MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering

Communications 4 Design

Submitted by:
Magahis, John Rey
Santiago, Charl Joseph
Silva, Pauline Francheska
Sulmaca, Van Jay
Villegas, Precious Jewelle

Submitted to:
Dr. Jennifer Dela Cruz

Date:
March 15, 2017
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1
BID PROPOSAL 2
INTRODUCTION 3
CHAPTER 1: Base Stations & Repeaters Site Description 4
Base Station 1 Description 5
Repeater 1 Description 8
Repeater 2 Description 12
Repeater 3 Description 15
Repeater 4 Description 19
Repeater 5 Description 22
Base Station 2 Description 25
CHAPTER 2A: Path Profile using Topographical Map 28
Hops using Topographical Map 29
Path Profile (All Hops) 36
Hop Computations 49
CHAPTER 2B: Path Profile using Radio Mobile 55
Radio Mobile Hops 56
Comparison of Topographical Map and Radio Mobile 62
CHAPTER 3: Equipment Specifications 64
Summary of Equipment Costs 72
CHAPTER 4: Link Budget 73
Sample Link Budget 74
Summary per Link 78
Table of Compliance 91
Conclusion & Recommendation 92
CHAPTER 5: Appendices 93

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

BID PROPOSAL
March 10, 2017

Dr. Jennifer C. Dela Cruz

Mapúa Institute of Technology
Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila

Our team wish to express our appreciation for inviting our company as one of participants for this
event.
The SSSVM Company was established ten years ago and founded by Charl Santiago, Pauline
Silva, Van Jay Sulmaca, Precious Jewelle Villegas and John Rey Magahis. The corporation
envisions to provide outstanding quality of service to consumers without jeopardizing the costs of
this design project.
Our company seek to provide state of the art service by designing Line of sight Microwave
Communication Systems from Pampanga Skyranch to Tagatay Skyranch, This design was
carefully studied and analyzed by specialized engineers to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency
of this project.
The comprehensive outline of the procedures we are going to take and as well as a detailed
specification of equipment that will be used and information regarding the said project is attached
together with this letter. We charge a total of Php. 26, 938,569.83 for the entire operation inclusive
of all costs.
We hope to hear from you soon. We can only hope that you will consider us worthy enough to
handle this prestigious project.
Sincerely,
Engr. Charl Joseph Santiago
Project Engineer

Engr. Pauline Francheska Silva

Consultant Engineer

Engr. Precious Jewelle Villegas

Design Engineer

Engr. Van Jay Sulmaca

Sales Engineer

Engr. John Rey Magahis

Maintenance Engineer

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Introduction
The design is all about creating a Microwave Terrestrial Communications System (Line-

Of-Sight) based from Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay. The design should satisfy

different set of requirements. Specifically, the antenna height must be 10 meters to 20 meters only.

The number of repeater stations must be minimalized. The total reliability of the system which

falls to a 99.9999% reliability and the computation for the different losses present in the

Microwave System. For an overview of the design, the group achieved to design a microwave link

that consists of two base stations, and five relay stations. Six links or hops were created during this

design.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Chapter I: Base Stations Site Description

This chapter provides information about the base stations and relay stations. The following
parameters are included: geographical coordinates, elevation above sea level, weather conditions,
accessibility to roads, electric and water supplies, telephone communications, presence of airports,
security and terrain types. These parameters justify that the locations are suitable for the
construction

OVERALL MICROWAVE LINK

BASE STATION 1: Sky Ranch, Pampanga
REPEATER 1: Baliuag, Bulacan
REPEATER 2: Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila
REPEATER 3: Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
REPEATER 4: Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa
REPEATER 5: Silang, Cavite
BASE STATION 2: Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

Figure 1. Overall Microwave Link

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Base Station 1: Sky Ranch, Pampanga

Figure 2. Base Station 1

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 2, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 15.048832°
Longitude: 120.704107°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of base station 1 above sea level is about 23ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The January and December has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature
of 24 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 30 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in
April with an Average Low Temperature of 27 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 34 °C.

The driest month is February and April with approximately 1 mm precipitation, while the
heaviest precipitation falls in August with approximately 400mm of precipitation.

• Accessibility/Access Roads
To site is near the SM City Pampanga, it has an easy access thru NLEX. Take the San
Fernando Exit, from there the Sky Ranch Pampanga is easily accessible.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

San Fernando Electric Light and Power Co., Inc. (SFELAPCO), supplies electricity in all
35 municipalities of the City of San Fernando. SFELAPCO also covers the municipalities of
San Isidro and Cabalantian in Bacolor, Pampanga.

City of San Fernando Water District (CSFWD) and PrimeWater Infrastructure Corp.
(PrimeWater) are the main Water Provider in San Fernando, Pampanga.

• Telephone Communications
There are six telephone companies providing telephone services to the cities of San
Fernando and Angeles and to the municipalities. Service companies include the Philippine
Long Distance Telephone Company, the Angeles City Telephone Company, Digitel, Dau
Telecom, Datelcom. Smart, Sun and Globe.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The closest major airport to San Fernando, Pampanga is the Clark International Airport
which is 27 km from the center of San Fernando, Pampanga.

• Peace and Order

• Terrain type
Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct mountain, Mount Arayat and the notable
Pampanga River. Among its municipalities, Porac has the largest land mass with 314 square
kilometers (121 sq. mi); Candaba comes in second with 176 square kilometers (68 sq. mi);
followed by Floridablanca with 175 square kilometers (68 sq. mi). Santo Tomas, with an area
of 21 square kilometers (8.1 sq. mi), is the smallest.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 1: Baliuag, Bulacan

Figure 3. Repeater 1

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 3, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.957778°
Longitude: 120.896676°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of base station 1 above sea level is about 70 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The January has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of 22 °C, and an
Average High Temperature of 30 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in May with an Average
Low Temperature of 26 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 34 °C.

The driest month is March with approximately 0.5 mm precipitation, while the heaviest
precipitation falls in August with approximately 165 mm of precipitation.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Accessibility/Access Roads
Bulacan shares common boundaries with Metro Manila’s cities, namely, Quezon City,
Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela Cities. Its major road networks—the MacArthur
Highway (Manila North Road) and the 88-km North Luzon Expressway (NLEX)—connect Metro
Manila with Central and Northern Luzon. The Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Pasay City
is only about 1.5 hours away from the NLEX tollgate, close to Bulacan’s border. Public
transportation within the province, like in most urban areas in the Philippine, involves taking
jeepneys, public utility vans (known as FXs), and buses to get around Bulacan and to and from
Metro Manila or other provinces of Northern Luzon.

• Commercial Electric Power/ Water Supply

Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) is Bulacan’s main power distributor and provider.
All the electricity supplied by MERALCO and local power-generating companies is fully available
to the residents and other business enterprises in Bulacan without brownouts.

