CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the research finding and discussion related the

research problem. The findings are analyzed and elaborated which then discussed

in sub-chapters in order to obtain the result of this research.

A. Types of Figurative Language

Figurative language is used to create a special effect or feeling. It is

characterized by figures of speech—language that compares, exaggerates, or

means something other than what it first appears to mean.

There are some types of figurative language, such as simile, metaphor,

personification, hyperbole, symbol, idiom, understatement, rhetoric,

repetition, onomatopoeia, and metonymy.

After analyzing the data the researcher found eleven types of

figurative language as follow.

1. Simile

A simile is an expression in which something is compared to

something else by the use of fiction word such as like or as. Simile was

found in text [1], text [3], text [5], text [6], text [8], and text [10]. See

the data below:

In text [1]

So you wanna play with magic

Boy, you should know what you‟re fallin‟ for

29
 30

Baby, do you dare to do this

‘Cause I’m coming at you like a dark horse (6)

The statement in datum (6) is belongs to simile, because using

the word “like” to compare “I‟am” means the writer song with dark

horse.

Dark horse here means to describe a person whose abilities or

possible course of action are unknown, or somebody who reveal

unsuspected talent.

Mark my words

This love will make you levitate (10)

Like a bird (11)

Like a bird without a cage (12)

But down to earth

If you choose to walk away

Don‟t walk away

Then, in data (10), (11), and (12) the statements are simile,

because using the word “like” to compare birds and people,

basically she means that her love is lifting and it can make her

lover fell like floating.

The statements in data (10), (11), and (12) mean the love of the

song writer would make her lover feel happy, because the song
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writer gives her lover pleasure feeling, like bird without cage, free,

and not give her lover bridle.

She‟s a beast

I call her Karma

She’ll eat your heart out (15)

Like Jeffrey Dahmer (16)

The statements in data (15) and (16) also include in simile,

because using the word “like”, “She” means the writer song is

being compared to Jeffrey Dahmer.

Actually Jeffrey Dahmer was an American cannibal. Jeffrey

Dahmer here means to representative if her lover make the song

writer hurt, the song writer can be bad person.

You may fall in love when you meet her

If you get the chance, you better keep her

She’s sweet as pie (17), but if you break her heart

She’ll turn cold as a freezer (18)

In datum (17) the statement is belongs to simile because, using

the word “as” to compare the sweet of the writer of song and taste

of pie.

Actually pie is one of the names of foods which is delicious

and sweet, almost all people like pie. Pie here means face and

attitude of song writer was nice, beautiful and charming.

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And in datum (18) also belongs to simile because, using the

word “as” to compare cold of the writer of song with cold of

freezer.

It is true that freezer is cold, but in this case cold as freezer is

to representative the writer of song can be cold person or bad if one

day her lover makes the heart of song writer break.

Now I think I love her

Shorty so bad, sprung and I don‟t care

She ride me like a roller coaster (20)

Turned the bedroom into a fair

Next in datum (20) the statement include in simile because,

using the word “like”, it means compare how she ride with roller

coaster.

Roller coaster has fast speed, basically it means her lover is

very on fire to affair.

Her love is like a drug (21)

I was tryna hit it and quit it

But lil‟ mama so dope

I messed around and got add

And in datum (21) also belongs to simile because, using the

word “like”, her love is being compared to a drug.

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Drug here means love of the song writer can make her lover

feel happy and make her lover always thinking about her. Because

her love like drug that can heal when hurt, or it could be the

antidote missed.

In text [2]

You held me down but I got up

Already brushing off the dust

You hear my voice, you hear that sound (24)

Like thunder, gonna shake the ground (25)

The statements in data (24) and (25) contain simile, because

the statements are using the word “like” to compare herself to the

power of the thunder.

Like thunder means that the song writer would make sure that

she makes an impact to her act of standing up.

Now I’m floating like a butterfly (30)

Stinging like a bee, I earned my stripes (31)

I went from zero

To my own hero

In datum (30) also use simile, because the statement is using

the word “like” to compare herself to the butterfly.

The researcher thinks that by this she means that she is care

free and that she does not have to worry about things.
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And in datum (31) is simile, because the statement is using the

word “like” to compare herself to a bee.

By this the researcher thinks that she feels she is courageous

and that she thinks she did a good job for standing up.

In text [3]

Do you ever feel (34)

Like a plastic bag (35)

Drifting through the wind

Wanting to start again

The statements in data (34) and (35) are include in simile,

because using the word “like” to compare the listener and plastic

bag, it means compare someone with trivial items like plastic bag.

Plastic bag here means someone who does not have power to

do something, and feeling useless in her/his life.

Do you ever feel

Feel so paper-thin (36)

Like a house of cards (37)

One blow from caving in

Then, in data (36) and (37) also use simile, because using the

word “like” to compare paper thin and house of cards.

Paper-thin and house of card here mean felt so weak inside that

anything can make the listener fall apart.

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Ignite the light

And let it shine

Just own the night (41)

Like the Fourth of July (42)

Next, in data (41) and (42) the statements are belongs to

simile, because using the word “like” to compare the night and

Forth of July.

Actually Fourth of July was the declaration of independence.

American was celebrate independent day on the fourth of July. The

entire of American celebrate joyfully. From this explanation Fourth

of July here means to remind that in human life there was always

happiness and the listener should make the life beautiful.

You don’t have to feel (45)

Like a waste of space (46)

You‟re original

Cannot be replaced

In data (45) and (46) the statements are also simile, because

using the word “like” to compare the listener and waste of space.

