Assignment # 01: Wireless and Mobile Computing

Assignment # 01
Wireless and Mobile Computing
Submitted to:
Mr. Mohsin riaz
Submiited by:
18134156-104
Department:
BS Information Technology
Section:
IT 18 B
Introduction:
A wireless network can work under two modes namely infrastructure and infrastructureless.
In the “ad hoc” topology, the user does not rely on fixed infrastructure where the nodes are
self-configured and self-managed. On the other hand in “infrastructure “topology, the nodes
are under the control of a centralized authority called base station. Wireless multi-hop
networks, also known as ad hoc networks have been used in many applications like military,
disaster relief communications and emergency. An ad hoc network is a self-organizing multi-
hop wireless network, which is independent neither on fixed infrastructure nor on
predetermined connectivity. It is a collection of nodes, which communicate with each other
using radio transmissions. In ad hoc network, there is no base station to act as router. The
intermediate nodes will act as a router; source node will use these nodes for routing their
message. Thus, each and every of the node forwards packets on behalf of other nodes until
the packet is received by the destination from its sender. Therefore, data should be forwarded
from source to destination through multiple hops. Ad hoc networks rely on multi-hop
transmissions among the nodes in the same channel. Nodes communicate with each other
through the intermediate nodes. So, the efficient performance and availability of each node is
important in ad hoc network environment. Hence an efficient routing protocol is required to
enhance the communication in MANET.
2. Issues with ad hoc routing protocols:

Due to the highly dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc network, it results in frequent and
unpredictable changes in network topology and hence makes routing among the mobile nodes
as a complex and difficult task. The challenges and complexities together with the importance
of routing protocols make the routing process, as the most active and innovative research area
in the MANET domain. The issues in routing techniques includes the large area of flooding,
greedy forwarding, flat addressing and widely distributed information, large power
consumption, interference and load balancing
3. Routing protocols:
In this section, the categories of routing protocols are elaborated in detail manner and the
overall performance of the routing protocols in ad hoc network are evaluated for each
protocol under various routing categories by considering the following parameters such as
route metrics, time complexity, computation complexity and route structure. One of the main
features of routing protocols in ad hoc network is the routing metric, which is used to select
the best route for forwarding packets. Time complexity (TC) is defined as the time required
for the number of steps to perform a protocol operation, communication complexity (CC) is
defined as the number of messages exchanged in performing a protocol operation.
working mechanism of ad-hoc transport protocol in wireless and
mobile computing
Full circle TIME AND TIMEOUT Every time TCP sends a section, it begins a break: • it
must be bigger than RTT: to stay away from superfluous retransmission; • it ought not be a
lot bigger than RTT: to not present enormous deferrals. The accompanying unique
articulation is utilized for setting a break: • Timeout = Estimate of RTT + 4×Deviation, where
– Sample RTT = t(the ACK is gotten) − t(the portion is shipped off IP); – Estimate of RTT =
(1 − x) Estimate of RTT + x Sample RTT; – x = 0, 125 is generally picked given more stand
by to ongoing Sample RTT; – Deviation
= (1 − x)Deviation + |Sample RTT − Estimate of RTT
Ad-hoc Networks:
An ad hoc network is one that is spontaneously formed when devices connect and
communicate with each other. The term ad hoc is a Latin word that literally means
"for this," implying improvised or impromptu. Ad hoc networks are mostly wireless
local area networks (LANs).
The devices communicate with each other directly instead of relying on a base
station or access points as in wireless LANs for data transfer co-ordination. Each
device participates in routing activity, by determining the route using the routing
algorithm and forwarding data to other devices via this route.
Data Flow Representation:

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Assignment # 01

Wireless and Mobile Computing

2. Issues with ad hoc routing protocols:

= (1 − x)Deviation + |Sample RTT − Estimate of RTT

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