Complex numbers 1F

1 a z4 − 1 = 0
z4 = 1

for1, r = 1 and θ = 0
So z 4 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
z 4 = cos(0 + 2 k π) + i sin(0 + 2 k π) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [cos(2k π ) + i sin(2k π )] 4
 2k π   2k π 
z = cos   + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
 4   4 
 kπ   kπ 
z = cos   + i sin  
 2   2 
k = 0, z = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1
π π
k = 1, z = cos + isin = i
2 2
k = 2, z = cosπ + isinπ = −1
 π  π
k = −1, z = cos  −  + isin  −  = −i
 2  2

Therefore, z = 1, i, − 1, − i

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1 b z3 − i = 0
z3 = i

π
for i, r = 1 and θ =
2

 π π
So z 3 = 1  cos + i sin 
 2 2
π  π 
z 3 = cos  + 2k π  + i sin  + 2k π  , k ∈ ℤ
2  2 
1
 π  π  3
Hence, z = cos  + 2k π  + i sin  + 2k π  
 2  2 
 π + 2k π   π2 + 2k π 
z = cos  2  + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
 3   3 
 π 2k π   π 2k π 
z = cos  +  + i sin  + 
6 3  6 3 
π π 3 1
∴ k = 0, z = cos + i sin = + i
6 6 2 2
5π 5π 3 1
k = 1, z = cos + i sin =− + i
6 6 2 2
 π  π
k = −1, z = cos  −  + i sin  −  = 0 − i
 2  2

3 1 3 1
Therefore, z = + i, − + i, − i
2 2 2 2

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1 c z 3 = 27

for 27, r = 27 and θ = 0

So z 3 = 27(cos 0 + i sin 0)
z 3 = 27[cos(0 + 2k π ) + i sin(0 + 2k π )] k ∈ ℤ

1
Hence, z = [27(cos 2k π ) + i sin(2k π )]3 de Moivre’s Theorem.

  2k π   2k π 
z = 3  cos   + i sin  
  3   3 

k = 0; z = 3(cos0 + isin 0) = 3
 2π 2π   1 3  3 3 3
k = 1; z = 3  cos + isin  = 3  − + i = − + i
 3 3   2 2  2 2
  −2π   −2π    1 3  3 3 3
k = −1; z = 3  cos   + i sin    = 3 − + i = − − i
  3   3   2 2  2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3
Therefore, z = 3, − + i, − − i
2 2 2 2

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1 d z 4 + 64 = 0
z 4 = − 64

for − 64, r = 64 and θ = π

So z 4 = 64(cos π + i sin π)
z 4 = 64(cos (π + 2k π ) + i sin(π + 2k π )) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [64(π + 2k π ) + i sin(π + 2k π ))] 4

  π + 2k π   π + 2k π  
1
z = 64 4  cos   + i sin  
    de Moivre’s Theorem.
 4 4
 π kπ   π k π 
z = 2 2  cos  +  + i sin  + 
 4 2   4 2 
 π π  1 1 
k = 0; z = 2 2  cos + i sin  = 2 2  +i  = 2 + 2i
 4 4  2 2
 3π 3π   1 1 
k = 1; z = 2 2  cos + i sin  = 2 2  − + i  = − 2 + 2i
 4 2   2 2 
  π  π   1 1 
k = −1; z = 2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   = 2 2  − i  = 2 − 2i
  4  4   2 2 
  3π   3π    1 1 
k = −2; z = 2 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   = 2 2  − − i  = − 2 − 2i
  4   4   2 2 

Therefore, z = 2 + 2i, − 2 + 2i, 2 − 2i, −2 − 2i

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1 e z4 + 4 = 0
z4 = − 4

for − 4, r = 4 and θ = π
So z 4 = 4(cos π + i sin π )
z 4 = 4(cos(π + 2k π ) + i sin(π + 2k π )) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [4(cos(π + 2k π ) + isin(π + 2k π))] 4