Basically waste of space is something that is not used

anymore, so the researcher thinks the listener do not have feel good

of themselves.
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Like a lightning bolt (52)

Your heart will glow (53)

And when it‟s time you know

You just gotta

And in data (52) and (53) the statements also include in simile,

because using the word “like” to compare a lightning bolt with the

glow.

Glow here means the song writer gives notice to the listener

we should rightfully proud of our self, confident, and be energetic

person to spend our life.

In text [5]

You're giving me sweet, sweet ecstasy

Yeah, you take me to utopia

You're reading me like erotica, (79)

Boy, you make me feel exotic, yeah

The statement in datum (79) is belongs to simile, because using

word “like” to compare the way her lover read/see with erotica.

Erotica here means her lover see the song writer deeply

feeling, and make comfortable with what her lover have.

In text [6]

Pop your confetti

Pop your Perignon

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So hot and heavy

Till dawn

I got you spinning (95)

Like a disco ball (96)

I'll have them playing

Your song

The statements in data (95) and (96) are contains simile,

because using the word “like” to compare spinning and disco ball.

It means when dance there are spinning action, it is being

compare to a disco ball, because disco ball also spinning. Basically

it is dance with the spinning style.

In text [8]

Days like this I want to drive away

Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade

You chewed me up and spit me out (112)

Like I was poison in your mouth (113)

You took my light, you drain me down

That was then and this is now

Now look at me

The statements in data (112) and (113) are include in simile,

because using word “like” to compare “me” means she (the writer

of song) and poison.

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Poison is something that could make the other person suffers.

Basically poison here means her love treats the song writer not

good. She was unhappy living with her lover.

In text [10]

You‟re a one-of-a-one, a one-of-a-kind

That you only find once in a lifetime (137)

Made to fit like a fingerprint (138)

A code that clicks and opens a gold mine

The statements in data (137) and (138) belongs to simile,

because using word “like” to compare her lover and fingerprint.

Actually every human have different fingerprint. Fingerprint

here to show that her lover is the unique person, different from the

others that the song writer ever knows.

„Cause I understand you

We see eye-to-eye (142)

Like a double rainbow in the sky (143)

And wherever you go, so will I

„Cause a double rainbow is hard to find

And in data (142) and (143) the statements also contains

simile, because using word “like” to compare eye-to-eye and

double rainbow.
 39

Double rainbow here means a couple who love each other,

they are face to face, staring each other deeply feeling.

Was a phenomenon when you came along

Yeah, our chemistry was more than science

It was deafening, loud like lightning (145)

It was striking, you couldn‟t deny it

Then in datum (145) the statement is using word “like” to

compare loud and lightning. So it is belongs to simile.

Loud and lighting mean the song writer with her lover have

strong love that not everyone can understand about them.

2. Metaphor

Metaphor is no function words are used. Something describe by

stating another thing with which it can be compared. Metaphor presents

in text [1], text [2], text [3], text [4], and text [7].

See the data below:

In text [1]

She’s a beast (13)

I call her Karma

She‟ll eat your heart out

Like Jeffrey Dahmer

The sentence in datum (13) is metaphor, because comparing

“she” means the writer of song with beast.

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Actually beast is character of wild animal. Wild animal still

have the wild nature of both free-living and that has been reared by

human. Beast here means the song writer could be dangerous

person or good person depend on the situation. If someday her

lover make her heart broke she would be bad person, and vice

versa.

In text [2]

Now I‟m floating like a butterfly

Stinging like a bee, I earned my stripes

I went from zero (32)

To my own hero (33)

The sentences in data (32) and (33) are also metaphor,

because zero and hero are on completely different part of the scale

on power. It also does not use the word like or as. She is showing

how she started as a weak person and ended up as a super confident

person.

In text [3]

‘Cause baby, you’re a firework (43)

Come on show them what you‟re worth

Make them go, “Oh, oh, oh”

As you shoot across the sky

And in datum (43) the sentence includes in metaphor,

because the word “baby” means the listener is different with

 41

firework. But in this case is being compared without word “like” or

“as”. Firework here means to show how anymore can be bright and

beautiful inside.

In text [4]

Come just as you are to me

Don't need apologies

Know that you are all worthy

I'll take your bad days with your good (63)

Walk through this storm I would (64)

I'd do it all because I love you, I love you

The sentences in data (63) and (64) belongs to metaphor,

because walk through a storm is a common metaphor for going

great lengths for whom her lover cherish. The rain and wind might

push back, but there‟s romance in the effort.

In data [7]

My fire through cold nights

The brightest of all lights

You are my home (101)

Wherever we go

The sentence in datum (101) is use metaphor, because the

words “you” and “home” completely different “you” mean the

listener is living thing and home is inanimate object. It also does

not use the word like or as. The word “home” here is showing how
 42

she feel comfortable when her lover with her, like home that was

always been the most convenient place.

3. Personification

Personification means giving inanimate object the characteristics of

a person or animal. Personification was found in text [3], text [5], text

[7], and text [8]. See the data below

In text [3]

Maybe the reason why

All the doors are closed (49)

So you could open one (50)

That leads you to the perfect road (51)

The statements in data (49-51) categorized in

personification, because door leads you - door is implied with the

word “one”. “Leads” is human traits, it means inanimate door to

characteristic of person that is leads.

“Door leads you” here mean the song writer gives notice

you (the listener) are not getting the opportunities you want right

now, because a better one is destined for you.