• Telephone Communications
The dominant telecommunication providers in Bulacan are Bayan, Digitel, and PLDT,
which offer world-class telecommunications and interconnection services.
Bulacan is part of PLDT’s domestic fiber-optic network covering Central and Northern Luzon.
Digitel telephone lines, which are now owned by PLDT, cover the whole province of
except for Doña Remedios, Bulacan.
Internet service providers Mozcom and Pacific Internet are also present and provide
Internet connectivity to subscribers.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

Plaridel airport is located at Plaridel Bulacan, is 8.92 km away from the tower in SM City
Baliwag.
Eagle Air Academy which is a licensed flying school in Plaridel, Bulacan is 9.21 km away
from the tower.
Clark International Airport which is located at Pampanga is 44.6 km away from the tower.
The Ninoy Aquino International Airport located in Manila is 51.3 km away from it.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Security/Peace and Order

The tower location in SM City Baliwag is approximately 290 m or 0.29 km away from
Baliwag Municipal Police station.

• Terrain
The tower is located at a vacant lot near the facility of SM. It is located in an urban city
where the area is filled with buildings, houses, and other man-made structures. Also, the tower is
near a canal. Bulacan lies on the southeastern part of Central Luzon, where majority of the rural
areas are still dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. It is expected to have terrain types like
rice terrain and other agricultural plantation because rice is the principal crop, followed by corn,
vegetables, and fruits.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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Repeater 2: Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

Figure 4. Repeater 2

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 4, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.736895°
Longitude: 121.023593°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of base station 1 above sea level is about 180 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The January has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of 24 °C, and an
Average High Temperature of 30 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in April and May with
an Average Low Temperature of 27 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 34 °C.

The driest month is April with approximately 0.5 mm precipitation, while the heaviest
precipitation falls in July with approximately 430 mm of precipitation.

• Accessibility/Access Roads
The site is placed at North Caloocan and is nearby BF HOMES Ninong, Amado, Caloocan
City. It can be easily reached by taking the Teofilo Samson Avenue.

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• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

The Manila Electric Company, also known as MERALCO is the main electric supplier, while
the Maynilad is the main water supplier.

• Telephone Communications
The Smart Communications, Globe Telecom, and Sun Cellular, are the main telephone
providers these companies have a nation-wide coverage and it offers prepaid and postpaid. The
Philippine Long Distance Company (PLDT) offers a fixed line service and internet access to the
city.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The nearest airport is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport which is
approximately16.6km.

• Peace and Order

• Terrain type
Its terrain is mainly composed of urban setting. Caloocan is divided into two areas: Southern
Caloocan and Northern Caloocan. Wherein, the Northern part is much larger than the Southern
part.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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Repeater 3: Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

Figure 5. Repeater 3

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 5, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.578290°
Longitude: 121.041894°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of Repeater 3 above sea level is about 81 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The January has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of 22 °C, and an
Average High Temperature of 30 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in April and May with
an Average Low Temperature of 26 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 34 °C.

The driest month is March with approximately 0.5 mm precipitation, while the heaviest
precipitation falls in August with approximately 165 mm of precipitation.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Accessibility/Access Roads
The tower is placed at a subdivision in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila. To reach the site, take
the Nueve de Febrero St., then take the entrance to the subdivision which is near the Mauway
Barangay Hall.

• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

The electric power of Mandaluyong are provided by the Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO).

The water supply of the city comes from the Manila Water Company Inc. (MWCI), which has
a water connection service of 98% in Mandaluyong.

• Telephone Communications
Telephone Companies in Mandaluyong includes Globe Telecom and Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company (PLDT) which is the largest telecommunications company in the Philippines.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The nearest airport to the Mandaluyong City is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA)
is approximately 10.7km.

• Peace and Order

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Terrain type
The city’s terrain is partially flat on its southwest portion and mostly rolling with gentle slopes
in the rest of the area.
Its higher slopes on the northeast provide an ideal setting for a world-class golf course.
Ironically, the lowest point lies a little bit inland and is most often affected by flash floods. While
its surface area is mostly covered with loose to granular clay loam and granular clay, Mandaluyong
is actually lying on a solid foundation of compact and massive adobe. These soil characteristics
define soil types nos. 17 and 18, commonly called Novaliches Clay Loam Adobe, and Guadalupe
Clay.
Reference: http://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile/introduction.aspx?node=2

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 4: Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

Figure 6. Repeater 4

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 6, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.426597°
Longitude: 121.024000°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of Repeater 4 above sea level is about 154 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The January and December has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of
22 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 29 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in April
and May with an Average Low Temperature of 24 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 34
°C.

The driest month is February, with 9 mm of rainfall. In August, the precipitation reaches its
peak, with an average of 396 mm.

• Accessibility/Access Roads
The Repeater 4 is located at Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa. It is a barangay in Muntinlupa,
Philippines. The tower is along the Alabang Zapote Road corner Acacia Ave.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

The electric power of Mandaluyong are provided by the Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO).
The water supply in Mandaluyong comes from Maynilad. All of Maynilad’s customers in
Muntinlupa have 24-hour water supply at a pressure of at least 7 pounds per square inch (psi). It
takes about 7 psi for water to reach the second floor of a building.

• Telephone Communications
Telephone Companies in Mandaluyong includes Globe Telecom and Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company (PLDT) which is the largest telecommunications company in the Philippines.
SMART and Sun also provides telephone communications.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The nearest airport to the power in San Pedro Laguna is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
(NAIA) is approximately 11.4 km.

• Peace and Order

• Terrain type
It is bordered on the north by Taguig; to the northwest by Parañaque; by Las Piñas to the west;
to the southwest by the city of Bacoor; by the city of San Pedro, Laguna; and by Laguna de Bay
to the east, the largest lake in the country.
Muntinlupa’s terrain is relatively flat to sloping towards the east along the lake. Gentle rolling
hills occupy the western part of the city, with elevation increasing up to 60 meters and above
towards its southwest portion.

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Repeater 5: Silang, Cavite

Figure 7. Repeater 5

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 7, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.221012°
Longitude: 120.970917°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of Repeater 4 above sea level is about 1054 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The February has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of 20 °C, and an
Average High Temperature of 28 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in April with an
Average Low Temperature of 22 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 32 °C.

The least amount of rainfall occurs in February. The average in this month is 21 mm. With an
average of 446 mm, the most precipitation falls in July.
• Accessibility/Access Roads
The Repeater 5 is in between the Radial Road 2 and J Rizal Road. It is along the P. Montoya
St. Silang Cavite.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

The electric power of Mandaluyong are provided by the Manila Electric Co. (MERALCO).

Water system in Silang was first under the administration of National Waterworks and
Sewerage Authority or more popularly known as NAWASA sometime in 1957. The Silang Water
District is a local corporate entity established on local option to operate a water supply system in
one or more provincial, cities and municipalities.

• Telephone Communications
Telephone Companies in Mandaluyong includes Globe Telecom and Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company (PLDT) which is the largest telecommunications company in the Philippines.
SMART and Sun also provides telephone communications.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The nearest airport to the power in San Pedro Laguna is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
(NAIA) is approximately 32.7 km.

