Sensor Control unit Actuator

Distance Display
(LED)
Ultrasonic
sensor Relay
Driver Alert
Arduino switch 1
1
Warning light
Infrared ray
(speed sensor)
Arduino
2 Wheel Brake
Relay
switch 2
Weight sensor Electro-
magnetic brake

Wind deflector

Engine brake

Brake light

Niveditha(2014) Niveditha.P.R 1 and S.Gowri 2

Sathyabama University/Information Technology, Chennai, India

Email: [email protected]

Research Scholar, Sathyabama University/Information Technology, Chennai, India

Email: [email protected]
Intelligent Mechatronic Braking System

proposed Collision Warning System using Ultrasonic Sensors

and Automatic Brake Systemhave been developed that are capable of detecting physical obstacles,

other vehicles or pedestrians around the vehicle. This development prevents accidents of

vehicles using Stereo Multi-Purpose cameras, Automated Emergency Braking Systems and

Ultrasonic Sensors. The stereo multi-purpose camera provides spatial intelligence of up to

50 metres in front of the vehicle and there is an environment recognition of 500 metres.

Cars can automatically brake due to obstacles or any hindrance when the sensor senses the

obstacles. The braking circuit function is to brake the car automatically after receiving

signal from the sensors.The framework of the proposed system is developed for a safety car braking
system using ultrasonic sensor

and to design a vehicle with less human attention to the driving.

Rokhsana Titlee 1 and Muhibul Haque Bhuyan 2 *(2016)

Department

of Electrical and Computer Engineering

North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh.SEU Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol.
10, No. 2, December 2016

Design, Implementation and Testing of Ultrasonic High

Precision Contactless Distance Measurement System Using

MicrocontrollerThis paper reports on design, implementation and testing of a ultrasonic high precision
and low cost non-

contact distance measurement system using microcontroller.he ultrasonic module

transmits ultrasonic sound waves at non-audible frequency of 40 kHz, then picks up its echo that comes
from

an object to the source. Time period of the output wave form is proportional to the distance between
the source

and the object whose distance is being measured. The microcontroller receives the output signal,
performs the
necessary information processing inside it and finally displays the corresponding measured distance on
the

LCD screen. The sample test results reveal that the system can calculate distances accurately from any
object

to the source of the ultrasonic wave generator between which the distances are being measured.
Percentage of

error is then calculated between the measured and actual distances. It is found from the performance
test that

the designed system works very well.

his work reports a microcontroller based

high precision distance measurement system using

ultrasound sensor. The software is developed in such

a way to get the optimum result in terms of accuracy

and time consumed. This device consumes low power,

is portable and cheap. From the experimental results, it

is seen that the designed system works very well with

high level of accuracy.The system can be applied in many different

fields like vehicles to get protection from accident,

water level measurement, robotics and automation etc.

As an extension of this work, in future, this project can

be used in the several fields like, guidance device for

visually impaired persons, obstacle avoidance robot,

parking assistance system, accident avoidance car,

liquid level measurement, finding break downs in wires

or threads etc.

international Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research.

ISSN 2249-0019 Volume 5, Number 2 (2015), pp. 153-165

© Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.comKuchimanchi Chirantana and G V R N D Satya Sai Kanth

GITAM UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD CAMPUS, FLAT NO. 201,

MY HOME JEWEL, MADINAGUDA, MIYAPUR, TELANGANA

Kuchimanchi Chirantana and G V R N D Satya Sai Kanth(2015)

proposedCollision Warning With Automatic Braking System

For Electric Cars.

The aim of this paper is to present some of

the latest active safety development and to put them into context of the working

process. Collision detection is done by using Ultrasonic sensor and Stop indication

using flashing LED and LCD display. Braking is done using a servo motor

connected to parking brake lever to ensure optimal braking force and minimum

braking distance. Electro mechanical actuation using mechanical actuator making the

operation extremely fast thereby safety ensured braking. Power of the prime mover

is cutoff using a relay switch to reduce power wastage and break wear. All these

devices are controlled using Arduino Mega 2560 which is a microcontroller

programmed to do the specified task.hen the distance between the vehicle and obstacle falls below the
permissible limits

which is sensed by the ultrasonic sensors, the Arduino send output signal to the servo

motor and the relay switch and also to the LCD display and LED flashers. The output

to the servo motor is the angle through which it has to rotate and to the relay switch is

to turn off the signal to it by which the device i. e. prime mover connected to it is

turned off. In the LCD display the distance between the vehicles and obstacle is

shown along with Red color LED flashers turned on warning the driver about the

collision.