In text [5]

This is pure paradise,

Even heaven is jealous of our love (90)

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Yes, we make angels cry,

Raining down on earth from up above

The statement in datum (90) is personification, because the

word “jealous” is human traits, heaven cannot be jealous in real

life, it means the writer of song giving human characteristic in the

statement.

“Heaven is jealous” here mean the relationship of the song

writer and her lover ware perfect love, have a great love of each

other, so that make the other people would jealous to see their love,

in this case the other people were represented by heaven.

In text [7]

My heart can't stop singing (111)

You can't fight this feeling

Unspeakable joy

Ringing through my soul

The statement in datum (111) belongs to personification,

because heart cannot singing, singing is human traits. It means the

writer of song giving human characteristic in the statement.

“My heart can‟t stop singing” here mean the song writer feel

happy, because has people who is very loved and she hoped in her

life.
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In text [8]

Now look at me I‟m sparkling

A firework, a dancing flame (123)

You won‟t never put me out again

I‟m glowing oh whoa

So you can keep the diamond ring

It don‟t mean nothing anyway

In fact you can keep everything

Yeah yeah, except for me

In datum (123) the statement is include in personification,

because dancing is human traits but in this song used to flame.

“A firework, a dancing flame” here mean the song writer

promises that whatever the lover had done in the past or will do in

the future, she will not be affected as now. She has regained self

confident like the beauty of a firework, a dancing flame.

4. Hyperbole

Hyperbole is an extravagant statement or figure of speech not

intended to be taken literally. Hyperbole presents in text [1], text [3],

text [4], text [8], and text [10]. See the data below:

In text [1]

I knew you were

You were gonna come to me

 45

And here you are

But you better choose carefully

‘Cause I am capable of anything (1)

Of anything and everything (2)

The sentences in data (1) and (2) belongs to hyperbole,

because there are exaggeration statements, it means the writer of

song wants explain that she has more capabilities that make the

people who love must be careful because the people can feel happy

or worry.

She‟s a beast

I call her Karma

She’ll eat your heart out (15)

Like Jeffrey Dahmer

And the sentence in datum (15) also hyperbole, because it

has exaggeration statements, it is impossible to do, the statement

used to make the effect more in the lyric seems like the writer of

song has a capable everything.

“She‟ll eat your heart out” mean if her lover make the song

writer disappointed she will make her lover suffer.

In text [3]

Do you know that there‟s

Still a chance for you

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‘Cause there’s a spark in you (38)

You just gotta (39)

Ignite the light (40)

And let it shine

Just own the night

Like the Fourth of July

The sentence in datum (38) is categorized in hyperbole,

because it has exaggeration statement, there is not literally “a spark

in you”, but it symbolizes the hope within. It means the song writer

gives notice to the listener do not lose the hope, because you

(listener) have all that you need in you.

And the sentences in data (39) and (40) is hyperbole,

because there are exaggeration statements, it cannot literally ignite

the night, but shows someone taking a chance, someone who had

fully spirited.

„Cause baby, you‟re a firework

Come on show them what you‟re worth

Make them go, “Oh, oh, oh”

As you shoot across the sky (44)

In datum (44) the sentence include in hyperbole, because it

has exaggerated statement. It is impossible to do someone across

the sky. Across the sky here mean to show if someone work hard

the listener can be great people.

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In text [4]

Oh no, did I get too close oh?

Oh, did I almost see what's really on the inside?

all your insecurities

All the dirty laundry

Never made me blink one time (60)

The sentence in datum (60) is hyperbole, because it has

exaggerated statement, it is impossible to do, human never blink

one time.

“Never made me blink one time” mean the song writer was

fascinated with the strength and the weaknesses of her lover.

Come just as you are to me

Don't need apologies

Know that you are all worthy

I'll take your bad days with your good

Walk through this storm I would (64)

I'd do it all because I love you, I love you

In datum (64) also use hyperbole, because has exaggerated

statement, it is impossible to do human can force the storm.

“Walk through this storm I would” mean the song writer

would like do anything for her lover despite many obstacles facing

her.
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In text [8]

Now look at me I’m sparkling (122)

A firework, a dancing flame

You won‟t never put me out again

I’m glowing oh whoa (124)

So you can keep the diamond ring

It don‟t mean nothing anyway

In fact you can keep everything

Yeah yeah, except for me

The sentence in datum (122) belongs to hyperbole, because

it is exaggerated statement, human cannot be sparkling.

Sparkling here means to show that after her lover makes the

song writer disappointed, now she is very strong and spirited to

continued her life.

Then in datum (124) also include in hyperbole, because it is

exaggerated statement, human cannot be glowing.

Glowing here means to show to that the song writer is very

strong and spirited also, she can get up from adversity, and forget

about her lover.

In text [10]

Secretly, hit the lottery „cause you‟re

Brighter than all of the Northern lights (141)

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You speak to me even in my dreams

Wouldn‟t let you go for even the highest price

The sentence in datum (141) is hyperbole, because it is

exaggerated statement to show that her lover is very beautiful than

anything.

Actually a Northern light is Aurora. Aurora displays appear

in many colors although pale green and pink are the most common.

Shade of red, yellow, and green, blue and violet have been

reported. The lights appears in many forms from patches or

scattered clouds of light to streamers, arch, ripping curtains or

shooting rays that light up the sky with an eerie glow. From this

explanation Aurora is one of the nature beauties, it is very beautiful

and enjoy to see. In this case Aurora is to represented that her lover

is very beauty than anything.