  π + 2k π   π + 2k π  
1
z = 4  cos 
4
 + i sin  
de Moivre’s Theorem.
  4   4  
 π kπ   π kπ 
z = 2  cos  +  + isin  + 
 4 2   4 2 
 π π  1 1 
k = 0; z = 2  cos + isin  = 2  + i = 1+ i
 4 4  2 2 
  3π   3π    1 1 
k = 1; z = 2  cos   + isin    = 2  − + i  = −1 + i
  4   4   2 2 
  π  π   1 1 
k = −1; z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   = 2  − i = 1− i
  4  4   2 2 
  3π   3π    1 1 
k = − 2; z = 2  cos  −  + isin  −   = 2  − − i  = −1 − i
  4   4   2 2 

Therefore, z = 1 + i, − 1 + i, 1 − i, − 1 − i

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1 f z 3 + 8i = 0
z 3 = − 8i

π
for − 8i, r = 8, θ = −
2
  π  π 
So z 3 = 8  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  2  2 
  π   π 
z 4 = 8  cos  − + 2k π  + i sin  − + 2k π   k ∈ ℤ
  2   2 
1
   π   π   3
Hence, z = 8  cos  − + 2k π  + isin  − + 2k π   
   2   2  
  − π + 2k π   − π2 + 2k π  
1
z = 8 3  cos  2  + isin  
  3   3  de Moivre’s Theorem.
  π 2k π   π 2k π  
z = 2  cos  − +  + isin  − + 
  6 3   6 3  
  π  π   3 1 
k = 0; z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   = 2  − i = 3 − i
  6  6   2 2 
 π π
k = 1; z = 2  cos + i sin  = 2(0 + i) = 2i
 2 2
  5π   5π    3 1 
k = −1; z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  = 2− − i = − 3 − i
  6   6   2 2 

Therefore, z = 3 − i, 2i, − 3 − i

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2 a z7 = 1

for 1, r = 1 and θ = 0
So z 7 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
z 7 = cos(0 + 2 k π ) + i sin(0 + 2k π ) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = (cos(2k π ) + i sin(2k π )) 7
 2k π   2k π 
z = cos   + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
 7   7 

k = 0, z = cos 0 + i sin 0
 2π   2π 
k = 1, z = cos   + i sin  
 7   7 
 4π   4π 
k = 2, z = cos   + i sin  
 7   7 
 6π   6π 
k = 3, z = cos   + i sin  
 7   7 
 2π   2π 
k = −1, z = cos  −  + isin  − 
 7   7 
 4π   4π 
k = − 2, z = cos  −  + isin  − 
 7   7 
 6π   6π 
k = −3, z = cos  −  + isin  − 
 7   7 

2π 2π
Therefore, z = cos 0 + i sin 0, cos + i sin
7 7
4π 4π 6π 6π
cos + i sin , cos + i sin
7 7 7 7
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
cos  −  + i sin  −  , cos  −  + i sin  − 
 7   7   7   7 
 6π   6π 
cos  −  + i sin  − 
 7   7 

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2 b z 4 + 16i = 0
z 4 = −16i

π
for −16i, r = 16 and θ = −
2
  π  π 
So z 4 = 16  cos  −  + isin  −  
  2  2 
  π   π 
z 4 = 16  cos  − + 2k π  + isin  − + 2k π   k ∈ ℤ
  2   2 
1
   π   π   4
Hence, z = 16  cos  − + 2k π  + isin  − + 2k π   
   2   2  
  − π + 2k π   − π2 + 2k π  
1
z = 16 4  cos  2  + isin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
  4   4 
  π kπ   π kπ 
z =  cos  − +  + isin  − + 
  8 2   8 2 
  π  π 
k = 0, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  8  8 
 3π 3π 
k = 1, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 8 8 
 7π 7π 
k = 2, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 8 8 
  5π   5π  
k = −1, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  8   8 
  π  π    3π   3π  
Therefore, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   ,2  cos   + isin   
  8  8    8   8 
  7π   7π     5π   5π  
2  cos   + isin    , 2  cos  −  + isin  −  
  8   8    8   8 