• Peace and Order

• Terrain type
The municipality of Silang is 43 kilometres (27 mi) south of Manila. General Trias,
Dasmariñas and General Mariano Alvarez (GMA) bound it on the north and on the west by
Amadeo, Tagaytay on the south. Silang is noted for its relatively cool and invigorating climate.

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Base Station 2: Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

Figure 8 Base Station 2

• Geographical Coordinates
As seen on the Google Earth Map in figure 8, the Geographical location of the tower is:
Latitude: 14.103355°
Longitude: 120.941139°

• Elevation above Mean Sea Level

The Elevation of base station 1 above sea level is about 2158 ft.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

• Weather Conditions

The December has the coldest temperature with an Average Low Temperature of 22 °C, and
an Average High Temperature of 30 °C. While the hottest temperature occurs in April with an
Average Low Temperature of 24 °C, and an Average High Temperature of 35 °C.

The driest month are January and February with approximately 1 mm precipitation, while the
heaviest precipitation falls in August with approximately 410 mm of precipitation.

• Accessibility/Access Roads
The site is near the Sky Ranch, Tagaytay which is along the Nasugbu Highway Tagaytay,
Cavite. To get to the site, take the Crisanto M. Delos Reyes Ave until the Mahogany Avenue.

• Commercial Electric Power/Water Supply

The Manila Electric Company, also known as MERALCO has 98.43% of household served in
Tagaytay, Cavite.

The Tagaytay City Water District has 96% of household served and, with a Spring Water as
the major source of potable water supply.

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• Telephone Communications
The Smart Communications, Globe Telecom, and Sun Cellular, are the main telephone
providers in Tagaytay, Cavite. These companies have a nation-wide coverage and it offers prepaid
and postpaid.

The Philippine Long Distance Company (PLDT) offers a fixed line service and internet access
to the city.

• Presence of Airports (location of nearest airport)

The closest major airport to Tagaytay, Cavite is the Ninoy Aquino International Airport
(NAIA) which is 58 km from the center of Tagaytay, Cavite.

• Peace and Order

• Terrain type
The topography type is upland mountainous area. Tagaytay is situated at a very high elevation
above 400 meters (1,300 ft) with slopes of more than 2%. The Tagaytay ridge has an average
elevation of 610 meters (2,000 ft) with Mount Sungay (now People's Park in the Sky) at, the highest
elevation in the province at 716 metres (2,349 ft). The mountain was much higher before with an
elevation of 752 meters (2,467 ft), topped by rock formations that resembled horns (Sungay). The
prominence of the mountain was leveled in half during the construction of Peoples Park in the Sky
during the Marcos administration.

Reference: https://www.revolvy.com/main/index.php?s=Cavite

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Chapter IIA: Path Profile using Topographical Map

This chapter provides the manually profiled parameters of each hop. The profiles are analyzed

using the topographical map and using the radio mobile software. Separate analysis and tables are

obtained. The profiles were analyzed per 1 km and indicated the elevation and the type of terrain

of the covered area. Some parameters such as K-average, earth bulge, line of sight and Fresnel are

calculated. Sample computations are also provided. Graphs are provided for illustration of each

hop.

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Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan (Hop 1)

Base Station 1 to Repeater 1
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(10.00)(13.40)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.25)(23.40)
𝐻𝑁 = 18.07𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the antenna can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 10.84𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +TA
h2=eB +TB
(23.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 10.00 − 𝑇𝐴)(10.00)
18.07 = − 24.73 + 10.00 + 𝑇𝐴
23.40

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 19.2424𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna A (Base Station 1) and antenna B (Repeater 1) is
𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟓𝒇𝒕.

∴ The proposed tower heights are accepted.

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Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila (Hop 2)

Repeater 1 to Repeater 2

𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(24.00)(3.40)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.35)(27.40)
𝐻𝑁 = 12.91 𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the towers can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 7.74𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +TA
h2=eB +TB
(55.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 23.00 − 𝑇𝐴)(24.00)
12.91 = − 62.82 + 23.00 + 𝑇𝐴
27.40

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 18.6977𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna B (Repeater 1) and antenna C (Repeater 2) is
𝟐𝟎𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟔𝟓𝒇𝒕.

∴ The proposed tower heights are accepted.

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Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila (Hop 3)

Repeater 2 to Repeater 3
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(12.00)(6.25)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.45)(18.25)
𝐻𝑁 = 15.02𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the towers can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 9.01𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +TA
h2=eB +TB
(18.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 60.00 − 𝑇𝐴)(12.00)
15.02 = − 42.35 + 60.00 + 𝑇𝐴
18.25

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 18.9927𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna C (Repeater 2) and antenna D (Repeater 3) is 20 m

∴ The proposed tower heights are accepted.

Page | 31
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa (Hop 4)

Repeater 3 to Repeater 4
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(6.00)(10.80)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.55)(16.8)
𝐻𝑁 = 14.42𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the towers can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 8.65𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +TA
h2=eB +TB
(49.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 29.00 − 𝑇𝐴 )(6.00)
14.42 = − 46.59 + 29.00 + 𝑇𝐴
16.80

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 18.8730𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna D (Repeater 3) and antenna E (Repeater 4) is
20𝑚 𝑜𝑟 65𝑓𝑡.

∴ The proposed tower heights are accepted.

Page | 32
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite (Hop 5)

Repeater 4 to Repeater 5
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(17.00)(6.50)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.65)(23.50)
𝐻𝑁 = 15.78 𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the towers can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 9.47 𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +𝑇𝐴
h2=eB +𝑇𝐵
(322.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 41.00 − 𝑇𝐴)(17.00)
15.78 = − 227.21 + 41 + 𝑇𝐴
29.50

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 15𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna E (Repeater 4) and antenna F (Repeater 5) is
20𝑚 𝑜𝑟 65𝑓𝑡.

∴ The proposed tower heights are accepted.

Page | 33
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay (Hop 6)

Repeater 5 to Base Station 2
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓 (𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷

(10.00)(3.50)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.75)(13.50)
𝐻𝑁 = 11.62 𝑚

By considering the 60% of the Fresnel Zone, the minimum height of the antenna can be found:
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 6.97 𝑚

From the path clearance equation:

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1
𝐻= − ℎ𝑜′ + ℎ1
𝐷
h1 = eA +𝑇𝐴
h2=eB +𝑇𝐵
(650.00 + 𝑇𝐵 − 322.00 − 𝑇𝐴)(10.00)
11.62 = − 562.36 + 322.00 + 𝑇𝐴
13.50

Assuming Tower A and Tower B are equal:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵

Minimum antenna heights can be computed as:

𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝐵 = 19.0099 𝑚

The proposed tower height for antenna F (Repeater 5) and antenna G (Base Station 2) is
20𝑚 𝑜𝑟 65𝑓𝑡.

∴ The proposed antenna heights are accepted.