Was a phenomenon when you came along

Yeah, our chemistry was more than science (144)

It was deafening, loud like lightning (145)

It was striking, you couldn’t deny it (146)

„Cause a double rainbow is hard to find

The sentences in data (144-146) contain hyperbole, because

it is exaggerated statements, the statements are used to make effect

mere deep in lyric.

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The statements mean the love of the song writer and her

lover cannot explain scenically, because their love is very strong

more than anything. And not all people understand about their love.

To the bottom of the sea I’d go to find you (147)

Climb the highest peak to be right beside you (148)

Every step I take I‟m keeping you in mind

The sentence in datum (147) belongs to hyperbole, because

it is exaggerated statement, it is impossible to do she can to the

bottom of the sea, but basically it is expression that she want do

anything for her lover although it was not easy.

And in datum (148) also include in hyperbole, because it is

also exaggerated statement, it is impossible to do to she climbs the

highest peak, but basically it is to show that she willing to sacrifice

for her lover.

5. Symbol

A symbol in a literary work, an object, action, person, or animal

that stands for something more than its literal meaning. Symbol was

found in text [1] and text [5]. See the data below:

In text [1]

Make me your Aphrodite (3)

Make me your one and only

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But don‟t make me your enemy

Your enemy, your enemy

The statement in datum (3) is categorized in symbol because

the word “Aphrodite” is a symbol of the Greek goddess of love,

beauty, pleasure, procreation.

From the definition above the song writer imagines

Aphrodite is belongs to her. Aphrodite here means the song writer

want to be the only one person that is can be trusted by her lover,

give the lover pleasure, enjoyable to spend the day together.

So you wanna play with magic

Boy, you should know what you‟re fallin‟ for

Baby, do you dare to do this

‘Cause I’m coming at you like a dark horse (6)

Then, in datum (6) the statement contain symbol, because

the word “Dark Horse” is symbol that used to describe a person

whose abilities or possible course of action are unknown, or

somebody who reveals unsuspected talent.

From the explanation above the song writer imagines Dark

Horse is belongs to her. Dark Horse here means the song writer can

make her lover feel surprise every time she wants. She can gives

the unsuspected surprise, such as happiness or worry to her lover.

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She‟s a beast

I call her Karma (14)

She‟ll eat your heart out

Like Jeffrey Dahmer (16)

Next, in datum (14) the statement belongs to symbol,

because the word “Karma” is (in Hinduism and Buddhism) the sum

of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed

as deciding their fate in future existences.

Karma here means the song writer can be changed the

condition of herself, uncertain. She would be good person if the

other people are doing nice to her, and vice versa.

And in datum (16) the statement also use symbol, because

the word “Jeffrey Dahmer” was a cannibal, so basically Jeffery

Dahmer here means the song writer will take advantage of her

lover.

In text [5]

You're giving me sweet, sweet ecstasy

Yeah, you take me to utopia (78)

You're reading me like erotica,

Boy, you make me feel exotic, yeah

The statement is datum (78) contain symbol, because the

word “utopia” is an ideally perfect place, especially in its social,

 53

politic, and moral aspect. Utopia hear means to representation that

she feel very comfortable with the lover, because her lover give all

she need.

6. Idiom

Idiom is phrase or sentence whose meaning is not from the

meaning its individual words and which must be learn as a whole unit.

Idiom presents in text [2], text [3], text [4], text [5], text [7], text [8],

text [9], and text [10]. See the data below:

In text [2]

I used to bite my tongue and hold my breath (22)

Scared to rock the boat and make a mess (23)

So I sit quietly

Agree politely

The sentence in datum (22) contain idiom, because the

sentence means she did not actually bite her tongue and hold her

breath. If she bit her tongue that would hurt she and she would

probably pass out from the lack of oxygen. It is idiom, she means

that she was waiting for something bad to happen.

And the sentence in datum (23) is idiom, because the

sentence means she could not actually rock the boat and splash

water everywhere. What she is saying is that she didn't want to

disturb the situation and get in trouble.

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I got the eye of the tiger, a fighter (26)

Dancing through the fire (27)

„Cause I am a champion

And you‟re gonna hear me roar

The sentence in datum (26) belongs to idiom, because the

sentence means she does not have a tiger eye. It is idiom, by this

statement she means that she is focused on herself and her future.

Not on someone else.

Then, the sentence in datum (27) categorized in idiom,

because the sentence means she could not actually dance through a

fire. She would get injured. She means that if it hurts to stand up

she will make it through.

Now I‟m floating like a butterfly

Stinging like a bee, I earned my stripes

I went from zero (32)

To my own hero (33)

And the sentences in data (32) and (33) include in idiom,

because the sentences means she was not a number and then turned

into a super hero. She means that she felt like nothing until she

stood up and then she felt like somebody.

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In text [3]

If you only knew

What the future holds

After a hurricane (47)

Comes a rainbow (48)

The sentence in data (47) and (48) belongs to idiom, because the

sentences mean it is true that rainbow comes after hurricane, but it

means hurricane represents bad times in life and the rainbow

showing that the problem will get better.

In text [4]

Oh no, did I get too close oh?

Oh, did I almost see what's really on the inside?

All your insecurities

All the dirty laundry (59)

Never made me blink one time

In datum (59) the sentence include in idiom, because the

word “dirty laundry” could not actually means dirty clothes that

unwashed . Dirty laundry here means about an indirect description

for dark side of the person.

So open up your heart and just let it begin

Open up your heart, and just let it begin

Open up your heart, and just let it begin

 56

Open up your heart

Acceptance is the key to be (70)

To be truly free (71)

Will you do the same for me?