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2 c z 5 + 32 = 0
z 5 = − 32

for − 32, r = 32 and θ = π

So z 5 = 32(cos π + i sin π )
z 5 = 32(cos(π + 2 k π ) + i sin(π + 2k π )) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [32(cos(π + 2k π ) + i sin(π + 2k π ))]5
  π + 2k π   π + 2k π  
1
z = 32 5  cos   + i sin  
  5   5 
  π 2k π   π 2k π  
z = 2  cos  +  + i sin  + 
5  
de Moivre’s Theorem.
 5 5  5

 π π
k = 0, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 5 5
 3π 3π 
k = 1, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 5 5 
k = 1, z = 2(cosπ + i sinπ )
  π  π 
k = 2, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  5  5 
  5π   5π  
k = −1, z = 2  cos  −  + isin  −  
  8   8 
  3π   3π  
k = −2, z = 2  cos  −  + isin  −  
  5   5 

Therefore, z = 2  cos π + i sin π  , 2  cos 3π + i sin 3π  ,

 5 5  5 5 
  π  π 
2 ( cosπ + i sinπ ) , 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   ,
  5  5 
  3π   3π 
2  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  5   5 

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2 d z 3 = 2 + 2i

r = 22 + 22 = 4 + 4 = 8 = 2 2

θ = tan −1   =
2 π
2 4
 π π
So z 3 = 2 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4
 π  π 
z 3 = 2 2  cos  + 2k π  + i sin  + 2k π   k ∈ ℤ
 4  4 
1
  π  π   3
Hence, z =  2 2  cos  + 2k π  + i sin  + 2k π   
  4  4  
  π + 2k π   π4 + 2k π  
1
z = (2 2)  cos  4
3
 + i sin  
3  
de Moivre’s Theorem.
  3  
  π 2k π   π 2k π  
z = 2  cos  +  + i sin  + 
  12 3   12 3  
 π π 
k = 0, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 12 12 
 3π 3π 
k = 1, z = 2  cos + i sin 
 4 4 
  7π   −7π  
k = −1, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  
  12   12  

 π π   3π 3π 
Therefore, z = 2  cos + i sin  , 2  cos + i sin ,
 12 12   4 4 
  7π   −7π  
2  cos  −  + i sin  
  12   12  

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2 e z4 + 2 3 i = 2
z4 = 2 − 2 3 i

r = 22 + ( −2 3)2 = 4 + 12 = 16 = 4
2 3 π
θ = − tan −1  =−
 2  3
  π  π 
So z 4 = 4  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  3  3 
  π   π 
z 4 = 4  cos  − + 2k π  + i sin  − + 2k π   k ∈ℤ
  3   3 
1
   π   π   4
Hence, z =  4 cos  − + 2k π  + i sin  − + 2k π   
   3   3  
  − π + 2k π   − π3 + 2k π  
1
z = 4 4  cos  3  + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
  4   4 
  π kπ   π k π 
z = 2  cos  − +  + i sin  − + 
  12 2   12 2  
  π   π 
k = 0, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  12   12  
 π   5π  
k = 1, z = 2  cos   + i sin   
  12   12  

  11π   11π  
k = 1, z = 2  cos   + i sin  
  12   12  
  7π   7π  
k = −1, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  12   12  

  π   π    5π   5π  
Therefore, z = 2  cos  −  + i sin  −   , 2  cos   + i sin    ,
  12   12     12   12  
  11π   11π     7π   7π  
2  cos   + i sin    , 2  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  12   12     12   12  