Page | 34
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

TABLE SUMMARY OF COMPARISON

COMPUTED RECOMMENDED
ANTENNA ANTENNA HEIGHT
HOPS HEIGHT
Transmitter and
Transmitter Receiver
Receiver
1. Sky Ranch, Pampanga 19.2424m 20.0000m 20.0000m
to Baliuag, Bulacan

2. Baliuag, Bulacan 18.6977m 20.0000m 20.0000m

to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

3. Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila 18.9927m 20.0000m 20.0000m

to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

4. Mandaluyong, Metro Manila 18.8730m 20.0000m 20.0000m

to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

5. Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa 15.0000m 20.0000m 20.0000m

to Silang, Cavite

6. Silang, Cavite 19.0099m 20.0000m 20.0000m

to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

Page | 35
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

PATH PROFILING USING RADIO

TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP
(ALL HOPS)

Page | 36
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan

Base Station 1 to Repeater 1
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.25 GHz h(1)(m): 30 m D (km): 23.4 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 0.62821 h(2)(m): 43 m

Page | 37
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan

Base Station 1 to Repeater 1
60.00

LOS
eb (m)
50.00 ho'
0.6UF1
0.6LF1
40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 38
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

Repeater 1 to Repeater 2
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.35 GHz h(1)(m): 43 m D (km): 27.4 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 0.7257 h(2)(m): 75 m

Page | 39
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

Repeater 1 to Repeater 2
90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00 LOS
eb (m)
ho'
40.00
0.6UF1
0.6LF1
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 40
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

Repeater 2 to Repeater 3
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.45 GHz h(1)(m): 80 m D (km): 18.25 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 0.5274 h(2)(m): 38 m

Page | 41
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

Repeater 2 to Repeater 3
90.00
LOS
80.00
eb (m)
ho'
70.00 0.6UF1
0.6LF1
60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 42
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

Repeater 3 to Repeater 4
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.55 GHz h(1)(m): 49 m D (km): 16.8 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 0.5298 h(2)(m): 69 m

Page | 43
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

Repeater 3 to Repeater 4
80.00

70.00

60.00
LOS
50.00 eb (m)
ho'
40.00 0.6UF1
0.6LF1

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 44
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite

Repeater 4 to Repeater 5
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.65 GHz h(1)(m): 61 m D (km): 23.5 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 0.7728 h(2)(m): 342 m

Page | 45
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite

Repeater 4 to Repeater 5
350.00

300.00
LOS
eb (m)
250.00 ho'
0.6UF1
0.6LF1
200.00

150.00

100.00

50.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 46
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

Repeater 5 to Base Station 2
Antenna Height (h1 in m): 20m Freq (GHz): 5.75 GHz h(1)(m): 342 m D (km): 13.5 km
Antenna Height (h0 in m): 20m Kave: 1.165 h(2)(m): 670 m

Page | 47
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

Repeater 5 to Base Station 2
700.00

600.00
LOS
eb (m)
500.00 ho'
0.6UF1
0.6LF1
400.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

LEGENDS:
COCONUT URBAN DRY ROCK

MOUNTAIN FOREST RICE PADDIES

Page | 48
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan

From Base Station 1 to Repeater 1
HOP 1
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
2
(0.5)(5) + ( ) (18) + (0.5)(0.4)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3
23.40
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟖𝟐

Earth Bulge Upper Fresnel

𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑈𝐹1 = 35.56𝑚 + 18.07𝑚
(10.00𝑚)(13.40𝑚) 𝑈𝐹1 = 53.62 𝑚
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75(0.6282)
𝑒𝑏 = 16.73 𝑚 Lower Fresnel
𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
Total Obstruction 𝐿𝐹1 = 35.56𝑚 − 18.07𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏 𝐿𝐹1 = 17.49 𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 0 + 8𝑚 + 16.73𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 24.73 𝑚 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 35.56𝑚 + 10.84𝑚
First Fresnel zone 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 46.40 𝑚

𝑑1 𝑑2 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁

𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 35.56𝑚 − 10.84𝑚
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 24.71 𝑚
(10.00𝑚)(13.40𝑚)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.25)(23.40) Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
𝐻𝑁 = 18.07 𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 35.56𝑚 − 18.07𝑚 − 24.73𝑚
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = −7.24 𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 10.84 𝑚
Path clearance
Line of Sight 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐶𝑝 = 35.56𝑚 − 24.73𝑚
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 = 10.83 𝑚
𝐷
(43 − 30) ∗ 10
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 30 Fresnel clearance ratio
23.40
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 35.56 𝑚 𝐶𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
𝐻𝑁
10.83
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
18.07
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 0.60

Page | 49
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

From Repeater 1 to Repeater 2
HOP 2
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
2 4 3 3
(0.5)(0) + ( ) (20) + ( ) (3) + ( ) (1) + (0.5)(3) + ( ) (0.4)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 3 3 4 4
27.40
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟓𝟕

Earth Bulge Upper Fresnel

𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑈𝐹1 = 71.03𝑚 + 12.91𝑚
(24.00𝑚)(3.40𝑚) 𝑈𝐹1 = 83.94 𝑚
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75(0.7257)
𝑒𝑏 = 8.82 𝑚 Lower Fresnel
𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
Total Obstruction 𝐿𝐹1 = 71.03𝑚 − 12.91𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏 𝐿𝐹1 = 58.12 𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 15𝑚 + 39𝑚 + 8.82𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 62.82 𝑚 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 71.03𝑚 + 7.74𝑚
First Fresnel zone 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 78.77 𝑚

𝑑1 𝑑2 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁

𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 71.03𝑚 − 7.74𝑚
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 63.28 𝑚
(24.00𝑚)(3.40𝑚)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.35)(27.40) Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
𝐻𝑁 = 12.91 𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 71.03𝑚 − 12.91𝑚 − 62.82𝑚
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = −4.70 𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 7.74 𝑚
Path clearance
Line of Sight 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐶𝑝 = 71.03𝑚 − 63.82𝑚
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 = 8.21 𝑚
𝐷
(75 − 43) ∗ 24
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 43 Fresnel clearance ratio
27.40
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 71.03 𝑚 𝐶𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
𝐻𝑁
8.21
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
12.91
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 0.64

Page | 50
MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

From Repeater 2 to Repeater 3
HOP 3
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
3
( ) (2) + (0.5)(16.25)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 4
18.25
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟕𝟒
Earth Bulge Upper Fresnel
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑈𝐹1 = 52.83𝑚 + 15.02𝑚
(12.00𝑚)(6.25𝑚) 𝑈𝐹1 = 67.41 𝑚
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75(0.5274)
𝑒𝑏 = 11.15 𝑚 Lower Fresnel
𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
Total Obstruction 𝐿𝐹1 = 52.83𝑚 − 15.02𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏 𝐿𝐹1 = 37.36 𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 0 + 31.20𝑚 + 11.15𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 42.35 𝑚 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 52.83𝑚 + 9.01𝑚
First Fresnel zone 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 61.40 𝑚

