boy30444_ch13.

qxd 3/24/06 2:15 PM Page 581

PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 581

For most of the Multisim analyses to appear in this text, the

AC–VOLTAGE–SOURCE under Sources will be employed. However,
with such a limited introduction to Multisim, it seemed appropriate to in-
troduce the use of the Function Generator because of its close linkage
to the laboratory experience.

PROBLEMS 2. For the square-wave signal in Fig. 13.81:

a. What is the peak value?
SECTION 13.2 Sinusoidal ac Voltage Characteristics b. What is the instantaneous value at 5 ms and at 11 ms?
and Definitions c. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?
d. What is the period of the waveform?
1. For the sinusoidal waveform in Fig. 13.80:
e. How many cycles are shown?
a. What is the peak value?
b. What is the instantaneous value at 15 ms and at 20 ms? 3. For the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.82:
c. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform? a. What is the peak value?
d. What is the period of the waveform? b. What is the instantaneous value at 3 ms and at 9 ms?
e. How many cycles are shown? c. What is the peak-to-peak value of the waveform?
d. What is the period of the waveform?
e. How many cycles are shown?

i (mA)
20
10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 t (ms)
–10
–20

FIG. 13.80
Problem 1.

v (V)

40

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 t (s)

–40

FIG. 13.81
Problem 2.

v (mV)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 t (s)

–8

FIG. 13.82
Problem 3.
boy30444_ch13.qxd 3/24/06 2:15 PM Page 582

582 ⏐⏐⏐ SINUSOIDAL ALTERNATING WAVEFORMS

SECTION 13.3 Frequency Spectrum 13. Find the angular velocity of a waveform with a frequency of
a. 50 Hz. b. 600 Hz.
4. Find the period of a periodic waveform whose frequency is
c. 2 kHz. d. 0.004 MHz.
a. 25 Hz. b. 40 MHz.
c. 25 kHz. d. 1 Hz. 14. Find the frequency and period of sine waves having an an-
gular velocity of
5. Find the frequency of a repeating waveform whose period is
a. 754 rad/s. b. 8.4 rad/s.
a. 1/60 s. b. 0.01 s. 1
c. 40 ms. d. 25 ms. c. 6000 rad/s. d. 16 rad>s.
6. If a periodic waveform has a frequency of 20 Hz, how long *15. Given f  60 Hz, determine how long it will take the sinu-
(in seconds) will it take to complete five cycles? soidal waveform to pass through an angle of 45°.
7. Find the period of a sinusoidal waveform that completes *16. If a sinusoidal waveform passes through an angle of 30° in
80 cycles in 24 ms. 5 ms, determine the angular velocity of the waveform.
8. What is the frequency of a periodic waveform that com- SECTION 13.5 General Format for the Sinusoidal
pletes 42 cycles in 6 s? Voltage or Current
9. For the oscilloscope pattern of Fig. 13.83:
17. Find the amplitude and frequency of the following waves:
a. Determine the peak amplitude.
a. 20 sin 377t b. 5 sin 754t
b. Find the period.
c. 106 sin 10,000t d. 6.4 sin 942t
c. Calculate the frequency.
Redraw the oscilloscope pattern if a 25 mV dc level were 18. Sketch 5 sin 754t with the abscissa
added to the input waveform. a. angle in degrees. b. angle in radians.
c. time in seconds.
*19. Sketch 7.6 sin 43.6t with the abscissa
a. angle in degrees. b. angle in radians.
c. time in seconds.
20. If e  300 sin 157t, how long (in seconds) does it take this
waveform to complete 1/2 cycle?
21. Given i  0.5 sin , determine i at   72°.
22. Given y  20 sin , determine y at   1.2p.
*23. Given y  30  103 sin , determine the angles at which
y will be 6 mV.
Vertical sensitivity = 50 mV/div. *24. If y  40 V at   30 and t  1 ms, determine the mathe-
Horizontal sensitivity = 10 s/div.
matical expression for the sinusoidal voltage.
FIG. 13.83 SECTION 13.6 Phase Relations
Problem 9.
25. Sketch sin(377t  60°) with the abscissa
SECTION 13.4 The Sinusoidal Waveform a. angle in degrees. b. angle in radians.
c. time in seconds.
10. Convert the following degrees to radians:
a. 45° b. 60° c. 270° d. 170° 26. Sketch the following waveforms:
a. 50 sin(vt  0°) b. 5 sin(vt  60°)
11. Convert the following radians to degrees:
c. 2 cos(vt  10°) d. 20 sin(vt  2°)
1
a. p/4 b. p/6 c. 10 p d. 0.6p
27. Write the analytical expression for the waveforms in
12. Find the angular velocity of a waveform with a period of Fig. 13.84 with the phase angle in degrees.
a. 2 s. b. 0.3 ms. c. 4 ms. d. 261 s .