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2 f z 3 + 32 3 + 32i = 0
z 3 = −32 3 − 32i

r = ( −32 3) 2 + ( −32) 2 = 3072 + 1024 = 4096 = 64

 32  π 5π
θ = − π + tan −1   = −π + 6 = − 6
 32 3 
  5π   5π  
So z 4 = 64  cos  −  + i sin  −  
  6   6 
  5π   5π 
z 3 = 64  cos  − + 2k π  + i sin  − + 2k π   k ∈ ℤ
  6   6 
1
   5π   5π   3
Hence, z = 64  cos  − + 2k π  + isin  − + 2k π   
   6   6  
1
  −5π
+ 2k π   − 5π6 + 2k π  
z = 64 3  cos  6
 + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
  3   3 
  5π 2k π   5π 2k π  
z = 4  cos  − +  + isin  − + 
  18 3   18 3  
  5π   5π  
k = 0, z = 4  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  18   18  
  7π   7π  
k = 1, z = 4  cos   + i sin  
  18   18  
  17π   17π  
k = −1, z = 4  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  18   18  

  5π   5π     7π   7π  
Therefore, z = 4  cos  −  + isin  −   , 4  cos   + isin  ,
  18   18     18   18  
  17π   17π  
4  cos  −  + i sin  − 
  18   18  

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3 a z 4 = 3 + 4i

r = 32 + 42 = 25 = 5
4
θ = tan −1   = 0.927295…
 3
So z = 5e i(0.927295… )
4

z 4 = 5e i(0.927295… + 2 kπ ) , k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [5ei(0.927295… + 2 kπ) ]4
1  0.927295… + 2 kπ 
i  de Moivre’s Theorem.
=5 e 4  4 

1  0.927295… kπ 
i + 
=5 e 4  4 2 

1
k = 0, z = 5 ei(0.2318…)
4

1
k = 1, z = 5 ei(1.8026…)
4

1
k = −1, z = 5 4 ei( −1.3389…)
1
k = −2, z = 5 4 ei( −2.9097…)

1 1 1 1
Therefore, z = 5 4 e0.23i , 5 4 e1.80i , 5 4 e −1.34i , 5 4 e −2.91i

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3 b z 3 = 11 + 4i

r = ( 11) 2 + (−4) 2 = 11 + 16 = 27
 4 
θ = − tan −1   = 0.878528…
 11 
So, z 3 = 27 ei( −0.878528…)
z 3 = 27 ei( − 0.878528… + 2 kπ ), k ∈ ℤ
1
i( − 0.878528… + 2 kπ ) 3
Hence, z = [ 270 e ]
de Moivre’s Theorem.
1  − 0.878528… + 2 kπ 
i 
= ( 27 ) e 3  3 

− 0.878528… 2 kπ
i +
= 3e 3 3

k = 0, z = 3 ei( − 0.2928…)
k = 1, z = 3 ei(1.8015…)
k = −1, z = 3 ei( − 2.3872…)

− 0.29i
Therefore, z = 3 e , 3 e1.80i , 3 e−2.39i

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3 c z 4 = − 7 + 3i

r = (− 7) 2 + 32 = 7 + 9 = 16 = 4
 3 
θ = π − tan −1   = 2.293530…
 7
So, z 4 = 4e i(2.293530…)
z 4 = 4e i(2.293530…+ 2 k π ) , k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [4 ei(2.293530… + 2 kπ ) ]4
1  2.293530… + 2 kπ 
i  de Moivre’s Theorem.
= 44 e  4 

 2.293530… kπ 
i + 
= 2e  4 2 

k = 0, z = 2 ei(0.5733…)
k = 1, z = 2 ei(2.1441…)
k = −1, z = 2 ei( − 0.9974… )
k = −2, z = 2 ei( − 2.5682…)

−1.00i
Therefore, z = 2 e , z = 2 e , z = 2 e
0.57i 2.14i
, z = 2 e−2.57i

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4 a ( z + 1)3 = −1

For −1, r = 1 and θ = π

So, ( z + 1)3 = 1(cosπ + i sinπ )
( z + 1) 3 = cos(π + 2 k π) + i sin( π + 2 k π) k ∈ ℤ

1
Hence, z + 1 = [cos(π + 2k π ) + isin(π + 2k π )] 3

de Moivre’s Theorem.
 π + 2k π   π + 2k π 
z + 1 = cos   + isin  
 3   3 
 π 2k π   π 2k π 
z + 1 = cos  +  + isin  + 
3 3  3 3 
π π 1 3
k = 0, z + 1 = cos + i sin = − + i
3 3 2 2
1 3
⇒z=− + i
2 2
k = 1, z + 1 = cosπ + i sinπ = −1 + 0i
⇒ z = −2
 π  π 1 3
k = −1, z + 1 = cos  −  + i sin  −  = − i
 3  3 2 2
1 3
⇒z=− − i
2 2
1 3 1 3
Therefore, z = − + i, − 2, − − i
2 2 2 2

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4 b

c The solution to w3 = −1, lie on a circle centre (0, 0), radius 1.