The sentences in data (68) and (69) include in idiom,

because the word “the key” could not actually means tool to open

something. The key here means that doing such thing will lead to

another thing. Accepting one for who they are leads to really being

and feeling free.

In text [5]

Tonight, tonight, tonight, I'm walking on air (76)

Tonight, tonight, tonight, I'm walking on air

In datum (76) the sentence “walking on air” is idiom, it

means she is not literally waling on the air, but she extremely

happy and excited.

You're giving me sweet, sweet ecstasy

Yeah, you take me to utopia

You're reading me like erotica,

Boy, you make me feel exotic, yeah (80)

Then, the sentence in datum (80) belongs to idiom, because

the word “exotic” is ordaining or characteristic of distant foreign

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country, but in this case feel exotic means have attractive

characteristic that makes the other people feel awesome.

This is pure paradise,

Even heaven is jealous of our love

Yes, we make angels cry, (91)

Raining down on earth from up above (92)

And the sentence in data (91) and (92) also idiom, the song

writer could not see angles cry. Angels cry here means almost

people believe that angel is in the sky when the angels cry mean

rain, the tear down on earth from sky, so the sentences mean rain.

In text [7]

We don't need a thing under the tree (102)

You're giving me all I need

The sentence in datum (102) is idiom, because the sentence

means she does not need to wish for anything, because she has get

all she want from her lover.

Every day is a holiday (103)

When you're the reason to celebrate

The sentence in data (103) belong to idiom, because the

word “every day is holiday”, it is impossible everyday is holiday,

the sentence means everyday is a good day, because there is her

lover who accompanies the next.

 58

In text [8]

Days like this I want to drive away

Pack my bags and watch your shadow fade

You chewed me up and spit me out (112)

Like I was poison in your mouth

You took my light, you drain me down (114)

That was then and this is now

Now look at me

In datum (112) the sentence has idiom, it is not expression

vomited food. The sentence means only used when there is needed,

after it was abandoned.

And in datum (114) the sentence also idiom, it is not

actually her lover took the light and drain down. The sentence

means her lover destroy her spirit until there was nothing left.

I just wanna throw my phone away

Find out who is really there for me

You ripped me off, your love was cheap

Was always tearing at the seams (121)

I fell deep, you let me down

But that was then and this is now

Now look at me
 59

Then, in datum (121) the sentence is call idiom, the lover

did not actually tearing at the seams. The sentence means to

describe someone that can be deceptive or treason.

In text [9]

I wish I knew then

What I know now

Wouldn’t dive in (129)

Wouldn’t bow down (130)

Gravity hurts

You made it so sweet

„Til I woke up on

On the concrete

The sentences in data (129) and (130) belongs to idiom, the

song writer did not actually dive in and bow down. The sentence

means she do not feel hurt if she know her problem from

beginning.

I‟m wide awake

Yeah, I am born again

Out of the lion’s den (135)

I don‟t have to pretend

And it‟s too late

The story‟s over now, the end

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The sentence in datum (135) also include in idiom, because

the song writer did not actually out of the lion‟s den. The sentence

means can out of trouble.

I‟m wide awake

Thunder rumbling

Castles crumbling

I‟m wide awake

I am trying to hold on

I‟m wide awake

God knows that I tried

Seeing the bright side

I‟m wide awake

I’m not blind anymore (136)

Then, the sentence in datum (136) categorized in idiom,

because the song writer did not actually feel blind before. The

sentence means she was awake and not in wrong condition.

In text [10]

You‟re a one-of-a-one, a one-of-a-kind

That you only find once in a lifetime

Made to fit like a fingerprint

A code that clicks and opens a gold mine (139)

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Idiom also found in datum (139), because the sentence not

actually means use code to open gold. The sentence means her

lover is the happiness of the song writer.

They say one man’s trash is another man’s treasure (140)

When I found you it was all pitter-patter

And the sentence in datum (140) is idiom too. The sentence

means the point of view each person is different.

7. Understatement

Understatement is the reverse of exaggeration is understatement, or

playing down. Understatement was found in text [9]. See the data

below:

In text [9]

I‟m wide awake

Yeah, I was in the dark (127)

I was falling hard (128)

With an open heart

I‟m wide awake

How did I read the stars so wrong

The expression in data (127) and (128) belongs to

understatement, it is expression with less strength, means she really

in hard condition, in the dark side and hard feeling.

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Fallin’ from cloud 9 (131)

Crashin’ from the high (132)

I’m lettin’ go tonight (133)

Yeah I’m fallin’ from cloud 9 (134)

And the expression in data (131-134) also has

understatement, it is also expression with less strength, means she

really in bad and hard condition.

8. Rhetoric

Rhetoric is asked only to produced an effect or make statement

rather than to get answer. Rhetoric presents in text [4] and text [6]. See

the data below:

In text [4]

Oh no, did I get too close oh? (57)

Oh, did I almost see what's really on the inside? (58)

All your insecurities

All the dirty laundry

Never made me blink one time

In datum (57) the statement is a rhetorical question. The

song writer did not want the answer, but to convince to her lover

that she feels too close.

Then, in datum (58) the statement is also a rhetorical

question. The song writer did not want the answer, but to convince

to her lover she feels almost saw something, she should not have.
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Also as if her lover was hiding it from her and she nearly found

out.