v (V) i (mA)
f = 1000 Hz
25 f = 60 Hz
2
3

0 t 0 t
30°
–3

(a) (b)

FIG. 13.84
Problem 27.
boy30444_ch13.qxd 3/24/06 2:15 PM Page 583

PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 583

v (V) i (mA)

0.01 f = 40 Hz 2

f = 10 kHz
0 t 0 t
100°
3
4

(a) (b)
FIG. 13.85
Problem 28.

28. Write the analytical expression for the waveforms in 36. For the oscilloscope display in Fig. 13.88:
Fig. 13.85 with the phase angle in degrees. a. Determine the period of the waveform.
29. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms: b. Determine the frequency of each waveform.
y  4 sin(vt  50°) c. Find the rms value of each waveform.
d. Determine the phase shift between the two waveforms
i  6 sin(vt  40°)
and determine which leads and which lags.
30. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:
y  25 sin(vt  80°)
i  5  103 sin(vt  10°)
31. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:
y  0.2 sin(vt  60°)
i  0.1 sin(vt  20°) e i

*32. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:

y  2 cos(vt  30°)
i  5 sin(vt  60°)
*33. Find the phase relationship between the following waveforms:
y  4 cos(vt  90°)
i  2 sin(vt  10°)
Vertical sensitivity = 0.5 V/div.
*34. The sinusoidal voltage y  200 sin(2p 1000t  60°) is plot-
Horizontal sensitivity = 1 ms/div.
ted in Fig. 13.86. Determine the time t1 when the waveform
crosses the axis. FIG. 13.88
v Problem 36.

200
t1 SECTION 13.7 Average Value
– 0 t1  2 t
37. Find the average value of the periodic waveform in Fig. 13.89.
60°

FIG. 13.86
Problem 34. v (V)

*35. The sinusoidal current i  4 sin(50,000t  40°) is plotted in

Fig. 13.87. Determine the time tI when the waveform crosses 6
the axis.
3
i

0 1 2 3 t (s)
4A
–3
– 0 t1  2 t (s) 1 cycle
40°

FIG. 13.87 FIG. 13.89

Problem 35. Problem 37.
boy30444_ch13.qxd 3/24/06 2:16 PM Page 585

PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 585

46. What are the average and rms values of the square wave in
Fig. 13.96?

v (V)

1 cycle
10

0 4 8 t (ms)

–10

FIG. 13.96
Problem 46.

*47. For each waveform in Fig. 13.97, determine the period, fre-
quency, average value, and rms value.

Vertical sensitivity = 20 mV/div. Vertical sensitivity = 0.2 V/div.

Horizontal sensitivity = 10 
s/div. Horizontal sensitivity = 50 s/div.
(a) (b)

FIG. 13.97
Problem 47.

SECTION 13.9 ac Meters and Instruments

48. Determine the reading of the meter for each situation in
Fig. 13.98.

d’Arsonval movement
Idc = 4 mA ac
rms scale
(half-wave + +
rectifier)
2 k v = 16 sin(377t + 20°)
– –

Voltmeter

(a) (b)