𝑑1 𝑑2 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁

𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 52.83𝑚 − 9.01𝑚
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 43.37 𝑚
(12.00𝑚)(6.25𝑚)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.45)(18.25) Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
𝐻𝑁 = 15.02 𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 52.83𝑚 − 15.02𝑚 − 42.35𝑚
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = −4.99 𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 9.01 𝑚
Path clearance
Line of Sight 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐶𝑝 = 52.38𝑚 − 42.35𝑚
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 = 10.03 𝑚
𝐷
(38 − 80) ∗ 12
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 80 Fresnel clearance ratio
18.25
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 52.38 𝑚 𝐶𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
𝐻𝑁
10.03
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
15.02
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 0.6

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

From Repeater 3 to Repeater 4
HOP 4
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
3
(0.5)(5) + ( ) (2) + (0.5)(9.8)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 4
16.80
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟖

Earth Bulge Upper Fresnel

𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑈𝐹1 = 56.14𝑚 + 14.42𝑚
(6.00𝑚)(11.00𝑚) 𝑈𝐹1 = 70.57 𝑚
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75(0.5298)
𝑒𝑏 = 9.66 𝑚 Lower Fresnel
𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
Total Obstruction 𝐿𝐹1 = 56.14𝑚 − 14.42𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏 𝐿𝐹1 = 41.72𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 15𝑚 + 22𝑚 + 9.59𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 46.59 𝑚 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 56.14𝑚 + 8.65𝑚
First Fresnel zone 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 64.80 𝑚

𝑑1 𝑑2 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁

𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 56.14𝑚 − 8.65𝑚
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 47.49 𝑚
(6.00𝑚)(11.00𝑚)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.55)(16.80) Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
𝐻𝑁 = 14.42 𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 56.14𝑚 − 14.42𝑚 − 46.59𝑚
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = −4.87 𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 8.65 𝑚
Path clearance
Line of Sight 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐶𝑝 = 56.14𝑚 − 46.66𝑚
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 = 9.55 𝑚
𝐷
(69 − 49) ∗ 6
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 49 Fresnel clearance ratio
17.00
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 56.14 𝑚 𝐶𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
𝐻𝑁
9.55
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
14.56
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 0.66

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite

From Repeater 4 to Repeater 5
HOP 5
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
3 4 2 4
(0.5)(5) + ( ) (5) + ( ) (1) + ( ) (3) + ( ) (6) + (1.165)(3.5)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 4 3 3 3
23.50
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟐𝟖

Earth Bulge
𝑑1 𝑑2 Upper Fresnel
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
(17.00𝑚)(6.50𝑚) 𝑈𝐹1 = 264.28𝑚 + 15.78𝑚
𝑒𝑏 = 𝑈𝐹1 = 280.06 𝑚
12.75(0.7728)
𝑒𝑏 = 9.66 𝑚
Lower Fresnel
Total Obstruction 𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏 𝐿𝐹1 = 264.28𝑚 − 15.78𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 15𝑚 + 201𝑚 + 11.21𝑚 𝐿𝐹1 = 248.49𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 227.21 𝑚
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
First Fresnel zone 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 264.28𝑚 + 9.47𝑚
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 273.75 𝑚
𝑑1 𝑑2
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 264.28𝑚 − 9.47𝑚
(17 .00𝑚)(6.50𝑚) 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 254.81 𝑚
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.65)(23.50)
Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝐻𝑁 = 15.78 𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 264.28𝑚 − 15.78𝑚 − 227.21𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 9.47 𝑚 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 21.28 𝑚

Line of Sight Path clearance

(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 𝐶𝑝 = 264.28𝑚 − 227.21𝑚
𝐷
(342 − 61) ∗ 17 𝐶𝑝 = 37.06 𝑚
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 61
23.50
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 264.28 𝑚 Fresnel clearance ratio
𝐶𝑝 37.06
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = =
𝐻𝑁 15.78
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 2.35

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

From Repeater 5 to Base Station 6
HOP 6
Sample Computation
(Highest Total Obstruction)

Kave
𝑘1 𝑑1 + 𝑘2 𝑑2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑛 𝑑𝑛
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝐷
(1.165)(13.5)
𝐾𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
13.50
𝑲𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟔𝟓

Earth Bulge Lower Fresnel

𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75𝑘𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝐿𝐹1 = 584.96𝑚 − 11.62 𝑚
(10.00𝑚)(3.50𝑚) 𝐿𝐹1 = 573.35𝑚
𝑒𝑏 =
12.75(1.165)
𝑒𝑏 = 2.36𝑚 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 0.6𝐻𝑁
0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 584.96𝑚 + 6.97𝑚
Total Obstruction 0.6𝑈𝐹1 = 591.93 𝑚
ℎ𝑜′ = 𝑇𝑔 + 𝑒𝑝 + 𝑒𝑏
ℎ𝑜′ = 0 + 560𝑚 + 2.36𝑚 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 0.6𝐻𝑁
ℎ𝑜′ = 562.36𝑚 0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 584.96𝑚 − 6.97𝑚
0.6𝐿𝐹1 = 577.99 𝑚
First Fresnel zone
Clearance from 1st Fresnel
𝑑1 𝑑2 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = |𝐿𝑂𝑆 − 𝐻𝑁 − ℎ𝑜′ |
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧)𝐷 𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 584.96𝑚 − 11.62 𝑚 − 562.36𝑚
𝐶1𝑠𝑡 = 10.99 𝑚
(10.00𝑚)(3.50𝑚)
𝐻𝑁 = 17.3√
(5.75)(13.50) Path clearance
𝐶𝑝 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 − ℎ𝑜 ′
𝐻𝑁 = 11.62 𝑚
𝐶𝑝 = 584.96𝑚 − 562.36𝑚
60% of the Fresnel Zone 𝐶𝑝 = 22.61 𝑚
0.6𝐻𝑁 = 6.97𝑚
Fresnel clearance ratio
Line of Sight 𝐶𝑝
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
(ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) ∗ 𝑑1 𝐻𝑁
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + ℎ1 22.619.48
𝐷 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 =
(670 − 342) ∗ 10 11.62
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = + 342 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑙 = 1.95
13.50
𝐿𝑂𝑆 = 584.96 𝑚

Upper Fresnel
𝑈𝐹1 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆 + 𝐻𝑁
𝑈𝐹1 = 584.96𝑚 + 11.62 𝑚
𝑈𝐹1 = 596.58 𝑚

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Chapter IIB: Path Profile using Radio Mobile

(All Hops)
This chapter provides the path profiled parameters of each hop. The profiles were analyzed using
the radio mobile software. The values of each parameters used in the software were gathered from
the specifications of the equipment used. Comparison of the gathered data from the topographical
map and the radio mobile software are provided.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Base Station 1 to Repeater 1:

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 1 to Repeater 2:
Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 2 to Repeater 3:
Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 3 to Repeater 4:
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Repeater 4 to Repeater 5:
Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite

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Repeater 5 to Base Station 2:

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

COMPARISON OF DATA BETWEEN TOPOGRAPHICAL

MAPS AT RADIO MOBILE
The data for the path profiling was obtained using the traditional Topographical Map which
has a scale of 1:50,000 and a software called Radio Mobile. Topographical Maps were obtained at
NAMRIA Store at Binondo, Manila while the Radio Mobile was downloaded at the internet. The
topographical maps were outdated thus giving different terrains compared to what the Radio
Mobile have.