So open up your heart and just let it begin

Open up your heart, and just let it begin

Open up your heart, and just let it begin

Open up your heart

Acceptance is the key to be

To be truly free

Will you do the same for me? (72)

And the statement in datum (72) has a rhetorical question.

The song writer did not want the answer, but to convince to her

lover that she would do anything to her lover and hopes her lover

can do the same with her.

In text [6]

I heard you're feeling, nothing's going right

Why don't you let me stop by? (93)

The clock is ticking, running out of time

So we should party, all night

Next, the statement in datum (93) it is a rhetorical question.

The song writer did not want the answer, but to convince the

listener that she wants to stop by.

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9. Repetition

Repetition is the word, phrase, or sentence repeated for

emphasizing the meaning itself. Repetition was found in text [1], text

[2], text [3], text [4], text [5], text [6], text [7], text [8], and text [9]. See

the data below:

In text [1]

Make me your Aphrodite

Make me your one and only

But don’t make me your enemy (4)

Your enemy, your enemy (5)

The statements in data (4) and (5) are repetition, because the

statements repeated for emphasize that the writer of song does not

want to be a enemy for the lover.

Enemy here means something that hated by her lover, the

song writer did not want to be someone who hated by her lover.

Are you ready for, ready for (7)

A perfect storm, perfect storm (8)

‘Cause once you’re mine, once you’re mine (9)

There‟s no going back

And the statements in data (7-9) contain repetition, because

the statements repeated for emphasize that the writer of song gives
 65

attention to the lover that the lover will once of the writer of song

mine.

In text [2]

Louder, louder than a lion

„Cause I am a champion

And you’re gonna hear me roar (28)

You’re gonna hear me roar (29)

The statements in data (28) and (29) belongs to repetition,

because the statements repeated for emphasize that she want the

people know she roar.

Roar here means the song writer has spirit to face

everything would happen in her life.

In text [3]

Boom, boom, boom

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon (55)

It’s always been inside of you, you, you (56)

And now it‟s time to let it through

In datum (55) the statement is repetition, because the

statements repeated for emphasize that the listener bright than

moon.

Moon here means the song writer would be very strong

person than the other, she is very confident.

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And in datum (56) the statement also has repetition, because

the statements repeated for emphasize that only the listener that has

brightness or good person.

In text [4]

Unconditional, unconditionally (61)

I will love you unconditionally (62)

There is no fear now

Let go and just be free

I will love you unconditionally

The statements in data (61) and (62) categorized in

repetition, because the statements repeated for make emphasizing

that she really love her lover unconditionally.

Unconditionally here means the song writer sincere to love

her lover. She did not expect any replay from her lover.

So open up your heart and just let it begin (66)

Open up your heart, and just let it begin (67)

Open up your heart, and just let it begin (68)

Open up your heart (69)

Acceptance is the key to be

To be truly free

Will you do the same for me?

 67

Then, the statements in data (66-69) include in repetition,

because it is repeated for make emphasizing that she wants her

lover can open his heart

“Open up your heart” mean her lover wants to open his self

to receive the love of song writer, and spend the day together.

I will love you (73)

I will love you (74)

I will love you unconditionally (75)

And the statements in data (73-75) contain repetition,

because the statements repeated for emphasize that she really loves

her lover unconditionally.

In text [5]

Tonight, tonight, tonight, I'm walking on air (76)

Tonight, tonight, tonight, I'm walking on air (77)

The statements in data (76) and (77) are classified in

repetition, because the statements repeated for emphasize that she

really walking on the air tonight, means she very happy tonight.

I'm walking on air (tonight) (81)

I'm walking on air (82)

I'm walking, I'm walking on air (tonight) (83)

I'm walking on air (84)

I'm walking on air (tonight) (85)

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I'm walking on air (86)

I'm walking, I'm walking on air (tonight) (87)

I'm walking on air (88)

I'm walking on air (89)

And the statements in data (81-89) also repetition, because

the sentences repeated for emphasizing that she really walking on

the air tonight, means she is very happy tonight.

In text [6]

So let me get you in your birthday suit (97)

It's time to bring out the big balloons (98)

So let me get you in your birthday suit (99)

It's time to bring out the big, big, big, big, big, big balloons (100)

The statements in data (97-100) contain repetition, because

the statement repeated for emphasize that she want put the birthday

suit to the listener, and want the listener bring big balloon in the

birthday party‟s of listener.

In text [7]

Every day is a holiday (103)

When you're the reason to celebrate (104)

Every day is a holiday (105)

When you're the reason (106)

Every day is a holiday (107)

When you're the reason to celebrate (108)

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Every day is a holiday (109)

When you're the reason, you are the reason (110)

The statements in data (103-110) categorized in repetition,

because the statements repeated for emphasizing that every day is

good day because there is her lover who accompanies the next, she

feel very happy.

In text [8]

This is the part of me (115)

That you’re never gonna ever take away from me, no (116)

This is the part of me (117)

That you’re never gonna ever take away from me, no (118)

Throw your sticks and your stones (119)

Throw your bombs and your blows (120)

But you‟re not gonna break my soul

This is the part of me

That you‟re never gonna ever take away from me, no

In data (115-118) the statements are repetition, because the

statements repeated to emphasize that now she very strong, her

lover cannot take anything of her.

And in data (119) and (120) the statements also include in

repetition, because the statements repeated to emphasizing that

everything that her lover did to hurt her, she did not care.
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In text [9]

I’m wide awake (125)

I’m wide awake (126)

Then in data (125) and (126) classified in repetition,

because the statements repeated for emphasize to show that she

really in awake condition. Wide awake here means someone who

in fully awake condition, alert, and watchful.

10. Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is imitation of natural sounds by means of words or

group of words, as in English moo, baa, cuckoo. Onomatopoeia

presents in text [3]. See the data below:

In text [3]

Boom, boom, boom (54)

Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon

It‟s always been inside of you, you, you

And now it‟s time to let it through

The expression in datum (54) belongs to onomatopoeia, because

this sound word “Boom, boom, boom” used to illustrate the sound

a firework makes. “Boom, boom, boom” is describing the sound of

someone who is fully spirit.

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11. Metonymy

Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object

or concept is used for that of another to which it is related. Metonymy

was found in text [1] and text [6]. See the data below:

In text [1]

That fairy tale ending with a knight in shining armor

She can be my Sleeping Beauty (19)

I‟m gon‟ put her in a coma

The sentence in datum (19) classified in metonymy, because

the word “Sleeping beauty” is story of Disney‟s fairy tale classic

about princess saved by true love‟s kiss.

Sleeping beauty here means the song writer hope that her

lover would be someone special in her life, and would help her

lover when her lover in difficulty, like the prince help sleeping

beauty when sleeping beauty was cursed by wicked witch.

In text [6]

Pop your confetti

Pop your Perignon (94)

So hot and heavy

Till dawn

I got you spinning

Like a disco ball

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I'll have them playing

Your song

The sentence in datum (94) belongs to metonymy, because

the word “Perignon” is a brand of vintage Champagne produced by

the Champagne house Moet and Chandon and serve as that house‟s

prestige champagne. It means she want to open the Champaign and

drink it together with her friends in the birthday party.

B. The Percentage

In this stage, the researcher presents the frequency of the figurative

language found in the song lyrics of Katy Perry. The result of the counting

was transformed into percentage. In this stage the researcher uses the formula

as follow:

ƒ
P= X 100%
𝐍

Note:

a. P is the symbol of percentage

b. ƒ is the frequency of the occurrences of each type of figurative

language

c. N is the total number of the figurative language

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Table 4.1 Frequency of Figurative Language in Selected Song Lyrics of Katy

Perry.
No. Types of Figurative Language F N
1. Simile 21 22%
2. Metaphor 5 5%
3. Personification 4 4%
4. Hyperbole 13 14%
5. Symbol 5 5%
6. Idiom 21 22%
7. Understatement 2 2%
8. Rhetoric 3 3%
9. Repetition 15 16%
10 Onomatopoeia 1 1%
11. Metonymy 2 2%
N 92 100%

Based on findings above, the researcher found 21 similes. Simile is

the most frequently used in song lyrics of Katy Perry. The next type which

has the same frequently with simile is idiom that is 21. The researcher found

15 repetitions in song lyrics of Katy Perry, also found 13 hyperboles. Next,

the researcher found 5 symbols, and found 5 metaphors. For the concluding

type, the researcher found 4 personifications, then in understatement found 2.

And found 1 for onomatopoeia. Same with onomatopoeia, metonymy also

found 2.

C. Discussion

After obtaining the data, the researcher needs to discuss the findings in

order to clarify the answers of research problems. The first problem in this

study is what figurative language found in song lyrics of Katy Perry. In this

study the researcher focuses on type of figurative language in selected song

lyrics of Katy Perry. There are 21 simile, 5 metaphor, 4 personification, 13

 74

hyperbole, 5 symbol, 21 idiom, 2 understatement, 3 rhetoric, 15 repetitions, 1

onomatopoeia, and 2 metonymy.

The second problem in this study is how the frequency of each type of

figurative language found in song lyrics of Katy Perry. The frequency of each

type of figurative language was 22% contained simile type, 5% contained

metaphor type, and 4% contained personification type, 14% contained

hyperbole type, 5% contained symbol type, 22% contained idiom type, 2%

contained understatement type, 3% contained rhetoric type, 16% contained

repetition type, 1% contained type of onomatopoeia, and 2% contained

metonymy.

In table 4.1, the researcher stated about the frequency of types of figurative

language found in the selected song lyrics of Katy Perry. The most frequency

types of figurative language used in the selected song lyrics of Katy Perry are

simile and idiom. The song writer tent to use more simile because some lyric

is really just a comparison and often can make more subtle way for a batter

read. And to make more interesting and lyrical. Besides, idiom is mostly

occurs too because in the song lyrics the theme is almost about love, usually

to make the theme love beautiful the song writer use idiom to express the

idea. Meanwhile, understatement, metonymy, and onomatopoeia are rarely

used, because the song writer rarely making understatement, metonymy, and

onomatopoeia in her song lyrics.

The findings of this study use some theories. The researcher stands on the

theories of Stanford (2003), Booth et. al (2006), Richard, et. al (1999),

 75

Reaske (1996), Hornby (1995), Lukens (2003) and for addition by the theory

of Random House Webster‟s College Dictionary (1999). There are some

types of figurative language.

The first type of figurative language is simile, in simile is expression in

which something is compared to something else by the use of fiction word

such as like or as. One example that found in lyric song of Katy Perry is

“Now I‟m floating like a butterfly”. In this sentence, using word “like” to

compare herself to the butterfly. The purpose of this type is to comparison,

often signaled by like or as. The researcher‟s finding is appropriate with the

theory of Richard, et. al in simile

The second type of figurative language is metaphor. In this type no

function words are used. Something describe by stating another thing with

which it can be compared. The researcher conclude that “You are my home”

is belonging into metaphor. This sentence is implicit comparison or

identification of one thing with another unlike itself, without verbal sign but

seeming say “A is B”. This sentence verifies the theory of Booth et. al about

metaphor.

