This document discusses signaling in telecommunications. Signaling is used to control communications and exchange information to establish and manage telecommunication circuits and networks. There are different types of signaling including in-band versus out-of-band signaling, line versus register signaling, channel-associated versus common-channel signaling, compelled signaling, and subscriber versus trunk signaling. In-band signaling uses the same channel for signaling and calls while out-of-band uses separate dedicated channels. Line signaling handles on/off-hook and ringing while register signaling exchanges phone numbers.
This document discusses signaling in telecommunications. Signaling is used to control communications and exchange information to establish and manage telecommunication circuits and networks. There are different types of signaling including in-band versus out-of-band signaling, line versus register signaling, channel-associated versus common-channel signaling, compelled signaling, and subscriber versus trunk signaling. In-band signaling uses the same channel for signaling and calls while out-of-band uses separate dedicated channels. Line signaling handles on/off-hook and ringing while register signaling exchanges phone numbers.
This document discusses signaling in telecommunications. Signaling is used to control communications and exchange information to establish and manage telecommunication circuits and networks. There are different types of signaling including in-band versus out-of-band signaling, line versus register signaling, channel-associated versus common-channel signaling, compelled signaling, and subscriber versus trunk signaling. In-band signaling uses the same channel for signaling and calls while out-of-band uses separate dedicated channels. Line signaling handles on/off-hook and ringing while register signaling exchanges phone numbers.
This document discusses signaling in telecommunications. Signaling is used to control communications and exchange information to establish and manage telecommunication circuits and networks. There are different types of signaling including in-band versus out-of-band signaling, line versus register signaling, channel-associated versus common-channel signaling, compelled signaling, and subscriber versus trunk signaling. In-band signaling uses the same channel for signaling and calls while out-of-band uses separate dedicated channels. Line signaling handles on/off-hook and ringing while register signaling exchanges phone numbers.
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Signaling (telecommunications)
In telecommunication, signaling is the use of signals for controlling
communications. This may constitute an information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of the network—in contrast to manual setup of circuits by users or administrators, for example, the sending of a signal from the transmitting end of a telecommunication circuit to inform a user at the receiving end that a message is to be sent.
Classification o In-band and out-of-band signaling o Line versus register signaling o Channel-associated versus common-channel signaling o Compelled signaling o Subscriber versus trunk signaling
In-band and out-of-band signaling
In in-band signaling, the signaling is on the same channel as the telephone call. In out-of-band signaling, signaling is on separate channels dedicated for the purpose. In the public switched telephone network (PSTN), in-band signaling is the exchange of call control information within the same physical channel, or within the same frequency band, that the telephone call itself is using. An example is dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), which is used on most telephone lines to customer premises.
Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling on a dedicated channel
separate from that used for the telephone call. Out-of-band signaling has been used since S 1970s, and in 1980 which became the standard for signaling among exchanges ever since. Line versus register signaling Line signaling is a class of telecommunications signaling protocols. Line signaling is responsible for off-hook, ringing signal, answer, ground start, on-hook unidirectional supervision messaging in each direction from calling party to called party and vice versa. After an off-hook, line signaling initiates register signaling to accomplish the exchange of telephone numbers of called party and in more modern line-signaling protocols, the calling party as well. While register signaling occurs, line signaling remains quiescent unless the calling party goes on-hook or an abnormal cessation of the call occurs, such as due to equipment malfunction or shutdown or due to network outage upstream in that call-attempt's series of spanned trunks.
Channel-associated versus common-channel signaling
Channel-associated signaling (CAS) employs a signaling channel that is dedicated
to a specific bearer channel.
Common-channel signaling (CCS) employs a signaling channel which conveys
signaling information relating to multiple bearer channels. These bearer channels, therefore, have their signaling channel in common.
Compelled signaling Compelled signaling refers to signaling where the receipt of each signal from an originating register needs to be explicitly acknowledged before the next signal is able to be sent.
Most forms of R2 register signaling are compelled, while R1 multi-frequency
signaling is not.
The term is only relevant in the case of signaling systems that use discrete signals (e.g. a combination of tones to denote one digit), as opposed to signaling systems which are message-oriented (such as SS7 and ISDN Q.931) where each message is able to convey multiple items of formation (e.g. multiple digits of the called telephone number). Subscriber versus trunk signaling Subscriber signaling refers to the signaling between the telephone and the telephone exchange. Trunk signaling is the signaling between exchanges.