BASE STATION 1 TO REPEATER 1

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan
It can be observed that the elevation of the Topographical Map is lower than the elevation
of the Radio Mobile. In the first path, the tower height that was obtained using the topographical
map was 20 meters while the tower height obtained in the radio mobile was both 20 meters. It was
also observed that the K-average of the topographical map and radio mobile was different. Having
a 0.6282 K-average in the topographical map and a 1.33 K-average value in the radio mobile really
have a big impact on the height of the tower/antenna.

REPEATER 1 TO REPEATER 2
Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila
In the second path of the design, the tower height of the radio mobile is again similar to the
tower height computed in the topographical map. Having a value of 20 meters in the radio mobile
and 20 meters in the topographical map. The K-average value for the radio mobile was 1.33 and
the K-average value for the topographical map was 0.7257. The K-average value of the radio
mobile was greater than the K-average value of the topographical map.

REPEATER 2 TO REPEATER 3
Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila to Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
In the third path or hop, the tower height that was obtain in the topographical map is 20
while in radio mobile was 20-meter height of the tower. The K-average value for the radio mobile
was 1.33 while the K-average value for the topographical map was 0.5274. Also, since the

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elevation of the path of the radio mobile and the topographical map have a big difference, the tower
heights also have big difference.

REPEATER 3 TO REPEATER 4
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila to Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa

In the fourth path, the obtained tower height in the topographical map is 20 meters for both
transmitter and receiver whereas the obtained tower height in radio mobile is 20 meters for the
transmitter and 20 meters for the receiver. The obtained K-average value in the topographical map
is 0.5655 whereas 1.333 from the radio mobile. The result shows that the obtained K-average value
from the radio mobile is higher than the calculated K-average value from the topographical map.

REPEATER 4 TO REPEATER 5
Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite

As for the fifth path, the tower height obtained from the topographical map is 20 meters
for both transmitter and receiver, and the tower height yielded from the radio mobile is 20 meters
for the transmitter and receiver as well. In line with this, the K-average value calculated from the
topographical map is 0.7728 whereas the K-average value provided by the radio mobile is 1.333.
The result claims that the radio mobile K-average value is higher than that of the K-average value
yielded from the topographical map.

REPEATER 5 TO BASE STATION 2

Silang, Cavite to Sky Ranch, Tagaytay

In the last path, calculations from topographical map provided a tower height of 20 meters
for both transmitter and receiver whereas the yielded radio mobile tower height is 20 meters for
both transmitter and receiver. The K-average obtained from the topographical map is 1.1650
whereas the K-average value obtained from the radio mobile is 1.333. The values show that the K-
average of radio mobile in the last path is higher than that of the obtained K-average value using
the topographical map.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Chapter III: Equipment Specifications

This chapter provides the equipment to be used in building the microwave facilities.

This includes the brand, quantity and prices of the equipment. The specification

sheets of the equipment are also included to show their characteristics and

performances. Note that the conversion unit used was 46.59 Peso value is equal to

1 US Dollar. The conversion unit was obtained in the internet as of February 2017.

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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SUMMARY TABLE OF EQUIPMENT COST

Cost (PhP)
BASE STATION 1 2,057,485.60
REPEATER 1 2,573,064.35
REPEATER 2 2,573,064.35
REPEATER 3 2,573,064.35
REPEATER 4 2,559,653.35
REPEATER 5 2,552,202.79
BASE STATION 2 2,050,035.04
LAND 10,000,000.00
TOTAL COST Php. 26,938,569.83

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Chapter IV: Link Budget

This chapter provides the link budget of each link. A link budget is accounting of all of the gains

and losses from the transmitter, through the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to

the receiver in a telecommunication system. This chapter shows how the different losses and gains

are computed based on the gathered data using a topographical map. These parameters shall

determine what antenna diameter should be used and whether or not the hop will require diversity

techniques due to diffraction and reflection.

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan (Link 1)

Base Station 1 to Repeater 1
Sample Computation

Proposed Values based from Datasheet:

PT = 34dB
Cmin = -88.6 dB
Reliability (R) = 99.9999%
TLL multiplier = 4.42𝑑𝐵/100𝑚

Data from Path Profile:

D = 23.40 km
h2 = 43.0 m
h1 = 30.0 m
Frequency = 5.25 GHz
TA = TB = 20m

Free Space Loss

𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.4 + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓(𝐺𝐻𝑧) + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷(𝑘𝑚)
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 92.4 + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(5.25) + 20𝑙𝑜𝑔(23.40)
𝐹𝑆𝐿 = 134.1875𝑑𝐵

Transmission Line Loss

𝑇𝐿𝐿 = (𝑇𝐴 + 𝑇𝐵 + 2𝐷𝑟) ∗ 𝑇𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑟
4.42𝑑𝐵
𝑇𝐿𝐿 = (20𝑚 + 20𝑚 + 12𝑚) ∗ ( )
100𝑚
𝑇𝐿𝐿 = 2.2984𝑑𝐵

Atmospheric Absorption Loss

6.09 4.81
𝐴𝐴𝐿 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] ×𝑓 2 ×10−3 𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚
𝑓 2 + 0.227 (𝑓 − 118)2
6.09 4.81 10−3 𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝐴𝐿 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] ×(5.25) 2
× ∗ 23.4𝑘𝑚
(5.25)2 + 0.227 (5.25 − 118)2 𝑘𝑚
𝐴𝐴𝐿 = 0.1462𝑑𝐵

Fade Margin
𝐹𝑀 = 30𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷 + 10 log(6𝐴𝐵𝑓 ) − 10 log(1 − 𝑅 ) − 70
𝐹𝑀 = 30𝑙𝑜𝑔(23.4) + 10 log(6(4)(0.25)(5.25)) − 10 log(1 − 0.999999) − 70
𝐹𝑀 = 49.0699𝑑𝐵

ℎ2 − ℎ1
𝑐=
ℎ2 + ℎ1

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43 − 30
𝑐=
43 + 30
𝑐 = 0.1781

𝐷(𝑘𝑚) 2
𝑚=
25.5𝑘(ℎ1 + ℎ2 )
23.42
𝑚=
25.5(0.6282)(43 + 30)
𝑚 = 0.4682

3𝑐
1+𝑚 1 1+𝑚
𝑏 = 2√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 +𝜋
3𝑚 3 1 + 𝑚
√
{ [ ( 2 3𝑚 ) ]}
3(0.1781)
1 + 0.4682 1 1 + 0.4682
𝑏 = 2√ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 +𝜋
3(0.4682) 3 1 + 0.1781
2√
{ [ ( 3(0.4682) ) ]}