ternational Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April
2013)
Intelligent Mechatronic Braking System

G.V. Sairam 1 , B. Suresh 2 , CH. Sai Hemanth 3 , K. Krishna sai 4(2013)

n intelligent mechatronic

system includes an ultrasonic wave emitter provided on the

front portion of a car producing and emitting ultrasonic

waves frontward in a predetermined distance. An ultrasonic

receiver is also placed on the front portion of the car

operatively receiving a reflective ultrasonic wave signal. The

reflected wave (detected pulse) gives the distance between the

obstacle and the vehicle. Then a microcontroller is used to

control the speed of the vehicle based on the detection pulse

information to push the brake pedal and apply brake to the

car stupendously for safety purpose.

The main target for this project is, cars can run

automatic braking due to obstacles when the sensor senses

the obstacles. The braking circuit function is to brake the

car automatically after received signal from the sensor.

As ultrasonic sensors can detect any kind

of obstacle, this system can also prevent collision of the

vehicle with pedestrians, or can at least reduce the injuries

occurring.In our project we are using Ultrasonic sensors and

Microcontroller using which the speed of the vehicle is

automatically reduced and voice alarms are given to the

user when it approaches an object by automatically sensing

the position of the object/vehicle.

journal of Analysis and Computation (JAC)

(An International Peer Reviewed Journal), www.ijaconline.com, ISSN 0973-2861

Volume XII, Issue IV, April 2019

ULTRASONIC OUTWARDLY DISABLED RADAR SYSTEM FOR

INDOOR CONDITIONS

Ashvini More 1 , Monali Chinchamalatpure 2

Ahman Emmanuel Onoja, et al. [1] describe this research, existing radar technologies

are examined and an Arduino based RADAR system is proposed. The advantage of this is to

drastically reduce power consumption and allow the designers to have access to a wide range

of online communities of Arduino programmers and open source reusable code. The system

consists of an ultra-sonic sensor, an Arduino micro-controller, a servo motor and a java

application for mapping the electro-magnetic waves. A prototype system is built by

connecting the ultrasonic sensors to the Arduino microcontrollers.

Prof. D. A. Ghoghre et al. [2] RADAR is an object detection system which uses

Microwaves. Microwaves are nothing but the radio waves. It uses microwaves to determine

the Range, Altitude and Direction or Speed of objects. The radar dish or antenna transmits

pulses of radio pulses which return back from any object in their path. This project focuses at

making Radar which is efficient, cheaper and reflects all the possible techniques use in radar

system.

Haitham K. Ali et al. [3] describe the ultrasonic technology has been on the market

for years and is still considered a trusted technology throughout the industry. The design of

the Ultrasonic Radar is very useful for many applications like homes, shops, military and

object detection. The aim of this work is to build an ultrasonic transceiver which is basically

one kind of a radar system to get exact distance and angle for fixed objects placed around the

device based on the speed of ultrasonic waves in open air.

Mr. Deshmukh Gourav V. et al. [4] the proposed system “ultrasonic radar for the

object detection, distance and the speed measurement” employs an ultrasonic module that

includes an ultrasonic transmitter and receiver along with the 89c52 microcontroller. Module

rotate with step angle of the stepper motor with specific angle for a specific time interval,

microcontroller receive an echo signal back as response of the transmitted signal by

transmitter and the distance between the object and system is measured by calculating time

interval taken by the signal to transmit and the echo reception.

S. Calcaterra et al. [5] describe focused on the creation of new systems for mapping

and exploration of unknown spaces in order to create advanced guide systems for robots and

people affected by disabilities. In particular, the most common applications are related to the

exploration of unknown and/or dangerous spaces that are not accessible to people by

exploiting the advantages offered by ultrasonic technology. This work aims at designing a

new low-cost system, namely Ultrasonic Radar System (URAS), to blindly map

environments by using ultrasonic sensors, then displaying the acquired information through

Ahman Emmanuel Onoja, Abdusalaam Maryam Oluwadamilola, Lukman Adewale Ajao,

“Embedded System Based Radio Detection and Ranging (RADAR) System Using Arduino and

Ultrasonic Sensor”, American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications, 2017.

