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Artificial Intelligence: Shannon Baker, Laura Paviglianiti, Tim Stuart

The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence from 1941 to the present. It covers major milestones like the Dartmouth Conference in 1956 where the field of AI was named and the development of languages like Lisp. Applications of AI discussed include the military, science, business, consumer uses, and games like chess.

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krushna vaidya
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78 views

Artificial Intelligence: Shannon Baker, Laura Paviglianiti, Tim Stuart

The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence from 1941 to the present. It covers major milestones like the Dartmouth Conference in 1956 where the field of AI was named and the development of languages like Lisp. Applications of AI discussed include the military, science, business, consumer uses, and games like chess.

Uploaded by

krushna vaidya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Shannon Baker, Laura Paviglianiti, Tim Stuart

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
What is Artificial
Intelligence?
 The intelligence of machines and the branch
of computer science that aims to create it
 "the study and design of intelligent agents”
 No single goal of artificial intelligence
 Some say it’s putting the human mind into
computers
 What is intelligence?
 The computational part of the ability to achieve
goals in the world
 We do not yet fully understand what
intelligence consists of
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

1941:DEVELOPMENT OF THE
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER
-Some trace the origin to John Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry at Iowa State
University
-Required large, separate
air-conditioned rooms
-Required separate
configuration of
thousands of wires
-Data fed into system
By punched cards
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

First Commercial, Stored


Program Computer
 Made job of entering a program easier
 Advancements in computer theory 
computer science
(and eventually
to AI)
 Invention of a
means of processing
data makes AI
possible
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

Dartmouth Conference
 John McCarthy (“father of AI”) organizes
conference
 A month of brainstorming in VT
 Talent and expertise of others interested in
machine intelligence
 Biggest gain:
Field now called
Artificial Intelligence
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

Lisp Language Developed


 McCarthy announces new development: LISP
language
 Still used today
 LISt Processing –
language of choice
among AI developers
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

Start of DoD’s
Advanced Research Projects

 MIT receives 2.2 million dollar grant from US


govt. to research Macine-Aided Cognition (AI)
 From Department of Defense
 US wants to stay ahead of Soviet Union
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

Microworld
Program, SHRDLU Created
 SHRDLU part of microworlds project – research &
programming in small worlds
 When confined to small subject matter, computer
programs can solve spatial &
logic problems
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

First Expert System


 Predict the probability of a solution under set
conditions
 Potential to interpret statistics, formulate rules
 Over course of 10 years, can forecast stock
market, aid doctors in diagnosis, show miners
promising mineral locations
 Large applications in market place
 Conditional rules & storage of information
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

PROLOG Language
Revealed
 General logic programming language
 Represented as facts and rules
 Developed in France
 Remains one of most
possible programming
languages today
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

AI-Based Hardware Sells


$425 Million to Companies

 Expert systems in particular demand


 DuPont, General Motors, Boeing rely heavily
on expert systems
 Companies develop that specialize in creating
software that aids in producing expert
systems
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

AI Military Systems Used


Effectively in DESERT STORM
 Used in missile systems, heads-up-displays,
etc.
 AI truly put
to the test
1941 1949 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991

AI System Beats Human


Chessmaster
 AI goes home
 Public interest growing
 AI system placed against a
human chessmaster to see
who would win
 AI wins – shows skills &
abilities
Applications of AI
 Military
 “Smart bombs”
 Guided by remote control camera systems
directed to the intended target
 Unmanned drone aircraft
 Missiles fly military missions and launch
weapons from a distance
 Decoding of enemy secret codes
 Rapid translation of foreign language
Applications of AI
 Science
 Development of new drugs
 Model clinical studies in animals and humans
 Remote controlled surgical procedures
 Uses robotics and computer-based optical
systems
 Can be performed half-way around the world
 Advanced weather modeling
 Doppler Radar
 Looks at trends and past models to predict
weather patterns
Applications of AI
 Industrial
 Machine vision inspection systems
 Cameras and computers are placed on
assembly lines to find defects
 Robotic systems
 Use computer automation and
mechanical equipment
 Take place of humans in manufacturing
of cars
Applications of AI
 Business
 Macros
 Computer mimics the programmer's actions
 Advanced financial systems
 Quickly analyze trends
 Allows for rapid investment decisions
 Consumer
 Personal computers
 Computer applications for Apple & IMB
 Voice and character recognition
 Entertainment
 Games, such as chess, where over 120 million moves
can be recognized
Future of AI

 The future is really unknown


 Researchers seem to disagree on a lot of the
same issues
 With the rate at which technology is
improving it is logical to believe AI will
continue to get more and more sophisticated
AI in Video Games

 Over the years AI is getting


exponentially more sophisticated
 Now AI’s are able to react with an
“intelligence” that simulates the
computer as a human
 AI’s are able to respond to voice
commands
Chess & AI

 Theory: if they can create a computer that


can outsmart humans in this obviously
strategic, thinking-based game, then it
would be a major milestone on the road to
the intelligent computer
Ethical Questions?
 -Will there come a point when computers become too intelligent?

 -Should robots have the same legal rights as humans?



-How would we get around the question of ownership?

-To what extent should we trust (be able to predict the behavior
of) such a species?

-What responsibilities do we owe such robots?

-Would it be wrong to deliberately install mechanisms that gave
humans an immediate physical advantage e.g. an off switch?

-Should we allow a self-governing robot society to co-exist with
ours?
Works Cited
 http://www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html
 http://library.thinkquest.org/2705/history.html
 http://www.a-i.com/
 http://www.wired.com/magazine/2011/01/storyboard-
artificial-intelligence-cars/
 Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel,
Randy (1998). Computational Intelligence: A Logical
Approach. New York: Oxford University
Press.ISBN 0195102703.
 http://www-
formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html
 http://www.cedmagic.com/history/atanasoff-berry-
computer.html

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