𝑏 = 0.1219

Reflection Point Distances

𝐷
𝑑1𝑅 = (1 − 0.1219)
2
23.4
𝑑1𝑅 = (1 − 0.1219)
2
𝑑1𝑅 = 10.2738𝑚

𝐷
𝑑2𝑅 = (1 + (0.1219))
2
𝑑2𝑅 = 13.1258𝑚

Reflection Factor

𝑑2𝑅 2
ℎ2 ′ = ℎ2 −
12.75𝑘
13.12582
ℎ2 ′ = 43 −
12.75(0.6282)
ℎ2 ′ = 21.4901𝑚

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1
𝐷𝑓 =
2(𝑑1𝑟)(𝑑2𝑟)2
√1 +
𝑘𝑎𝐷ℎ2 ′
1
𝐷𝑓 =
2(10.2738)(13.1258)2
√1 +
(0.6282)(6.374)(23.4)(21.4901)
𝐷𝑓 = 0.6022

𝑅𝐹 = 𝑅𝐶 ∗ 𝐷𝑓
𝑅𝐹 = 0.5(0.6021)
𝑅𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 0.3011

Other Losses

Hybrid Loss = 1.0dB

Coupling Loss = 0.5dB
Connector Loss = 0.5dB
Radome Loss = 0.5dB

Total Losses
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 𝑇𝐿𝐿 + 𝐴𝐴𝐿 + 𝐹𝑀 + 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 134.1875 + 2.2984 + 0.1462 + 43.0493 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5
𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 182.3183𝑑𝐵

Total Gain
𝐺𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑡 + 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐺𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 182.3183 − 34 − 88.6
𝐺𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 59.7183𝑑𝐵

Antenna Gain
𝐺𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 =
2
59.7183𝑑𝐵
𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 =
2
𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 = 29.8592𝑑𝐵

Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter

𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 −20𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑓−17.8
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10 20
29.8592−20𝑙𝑜𝑔5.25−17.8
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 10 20
𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.7635𝑚

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Proposed Dish Antenna Diameter = 3ft = 0.9144m

The proposed antenna diameter is 3 ft or 0.9144m. This diameter is chosen because of the
availability of the dish antenna that is capable of sustaining the proposed frequency and the
required minimum diameter of the antenna must be satisfied.

New Antenna Gain (computed)

𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 31.4259𝑑𝐵𝑖

New Antenna Gain (datasheet)

𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 32.3000𝑑𝐵𝑖

New Fade Margin

𝐹𝑀(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 2𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎(𝑛𝑒𝑤) + 𝑃𝑡 − 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿 − 𝑇𝑇𝐿 − 𝐴𝐴𝐿 − 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐹𝑀(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 2(32.3) + 34 + 88.6 − 134.1875 − 2.21 − 0.0062 − 1 − 0.5 − 0.5 − .5
𝐹𝑀(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 48.2963𝑑𝐵

Hop Reliability
𝐹𝑀(𝑛𝑒𝑤) −30𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷−10𝑙𝑜𝑔6𝐴𝐵𝑓+70
𝑅 = (1 − 10 −10 ) ×100%

48.2963−30𝑙𝑜𝑔23.4−10 log(6(4)(0.125)(5.25))+70
𝑅 = (1 − 10 −10 ) ×100%

𝑅 = 99.9999931402%
.

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇 + 𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡 − 𝐿 𝑇
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 34 + 31.4259 − 1.1492

𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 62.21𝑑𝐵

Isotropic Receive Level (IRL)

𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐹𝑆𝐿
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 62.21 − 134.1875
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −71.9775

Received Signal Level (RSL)

𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 + 𝐺𝐴𝑛𝑡 − 𝐿𝑟
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −71.9775 + 31.4259 − 1.1492
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −43.7676

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LINK 1
Skyranch Pampanga – Baliuag, Bulacan
D Distance, km 23.40
F Frequency, GHz 5.25
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 2.2984
A Roughness Factor 4
B Climatic Factor 0.125
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 134.1875
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.2984
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.1492
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.1492
FM Fade Margin, dB 43.0493
aAo Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.0062
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5
Connector Loss, dB 0.5
Radome Loss, dB 0.5
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 182.3183
GAIN CALCULATIONS
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 59.7183
Gant Antenna Gain, dB 29.8592
dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.7635
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 44.6862
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 62.21
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -71.9775
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -43.7676
R Hop Reliability 99.999931402%

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 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

f = 5.25 GHz f = 5.25 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000 dB
Gant = 31.4259 dB dant = 0.9144 m /3 ft
dant = 0.9144 m / 3 ft
TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 23.4 km

90

62.21
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.3508
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0 Due to Antenna Gain
-10
(Receiver)
-42.1183 -43.7676
-30

-50 Fade
-71.9775 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 1
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.3508 dBm
EIRP 62.21 dBm
IRL -71.9775 dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -42.1183 dBm
RSL -43.7676 dBm

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LINK 2
Baliuag, Bulacan to Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila
D Distance, km 27.40
F Frequency, GHz 5.35
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 4.256
A Roughness Factor 1
B Climatic Factor 0.5
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 135.7221
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.2131
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.6066
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.6066
FM Fade Margin, dB 45.1873
Ao Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.1715
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5 The value of the
diameter of the
Connector Loss, dB 0.5 dish antenna used
Radome Loss, dB 0.5 was lower than
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 185.9576 the computed
value but it still
GAIN CALCULATIONS satisfy the
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 63.3576 requirement.

Gant Antenna Gain, dB 31.6788

dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.9238
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 46.8508
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 64.0722
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -71.6499
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -41.5776
R Hop Reliability 99.999931823%

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 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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f = 5.35 GHz f = 5.35 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000 dB
Gant = 31.6788 dB dant = 0.9238m /3 ft
dant = 0.9238 m / 3 ft

TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 27.4 km

90

64.0722
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.3934
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0
Due to Antenna Gain
-10
(Receiver)
-40.0601 -41.5766
-30

-50 Fade
-71.6499 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 2
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.3934 dBm
EIRP 64.0722 dBm
IRL -71.6499 dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -40.0601 dBm
RSL -41.5776dBm

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MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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COMPUTER ENGINEERING
Caloocan, 1420 Metro Manila - Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
D Distance, km 18.25
F Frequency, GHz 5.45
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 2.1455
A Roughness Factor 1
B Climatic Factor 0.5
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 132.3532
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.1455
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.5728
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.5728
FM Fade Margin, dB 39.9731
Ao Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.1144
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5
Connector Loss, dB 0.5
Radome Loss, dB 0.5
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 177.1974
GAIN CALCULATIONS
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 54.5974
Gant Antenna Gain, dB 27.2987
dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.5477
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 41.5842
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 59.7259
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -72.6273
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -46.9013
R Hop Reliability 99.999930995%

Page | 82
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

f = 5.45 GHz f = 5.45 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000 dB
Gant = 31.7507 dB dant = 0.9144 m /3 ft
dant = 0.9144 m / 3 ft
TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 18.25 km

