= j 75 tan 36°
zi = 54.375Ω
Problem 7.16 Find the input impedance of a 75Ω lossless transmission
line of length (0.1λ) if it is terminated in open circuit.
Solution l = 0.1λ
z L = ∞ (open)
z 0 = 75 Ω
The expression for input impedance is

 z L + jz0 tan βl 
zi (lossless) = z 0  
 z 0 + jz L tan βl 
If the load is open circuit,
zL = ∞
z0
zi = = − z0 j cot βl
j tan βl

 2π 
= −75 j cot βl = − 75 j cot   (0.1λ)
 λ 
= − j 75 cot (0.2π) = − j 75 × 1.3764
zi = − j 103.23Ω
Smith chart method
1. Start from the point Poc at the right of the rim of the chart.

Fig. 7.13 Lossless transmission line terminated in

open circuit
457 TRANSMISSION LINES 457

2. Move clockwise from Poc through the perimeter of the chart by 0.1λ towards
generator. Mark point Po (Refer Fig. 7.13).
3. At Po r = 0, x = −1.37, that is, the normalised input impedance.
z in = 0 − j 1.37
4. Input impedance,
zi = z 0 zin = 75 (− j 1.37)
zi = − j 103.23, Ω

Problem 7.17 A transmission line of length 0.40λ has a characteristic

impedance of 100Ω and is terminated in a load impedance of 200 + j 180Ω. Find
the
(a) voltage reflection coefficient
(b) voltage standing wave ratio
(c) input impedance of the line
Solution The data is
z L = 200 + j 180 Ω
z 0 = 100 Ω
l = 0.4 λ
z L 200 + j180
zn = = = 2 + j 1.8
z0 100
(a) (i) Refer Fig. 7.14. Locate the point 2.0 + j 1.8 on the Smith chart. It is
represented by A.
(ii) Draw a circle of radius equal to OA. This OA is |ρ| and it is equal to
0.591.
(iii) Draw a straight line OA and extend it to B. Read 0.207 in wavelength
towards the generator.
(iv) The phase angle of the reflection coefficient is given by
(0.250 − 0.207) × 4π = 0.043 × 4π = 31°
Hence the reflection coefficient is
ρ = 0.591 ∠ 31°
(b) The reflection coefficient |ρ| = 0.591 circle meets the positive real axis op oc
at r = 4, that is,
VSWR = S = 4
458 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Fig. 7.14

(c) To determine zi ,
(i) Move B at 0.207 by a total of 0.40 wavelengths towards generator.
Movement is made from 0.40 to 0.50 to 0.107. This point is represented
by C.
(ii) Draw a line joining the centre and point C. This intersects circle at D.
(iii) Read the values of r and x at this point, that is, r = 0.4 and x = 0.72.
459 TRANSMISSION LINES 459

Normalised input impedance

= 0.4 + j 0.72
Input impedance = z 0 (0.4 + j 0.72) = 100 (0.4 + j 0.72)
zi = 40 + j 72, Ω

Problem 7.18 Design a stub to match a transmission line which is connected

to a load impedance of z L = ( 450 − j 600) Ω. The characteristic impedance of the
line is 300 Ω. The operating frequency is 20 MHz.
Solution f = 20 MHz

υ 3 × 10 8
λ = = = 15 m
f 20 × 10 6

z L = ( 450 − j 600) Ω
z 0 = 300Ω
1. The normalised load impedance is

zL 450 − j 600
zn = = = 1.5 − j 2.0
z0 300
2. Identify the point of intersection in Fig. 7.15, r = 1.5 and x = −2.0.
3. Draw a circle with a radius of OA. It cuts the centre line at 4.8. Therefore,
VSWR = 4.8.
4. Draw a line OA and extend it to B. This point, B represents normalised
admittance, yn , that is, y n = 0.22 + j 0.35.
5. The drawn circle cuts r = 1 circle at C. This point corresponds to 1 + j 1.7.
6. The distance of D to E on the rim of the chart is the stub distance from the
load.
The stub distance = (0.181 − 0.053) λ = 0.128λ
= 0.128 × 15 = 1.92 m
7. As the load has a susceptance of + j1.7 , the stub is required to provide a
susceptance of − j 1.7. Therefore, mark a point by moving clockwise on the
lower half of the chart. It is marked by F. Its distance from the short circuit
admittance point is given by
0.3342 − 0.25 = 0.0842 λ
Stub length = 0.0842λ
= 0.0842 × 15 = 1.263 m
460 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY AND TRANSMISSION LINES

Stub distance =
1.92 m

Stub length =
1.263 m

Fig. 7.15

The designed stub parameters are:

Stub length = 1.263 m
Stub distance = 1.92 m

yyyy 7.21 DOUBLE STUBS

For the design of any device, it is convenient to have more parameters in designer’s
control for more freedom. For this purpose, to match the load with the transmission
line, a second stub of adjustable position is included. A typical double stub is
shown in Fig. 7.16.
461 TRANSMISSION LINES 461

2 d 1
y1 y2 y1 y s1
z0 zL
y s2
2′ 1′

l2 l1

Fig. 7.16 Double stub transmission line

It is also possible to use a triple stub tuner for more design convenience.
In single stub matching the stub is placed on the line at a specified point.
Its location varies with z L and frequency. This creates some difficulties as the
specified point may occur at an undesirable location. In such cases, double stubs
λ λ 3λ 3λ
are used. Here the distance between them is fixed such as , , , and
16 8 16 8
so on and the lengths of the two stubs are adjusted to match the load.

Design Methodology
Step 1 Fix the distance between the two stubs and keep stub 1 at the location
of the load.
Step 2 Draw the circle corresponding to the normalised conductance, g = 1.
d
Step 3 Obtain the normalised distance of ×
λ
d
Step 4 Rotate the circle in anticlockwise direction by wavelengths towards
λ
the load and draw. The point which represents y1 is located here.
Step 5 Locate y L = g L + jbL .
Step 6 Draw g = g L circle. This intersects the rotated g = 1 circle at one or two
points where y L = g L + jb1 .
Step 7 Locate the corresponding y 2 points on the g = 1 circle. y 2 = 1 + jb2 .
Step 8 Find the stub length l1 between the points representing y l and y L .
Step 9 Find the stub length l 2 from the angle between the point representing
− jb2 and p sc .
The stub distances from the load need not be found as d is fixed.
In Table 7.5 given on the next page, propagation characteristics of EM waves
in free space, in waveguides and in transmission lines are compared.