As w = z + 1, then the three solutions for z are the three solutions for w translated by ( ).
−1
0

Hence the three points (the solutions for z), lie on a circle centre (–1, 0), radius 1.

5 a z5 −1 = 0
z5 = 1

For 1, r = 1 and θ = 0
So, z 5 = 1(cos 0 + i sin 0)
z 5 = cos(0 + 2 k π ) + i sin(0 + 2 k π ) k ∈ ℤ
1
Hence, z = [cos(2k π ) + i sin(2k π )] 5

 2k π   2k π 
z = cos   + i sin   de Moivre’s Theorem.
 5   5 
k = 0, z1 = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 + i(0) = 1
 2π   2π 
k = 1, z2 = cos   + i sin  
 5   5 
 4π   4π 
k = 2, z3 = cos   + i sin  
 5   5 
 2π   2π 
k = −1, z4 = cos  −  + i sin  − 
 5   5 
 4π   4π 
k = −2, z5 = cos  −  + i sin  − 
 5   5 
Therefore z = 1, cos 
2π   2π   4π   4π 
 + i sin   , cos   + i sin  ,
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
cos  −  + i sin  −  , cos  −  + i sin  − 
 5   5   5   5 
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5 b So, z1 + z2 + z3 + z4 + z5 = 0
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
1 + cos   + i sin   + cos   + i sin  
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
+ cos  −  + i sin  −  + cos  −  + i sin  − =0
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
⇒ 1 + cos   + i sin   + cos   + i sin  
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   2π   4π   4π 
+ cos   − i sin   + cos   − i sin  =0
 5   5   5   5 
 2π   4π 
1 + 2 cos   + 2 cos  =0
 5   5 
 2π   4π 
2 cos   + 2 cos   = −1
 5   5 
  2π   4π  
2  cos   + cos    = −1
  5   5 
 2π   4π  1
cos   + cos   = − (as required)
 5   5  2

6 a −2 − 2 3i.

modulus = r ( − 2) 2 + ( − 2 3) 2 = 4 + 12 = 16 = 4
2 3 π 2π
argument = θ = 2π + tan −1   = −π + = −
 2  3 3
2π
Therefore, r = 4, θ = −
3

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 2πi
−
6 b We have w = −2 − 2i 3 = 4e 3
we wish to solve
2πi
−
z + 2 + 2i 3 = 0 which is equivalent to solving z = −2 − 2i 3 = 4e
4 4 3

The solution has the form z = 4 4eiθ where the argument satisfies
2π
4θ = − + 2kπ for k ∈ ℤ hence the 4 distinct solutions have arguments given by
3
2πi πi πi 5πi
π kπ − −
θ = − + for k = −1, 0,1, 2, so θ = 2e 3 , 2e 6 , 2e 3 , 2e 6
6 2

7 ( ) ( )
We wish to solve z 4 = 2 1 − i 3 , to start off let w = 2 1 − i 3 then if we write w = reiθ then
r = 4 + 12 = 4
tan θ = − 3

πi
π −
So θ = − and hence w = 4e 3 now going back to the original equation we have
3
πi
− π
z 4 = 4e 3 so that z = 4 4eiθ where the argument must satisfy 4θ = − + 2kπ for k ∈ ℤ
3
π kπ
So θ = − + hence the 4 distinct roots are given by these values of θ for k = 0,1, 2, 3
12 2
7πi πi 5πi 11πi
− −
Hence θ = 2e 12
, 2e 12
, 2e , 2e 12 12