FIG. 13.98
Problem 48.
boy30444_ch14.qxd 3/24/06 2:22 PM Page 632

632 ⏐⏐⏐ THE BASIC ELEMENTS AND PHASORS



The scale for the plot of iL can be improved by first going to Traces
and setting the Trace to the number 2 representing the voltage across the
1  resistor. When 2 is selected, the Color displayed automatically
changes to blue. In the Y Range, select Right Axis followed by OK.
Then select the Right Axis heading, and enter Current(A) for the
Label, enable Axis, change the Pen Size to 1, and change the Range
from 500 mA to 500 mA. Finally, set the Total Ticks at 8 with
Minor Ticks at 2 to match the Left Axis, and leave the box with an OK.
The plot in Fig. 14.81 results. Take immediate note of the new axis on the
right and the Current(A) label. We can now see that the current has a
peak of about 160 mA. For more detail on the peak values, click on the
Show/Hide Cursors keypad on the top toolbar. A Transient Analysis di-
alog box appears with a 1 and a red line to indicate that it is working on
the full source voltage at node 1. To switch to the current curve (the blue
curve), bring the cursor to any point on the blue curve and left-click. A
blue line and the number 2 appear at the heading of the Transient Analy-
sis dialog box. Clicking on the 1 in the small inverted arrow at the top al-
lows you to drag the vertical red line to any horizontal point on the graph.
As shown in Fig. 14.81, when the cursor is set on 101.5 ms (x1), the peak
value of the current curve is 159.05 mA (y1). A second cursor appears in
blue with a number 2 in the inverted arrowhead that can also be moved
with a left click on the number 2 at the top of the line. If set at 101.75 ms
(x2), it has a minimum value of 5.18 mA (y2), the smallest value avail-
able for the calculated data points. Note that the difference between hor-
izontal time values dx  252 µs  0.25 ms which is 1⁄4 of the period of the
wave (at 1 ms).

PROBLEMS 5. The current through a 7 k resistor is as indicated. Find the

sinusoidal expression for the voltage. In addition, sketch the
SECTION 14.2 Derivative y and i sinusoidal waveforms on the same axis.
1. Plot the following waveform versus time showing one clear, a. 0.1 sin 1000t
complete cycle. Then determine the derivative of the wave- b. 2 × 103 sin(400t  120°)
form using Eq. (14.1), and sketch one complete cycle of the c. 6 × 106 cos(vt  2°)
derivative directly under the original waveform. Compare d. 0.004 cos(vt  90°)
the magnitude of the derivative at various points versus the 6. Determine the inductive reactance (in ohms) of a 2 H coil
slope of the original sinusoidal function. for
a. dc
y  1 sin 3.14t
and for the following frequencies:
2. Repeat Problem 1 for the following sinusoidal function, and b. 10 Hz c. 60 Hz
compare results. In particular, determine the frequency of d. 2000 Hz e. 100,000 Hz
the waveforms of Problems 1 and 2, and compare the mag-
7. Determine the inductance of a coil that has a reactance of
nitude of the derivative.
a. 20  at f  2 Hz.
y  1 sin 15.71t b. 1000  at f  60 Hz.
3. What is the derivative of each of the following sinusoidal c. 5280  at f  500 Hz.
expressions? 8. Determine the frequency at which a 10 H inductance has the
a. 10 sin 377t b. 0.6 sin(754t  20°) following inductive reactances:
c. 22 20 sin1157t  20°2 d. 200 sin(t  180°) a. 100  b. 3770 
c. 15.7 k d. 243 
SECTION 14.3 Response of Basic R, L, and C
9. The current through a 20  inductive reactance is given.
Elements to a Sinusoidal Voltage or Current
What is the sinusoidal expression for the voltage? Sketch the
4. The voltage across a 5  resistor is as indicated. Find the si- y and i sinusoidal waveforms on the same axis.
nusoidal expression for the current. In addition, sketch the y a. i  5 sin vt
and i sinusoidal waveforms on the same axis. b. i  40 × 103 sin(vt  60°)
a. 150 sin 200t b. 30 sin(377t  20°) c. i  6 sin(vt  30°)
c. 40 cos(vt  10°) d. 80 sin(vt  40°) d. i  3 cos(vt  10°)
boy30444_ch14.qxd 3/24/06 2:23 PM Page 633