[2] Prof. D. A. Ghoghre, Ahire Dhanshri, Ahire Priyanka, “Radar System Using Arduino”, IOSR

Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSRJECE), National Conference on

Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology, 2017.

[3] Haitham K. Ali, Jihan S. Abdaljabar, Sura M. Abdullah, “Design of Ultrasonic Radar”,

International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 23196378, Volume-3

Issue-7, May 2015.

[4] Mr. Deshmukh Gourav V., Miss. Nalavade Dhanashri N., Mr. Salve Krushna H., Miss. D. A.

Shaikh, “Ultrasonic Radar for Object Detection, Distance and Speed Measurement”, International

Journal of Research in Advent Technology (IJRAT), 2017.

Nigerian Journal of Technology (NIJOTECH)

Vol. 38, No. 4, October 2019, pp. 1021 – 1029

Copyright© Faculty of Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,

Print ISSN: 0331-8443, Electronic ISSN: 2467-8821

www.nijotech.com

http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v38i4.27

MODELLING OF AUTOMATIC CAR BRAKING SYSTEM USING

FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER

E. F. Bassey 1,* and K. M. Udofia 2

he objectives of this study are to: design an obstacle detection model using ultrasonic

sensors, model an antilock braking system, develop fuzzy logic rules for both detection and antilock

braking system, and simulate the developed model using Simulink in MATLAB software to achieve

high braking torque, optimal slip ratio and shorter stopping distance and time. The results show

22% improvement in braking torque thereby giving a shorter stopping time and distance when

compared to the normal PID control.

n this paper, an obstacle detection system was

designed with ultrasonic sensors based on [7]

approach to achieve the critical braking distance

between moving vehicle and pedestrian or two moving

vehicles. A braking system was modelled with antilock

system to prevent wheel from locking during heavy

braking and maintain the system at optimum slip ratio.

Fuzzy rules were developed for both the obstacle

detection and braking system to control the operation

of the systems and effectively assure safety and stress

free driving.

This paper focuses on modelling of an Automatic

Braking system using fuzzy logic controller based on

sensor fusion indented to use in vehicles that can

solve the problem where drivers fail to apply brakes

n time in an emergency situation and can reduce

speed automatically due to obstacles detection. With

the connection of ultrasonic sensors in the vehicle,

the resulting system can achieve measurements with

high accuracy, short stopping time and improved

short distance measurement. The system is very

suitable in case of tight parking, heavy traffic

conditions, emergency situation and restricted areas.

The existing system used PID controller in the

electronic control unit of the vehicle to prevent the

locking up of wheels while the modelled system uses

Fuzzy Logic to design the controller and hence the

system is more reliable and stable than the existing

system and will have consumer acceptance. From the

table 3, it can be summarized that the modelled

system has high values of braking deceleration, short

stopping time and high braking torque compared to

that of the existing PID controller. Hence, the vehicle

could be stopped in a short distance compared to the

existing system. The simulation results showed that

the curve settles down smoothly when decelerating

and the vehicle will not experience any jerks at high

braking conditions in contrast to the existing PID

system.

volume 2, Issue 4, April– 2017

International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No: - 2456 - 2165

Automatic Braking System Using Ultrasonic Sensor

J.V.Sai Ram, K.M.S.V.Manikanta, G.Pavanth, B.Jagadeep ,Dr. B.Raghu Kumar

ontrol the brake by automatically we can

reduce the effect of accident. A Ultrasonic setup is placed in

front of vehicle and that setup consists of an emitter and a

receiver. Ultrasonic emitter always emits the ultrasonic

waves, whenever a obstacle is detected then wave gets

reflected and receiver receives the signal. Reflected wave

sends the signal to the Aurduino Nano from that based

upon distance of object it actuates the buzzer or brakes.

Brakes are actuated by using Solenoid valve. Solenoid

valve operated by electrical signal and it actuates brakes by

using pneumatics. UBS car provides the glimpse into the

future of automotive safety. By UBS system we can prevent

more accidents and save more lives.