90

59.7279
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.4272
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0
Due to Antenna Gain
-10
(Receiver)
-40.8766 -46.9013
-30

-50 Fade
-72.6273 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 3
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.4272 dBm
EIRP 59.7259 dBm
IRL -72.6273 dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -40.8766 dBm
RSL -46.9013 dBm

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LINK 4
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila - Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa
D Distance, km 16.8
F Frequency, GHz 5.55
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 4.126
A Roughness Factor 1
B Climatic Factor 0.5
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 131.7920
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.2984
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.6492
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.6492
FM Fade Margin, dB 38.9734
Ao Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.1055
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5
Connector Loss, dB 0.5
Radome Loss, dB 0.5
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 175.7737
GAIN CALCULATIONS
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 53.1737
Gant Antenna Gain, dB 26.5869
dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.4955
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 40.5778
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 58.9377
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -72.8544
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -47.9167
R Hop Reliability 99.999930887%

Page | 84
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

f = 5.55 GHz f = 5.45 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000dB
Gant = 31.9086 dB dant = 0.9144 m /3 ft
dant = 0.9144 m / 3 ft
TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 16.8 km

90

58.9377
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.3508
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0
-10
Due to Antenna Gain
(Receiver)
-40.9458 -47.9167
-30

-50 Fade
-72.8544 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 4
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.3508 dBm
EIRP 58.9377dBm
IRL -72.8544dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -47.9167dBm
RSL -47.9167dBm

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LINK 5
Ayala Alabang, Muntinlupa to Silang, Cavite
D Distance, km 23.50
F Frequency, GHz 5.65
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 2.2984
A Roughness Factor 1
B Climatic Factor 0.5
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 134.8623
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.0909
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.5455
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.5455
FM Fade Margin, dB 43.4237
Ao Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.1478
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5
Connector Loss, dB 0.5
Radome Loss, dB 0.5
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 183.1737
GAIN CALCULATIONS
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 60.5737
Gant Antenna Gain, dB 30.2868
dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.7452
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 45.0726
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 62.7414
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -72.1210
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -43.3796
R Hop Reliability 99.999931591%

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 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
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f = 5.65 GHz f = 5.65 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000dB
Gant = 32.0637 dB dant = 0.9144 m /3 ft
dant = 0.9144 m / 3 ft
TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 23.5 km

90

62.7414
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.4545
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0
-10
Due to Antenna Gain
(Receiver)
-40.0573 -43.3796
-30

-50 Fade
-72.1210 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 5
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.4545 dBm
EIRP 62.7414 dBm
IRL -72.1210 dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -40.0573 dBm
RSL -43.3796 dBm

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LINK 6
Silang, Cavite to Skyranch Pampanga
D Distance, km 13.50
F Frequency, GHz 5.75
TA Antenna Height (Tx), m 20.0
TB Antenna Height (Rx), m 20.0
Pt Total Output Power, dBm 34.0
Cmin Sensitivity, dB -88.6
TLL Waveguide Loss, dB/100m 2.0909
A Roughness Factor 1
B Climatic Factor 0.5
LOSS CALCULATIONS
FSL Free Space Loss, dB 130.2000
TLL Transmission Line Loss, dB 2.0909
Lt Line Loss at Transmitter 1.5455
Lr Line Loss at Receiver 1.5455
FM Fade Margin, dB 36.2779
Ao Atmospheric Absorption Losses, dB 0.0850
MPL Miscellaneous Path Loss, dB 0
Other Coupling Loss, dB 0.5
Connector Loss, dB 0.5
Radome Loss, dB 0.5
LossesTotal Total Losses, dB 171.2411
GAIN CALCULATIONS
GainTotal Total Gain, dB 48.6411
Gant Antenna Gain, dB 24.3205
dmin Minimum Dish Antenna Diameter, m 0.3684
Proposed Minimum Dish Antenna
dmin proposed 0.9144 (3ft)
Diameter, m
Gant new New Antenna Gain, dB 32.3000
OTHER PARAMETERS
Fmnew New Fade Margin, dB 37.8651
EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, dB 56.7751
IRL Isotropic Receive Level, dB -73.4250
RSL Received Signal Level, dB -50.6499
R Hop Reliability 99.999930162%

Page | 88
 MAPÙA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

f = 5.75 GHz f = 5.75 GHz

Pt = 34 dBm Gant = 32.3000 dB
Gant = 32.2161 dB dant = 0.9144 m /3 ft
dant = 0.9144 m / 3 ft
TA = 20 m TB= 20 m
Tx Rx
Dr = 6m Dr = 6m
B1
R2
D = 13.5 km

90

56.7751
70
Pt EIRP
50
34 32.4545
Pt
30
Due to Waveguide
10 Loss (Transmitter)
0
-10 Due to Antenna Gain
(Receiver)
--49.1044 -50.6499
-30

-50 Fade
-73.4250 Margin
-70
IRL
-90
Sensitivity

LINK 6
Pt 34.0000 dBm
Due to Waveguide Loss (Tx) 32.4545 dBm
EIRP 56.7751 dBm
IRL -73.4250 dBm
Due to Antenna Gain (Rx) -49.1044 dBm
RSL -50.6499 dBm

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OVERALL SYSTEM RELIABILITY

LINK HOP RELIABILITY:
LINK 1 99.999931402%
LINK 2 99.999931823%
LINK 3 99.999930995%
LINK 4 99.999930887%
LINK 5 99.999931591%
LINK 6 99.999930162%
SYSTEM RELIABILITY: 99.99993114%

Computation:
∑ 𝐻𝑜𝑝 𝑅𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
Overall Reliability =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑠
599.999587311
Overall Reliability =
6
Overall Reliability = 99.999931218%

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TABLE OF COMPLIANCE

Page | 91
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Conclusion

A line-of-sight microwave communication system from Sky Ranch, Pampanga to Sky

Ranch, Tagaytay is seemingly feasible, per the study and analysis conducted by our group. A total

of five repeaters, resulting to six links, will be used in this design to connect the two base stations,

respectively. This design was made in accordance with all the set requirements in which each link

has a reliability percentage of 99.9999% or better. This gives the overall system a reliability

percentage of 99.999931218%

Doing system design is easier done using Radio Mobile than using topographical maps as

it is more up to date than the latter. The elevations and terrains present on Radio Mobile may be

different from the ones on the topographical map which may cause design mistakes making it not

advisable to be used.

Recommendation

Future designs are certainly recommended to be done with proper equipment. Keep in mind

that the right path must be used in the design as it contributes to the reliability of the

communication system which decreases the chance of encountering losses. The use of updated

maps also help improve the accuracy of the design in providing a more reliable system.

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Chapter V: Appendices

This chapter provides the gathered data sheets used to calculate the link budget. Each equipment

has its own specifications. A data sheet describes the technical characteristics of an item or product

as designed and/or produced. It can be published by a manufacturer to help people choose products

or to help use the products. The values that were stated in the data sheet are fixed.

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