 PROBLEMS ⏐⏐⏐ 633

10. The current through a. 0.1 H coil is given. What is the sinu- b. y  36 sin(754t  80°)
soidal expression for the voltage? i  4 sin(754t  170°)
a. 10 sin 100t c. y  10.5 sin(vt  13°)
b. 6 × 103 sin 377t i  1.5 sin(vt  13°)
c. 5 × 106 sin(400t  20°) *21. Repeat Problem 20 for the following pairs of voltages and
d. 4 cos(20t  70°) currents:
11. The voltage across a 50  inductive reactance is given. What a. y  2000 sin vt
is the sinusoidal expression for the current? Sketch the y and i  5 cos vt
i sinusoidal waveforms on the same set of axes. b. y  80 sin(157t  150°)
a. 120 sin vt b. 30 sin(vt  20°) i  2 sin(157t  60°)
c. 40 cos(vt  10°) d. 80 sin(377t  40°) c. y  35 sin(vt  20°)
12. The voltage across a 0.2 H coil is given. What is the sinu- i  7 cos(vt  110°)
soidal expression for the current?
a. 1.5 sin 60t SECTION 14.4 Frequency Response
b. 16 × 103 sin(10t  2°) of the Basic Elements
c. 4.8 sin(0.05t  50°)
d. 9 × 103 cos(377t  360°) 22. Plot XL versus frequency for a 5 mH coil using a frequency
range of zero to 100 kHz on a linear scale.
13. Determine the capacitive reactance (in ohms) of a 5 µF ca-
pacitor for 23. Plot XC versus frequency for a 1 mF capacitor using a fre-
a. dc quency range of zero to 10 kHz on a linear scale.
and for the following frequencies: 24. At what frequency will the reactance of a 1 mF capacitor
b. 60 Hz c. 120 Hz equal the resistance of a 2 k resistor?
d. 2 kHz e. 2 MHz 25. The reactance of a coil equals the resistance of a 10 k re-
14. Determine the capacitance in microfarads if a capacitor has sistor at a frequency of 5 kHz. Determine the inductance of
a reactance of the coil.
a. 250  at f  60 Hz. 26. Determine the frequency at which a 1 mF capacitor and a
b. 55  at f  312 Hz. 10 mH inductor will have the same reactance.
c. 10  at f  25 Hz.
27. Determine the capacitance required to establish a capacitive
15. Determine the frequency at which a 50 µF capacitor has the reactance that will match that of a 2 mH coil at a frequency
following capacitive reactances: of 50 kHz.
a. 100  b. 684 
c. 342  d. 2000 
SECTION 14.5 Average Power and Power Factor
16. The voltage across a 2.5  capacitive reactance is given.
What is the sinusoidal expression for the current? Sketch the 28. Find the average power loss in watts for each set in Prob-
y and i sinusoidal waveforms on the same set of axes. lem 20.
a. 120 sin vt b. 0.4 sin(vt  20°) 29. Find the average power loss in watts for each set in Prob-
c. 8 cos(vt  10°) d. 70 sin(vt  40°) lem 21.
17. The voltage across a 1 µF capacitor is given. What is the si- *30. Find the average power loss and power factor for each of the
nusoidal expression for the current? circuits whose input current and voltage are as follows:
a. 30 sin 200t b. 60 × 103 sin 377t a. y  60 sin(vt  30°)
c. 120 sin(374t  30°) d. 70 cos(800t  20°) i  15 sin(vt  60°)
18. The current through a 10  capacitive reactance is given. b. y  50 sin(vt  20°)
Write the sinusoidal expression for the voltage. Sketch the y i  2 sin(vt  20°)
and i sinusoidal waveforms on the same set of axes. c. y  50 sin(vt  80°)
a. i  50 × 103 sin vt i  3 cos(vt  20°)
b. i  2 × 106 sin(vt  60°) d. y  75 sin(vt  5°)
c. i  6 sin(vt  30°) i  0.08 sin(vt  35°)
d. i  3 cos(vt  10°) 31. If the current through and voltage across an element are i 
19. The current through a 0.5 µF capacitor is given. What is the 8 sin(vt  40°) and y  48 sin(vt  40°), respectively, com-
sinusoidal expression for the voltage? pute the power by I 2R, (VmIm /2) cos u, and VI cos u, and
a. 0.20 sin 300t b. 8 × 103 sin 377t compare answers.
3
c. 60 × 10 cos 754t d. 0.08 sin(1600t  80°) 32. A circuit dissipates 100 W (average power) at 150 V (effec-
*20. For the following pairs of voltages and currents, indicate tive input voltage) and 2 A (effective input current). What is
whether the element involved is a capacitor, an inductor, or a the power factor? Repeat if the power is 0 W; 300 W.
resistor, and the value of C, L or R if sufficient data are given: *33. The power factor of a circuit is 0.5 lagging. The power de-
a. y  550 sin(377t  50°) livered in watts is 500. If the input voltage is 50 sin(vt 
i  11 sin(377t  40°) 10°), find the sinusoidal expression for the input current.