The third type is personification. In personification giving inanimate

object the characteristics of a person or animal. In song lyrics f Katy Perry the

researcher found one example of personification “Heaven is jealous of our

love”. By this sentence, giving human characteristic in the heaven. The

researcher found personification type appropriate with Stanford theory.

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The forth type is hyperbole, in this type extravagant statement or figure of

speech not intended to be taken literally. As sign of hyperbole is extravagant

statement. The researcher found the example of hyperbole in song lyric of

Katy Perry “I‟m glowing” it is extravagant statement. By this point, the

researcher fulfilled the character of Random House Webster‟s College

Dictionary in hyperbole.

The fifth type of figurative language is symbol. Generally, a symbol in a

literary work, an object, action, person, or animal that stands for something

more than its literal meaning. One example of symbol found in song lyric of

Katy Perry is “Make me your Aphrodite”. In this sentence the word

“Aphrodite” is a symbol of the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure,

procreation. The researcher‟s finding is appropriate with Stanford theory in

symbol.

The sixth type is idiom. In this type, idiom is phrase or sentence whose

meaning is not from the meaning its individual words and which must be

learn as a whole unit. The sentence found by the researcher that reflected

idiom is “I went from zero and to my own hero”. It means it wasn't a number

and then turned into a super hero. It means that she felt like nothing until she

stood up and then she felt like somebody. By this finding, the researcher

found the sentence that verify on the Hornby‟s theory in symbol.

The seventh type of figurative language is understatement. In

understatement is the reverse of exaggeration is understatement, or playing

down, the opposite of hyperbole. One of the example of understatement found

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by the researcher in song lyrics of Katy Perry is in the “I was in the dark, I

was falling hard”. In this sentence is expression with less strength. This

sentence also confirmed the theory of Lukens about understatement.

The eight type of figurative language is rhetoric. In this type, rhetoric is

asked only to produced an effect or make statement rather than to get answer.

For example “Oh no, I did I get too closed?”. The sentence is question, but it

doesn‟t need the answer, just to give emphasize. This finding fulfilled

Hornby‟s theory in rhetoric.

The ninth type of figurative language is repetition. Repetition is the word,

phrase, or sentence repeated for emphasizing the meaning itself. One example

of repetition found in song lyrics of Katy Perry is “Throw your sticks and

your stones, Throw your bombs and your blows”. The sentence repeated to

emphasizing the meaning of the feeling. The researcher‟s finding is

appropriate with Reaske‟s theory about repetition.

The tenth type of figurative language is onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is

imitation of natural sounds by means of words or group of words, as in

English moo, baa, cuckoo. The researcher was concluding that the statement

“Boom, boom, boom” is belonging to onomatopoeia, this sound word used

illustrate the sound of firework makes. The finding fulfilled the theory of

Richard, et. al about onomatopoeia.

The last type of figurative language is metonymy. Metonymy is a figure of

speech in which the name of one object or concept is used for that of another

to which it is related. One example of metonymy found in song lyrics of Katy

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Perry is “Pop your Perignon”, because Perignon is a brand of vintage

Champagne produced by the Champagne house Moet and Chandon and serve

as that house‟s prestige champagne. It means she want to open the

Champaign and drink it. The finding fulfilled the theory of Random House

Webster‟s College Dictionary about metonymy.

Syarifah from STAIN Tulungagung (2013), in her research entitled

“Language Variety Used By Ponyondro in Javanese Wedding Party”. The

research finding that the Panyondro contain type of figurative language,

meaning and message. They are types of figurative language was found in

this research hyperbole, litotes, personification, simile, alliteration, symbolic,

repetitions. The second finding is found two kinds of meaning, they are:

connotative meaning, denotative meaning. And the last findings is message,

message in this research showed that the message that is conveyed in

Panyondro language of Javanese wedding party is to give to advice for the

bride and bridegroom to face their new life and also praise the bride in

wedding.

Ambarwati from IAIN Tulungagung (2015) in her entitled “Language

Styles in Selected William Shakespeare‟s Poems”. The finding showed that

the poem contains type of figurative language, meaning and message. The

findings of type of figurative language are: alliteration, repetition,

personification, simile, metaphor, symbols, synecdoche, paradox, hyperbole,

(10) understatement. The dominant is in alliteration. The second finding is

found two kinds of meaning, they are: connotative meaning, and denotative
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meaning. The third finding is found some message on the selected William

Shakespeare poem.

Yatma from IAIN Tulungagung (2015), in her research entitled “An

Analysis on Figurative Language Used in Short Stories written by O. Henry”.

The research finding that the short stories contain type of figurative language,

meaning and message. The findings of type of figurative language are:

rhetoric, asyndeton, litotes, metonymy, metaphor, repetition, ellipsis,

aptronym, euphemism, personification, hyperbole, simile, and pleonasm. The

second finding is meaning, every kinds of figurative language has different

meaning based n the content the short stories. The last finding is message,

they are: moral message, and social message.

Based on the previous studies above, they have same findings, those are

analyzing types of figurative language, meaning and message, but in this

research focus on the types of figurative language, then the researcher find

out the frequency of each type. But the researcher agrees that figurative

language can be used in all aspects, both of oral and written. Evident in

panyondro, poem, and short stories. The researcher use figurative language in

song lyric. So the researcher assumes that figurative language is interest to

learn.