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8 a Let z = 6 + i 2 then if we write z = reiθ then we have r = 6 + 2 = 2 2 and
πi
2 1 π
tan θ = = so that θ = so we have z = 2 2e 6
6 3 6

b We wish to solve
4
 4
πi
 2πi
ω = z =  2 2e  = 64e 3
3 6

 
2π
If we write ω = reiθ then r = 3 64 = 4 and 3θ = + 2 kπ for k ∈ ℤ so that the distinct solutions
3
2π 2kπ
correspond to θ = + for k = 0,1, 2 , explicitly these are
9 3
2πi
2π 2π
ω = 4e 9 = 4 cos + 4i sin
9 9
8πi
8π 8π
ω = 4e 9 = 4 cos + 4i sin
9 9
−4πi
14πi
−4π −4π 4π 4π
ω = 4e 9 = 4e 9 = 4cos + 4i sin = 4 cos − 4i sin
9 9 9 9

9 a We wish to solve 1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 + z 6 + z 7 = 0 note that the left hand side is a geometric

series so if we apply the formula for its sum we get
1 − z8
=0
1− z

Hence the equation is equivalent to z 8 = 1 whose solutions are the 8th roots of unity
2 kπi πi 3πi 5πi 7πi
z=e 8
for 0 ≤ k ≤ 7 so z = e ,i,e , −1,e , −i,e
4 4 4 4

b Now if we have z 2 + 1 = 0 then z 2 = −1 so that z 8 = ( −1) = 1 and hence z is a solution to

4

z 8 − 1 hence z 2 + 1 is a factor of z 8 − 1 but we also have

z 8 − 1 = (1 − z ) (1 + z + z 2 + z 3 + z 4 + z 5 + z 6 + z 7 )
And since (1 − z ) is not a factor of z 2 + 1 it must be the case that z 2 + 1 is a factor of
1 + z + z2 + z3 + z4 + z5 + z6 + z7

In the second case we have z 4 + 1 = 0 and so z 8 = ( −1) = 1 hence we have that

2

z 4 + 1 is a factor of z 8 − 1 and since (1 − z ) is not a factor of z 4 + 1 the same argument as above

means z 4 + 1 must be a factor of z 8 − 1

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Challenge
2kπ
a We wish to solve z 6 = 1 , writing z = eiθ implies we must have θ = for k ∈ ℤ hence the 6
6
distinct solutions in the range −π < θ ≤ π are given by
2πi πi πi 2πi
− −
z=e 3
,e 3
,1,e 3 ,e 3 , −1

b We wish to solve ( z + 1) = z 6 rearranging gives

6

z6
=1
( z + 1)
6

6
 z 
  =1
 z +1
kπi
z
Hence = e 3 for some 1 ≤ k ≤ 6 further rearranging gives
z +1
kπi
z = ( z + 1) e 3

 kπi
 kπ i

 1 − e 3
 z = e 3

 
So
 −
kπi
 k3πi  −
kπi
 k3πi
kπi
 1 − e 3
 e  1 − e 3
e kπi
e 3
    e 3 −1
z= = = =
kπi
 kπi
 −
kπi
  kπ 
2
2 kπ −
kπ
1− e 3  1 − e 3
 1 − e 3
  1 − cos  + sin 2 2 cos
3
    3 3
kπ kπ kπ
cos − 1 + i sin sin
= 3 3 = −1 +i 3
kπ 2 2 − 2 cos kπ
2 − 2 cos
3 3

Now by the double angle formula we have

kπ kπ kπ kπ
1 − cos = 1 − cos 2 + sin 2 = 2 sin 2
3 6 6 6
kπ kπ kπ
sin = 2 cos sin
3 6 6
Hence
kπ kπ kπ
sin 2 cos sin
1 3 1 6 6 = − 1 + i cot kπ
z = − +i = − +i
2 2 − 2cos kπ 2 42sin 2
kπ 2 2 6
3 6
and take k = 1, 2,3, 4,5

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