The ULTRASONIC BRAKING SYSTEM, if executed in

auto it deflects heaps of mishaps and can spare human lives

and property.

Execution of such a propelled framework can be

made mandatory like

wearing of safety belts

with the goal that mischance's can be deflected to some

degree. Our Infrared Braking System gives a look into the

eventual

fate

of

car

wellbeing and the amount more propelled this individu

al

framework

can

be

for

staying away from mischances and ensuring vehicle

tenants when they are incorporated into one framework. The

fate of car security is more than simply building up

another innovation; it is moving the way to deal with wellbeing.

ULTRASONIC BRAKING SYSTEM approach speaks to a

huge movement from the conventional way to deal with well

being, yet it is crucial to accomplishing the significant

advantages

Automatic

Braking System using Ultrasonic waves. Mechanical and

electrical breaks both systems are placed in the unit, Whenever

the electrical system fails then we can normally apply the

brakes. So there is no problem with the failure of electrical

braking. a buzzer indication will always indicated when the

obstacle faced, so driver can easily hit the brake by using brake

pedal.

iternational Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (4) (2018) 3115-3118

Design and implementation of ultrasonic radar system for distance

measurements using Arduino

Article · January 2018

DOI: 10.14419/ijet.v7i4.18103

Haraa Raheem Hatem 1 *, Ali I. Abdalla 2 , Zainab Najeeb Abdulhameed Al-Raw(2018)

This work presents a design and implementation of

ultrasonic radar for distance measurements. The design consists of an ultrasonic sensor, an Arduino
board as a controller, a servo motor
and a java applica-tion. The detection range of the proposed system is tested up to 500 cm with the
angle of rotation from (0 to +180) and

(180 to 0) degrees for different types of obstacles or objects (sponge, wood an aluminum). The design is
built using open source hard-

ware (Arduino Uno 328) which is coded via Micro C environment as a software entity. The effectiveness
of the proposed design is

measured using a statistical analysis of the distance error between the radar and the obstacles. The
results obtained for all types of obsta-

cles are tabled and graphed to prove that a very small error can be achieved using the proposed
design.The proposed design consists of ultrasonic sensor (HC -SR04) that

coupled with the servomotor. The combination is controlled by

Arduino board to identify the distance between an object and the

sensor.n this work, an ultrasonic radar system was designed and imple-

mented experimentally for distance measurements purposes to be

used in various applications. An Arduino Uno device was used as

a controller in the design beside other requirements such as ser-

vomotor, ultrasonic sensor and computer for distance calculation

of objects or obstacles placed at different angles (from 0 to 180

degrees) within the range up to 5 meters. Three types of materials

(wood, sponge and aluminum) were used in the design as obsta-

cles. The error between the actual distance and measured distance

was used statistically to validate the design. The results show that

the percentage distance error recorded for wood, sponge and alu-

minum obstacles do not exceed 2%, 7% and 6% respectively

which can be accepted in many applications.

International Journal of Computational Intelligence Research

ISSN 0973-1873 Volume 13, Number 9 (2017), pp. 2189-2195

© Research India Publications

http://www.ripublication.com

Intelligent Driver Assitance For Vehichle Safety

Bhagavat Teja Arisetty

Dept. of ECE, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India.

Mr. S. Manikandaswamy

Assistant Professor (O.G), Dept. of ECE, SRM University, Kattankulathur, India.(2017)

This project mainly emphasizes on building a feasible device that

specializes in detecting intrusions, closed range obstacles, and automatically

maneuvering the vehicle away from the obstacle. Automobile safety can be

advanced by anticipating a crash before it occurs and thereby providing

sufficient time to deploy safety technologies. Premonitory functions like a

buzzer or led are used if the driver approaches any obstruction. The driver is

cautioned in advanced regarding what the road entails. The project is thus

finalized as; one to build a general, easy-to-use and versatile system that

prevents fatal accidents.he proposed system is about preventing fatal accidents using ultrasonic
technology.

The main goal of the project is to prevent the automobile from a collision and to

maneuver automobile around the obstacle after detecting the object.

principal hardware components are Ardunio Mega Micro-controller, Ultrasonic

Sensor, DC motor, LCD for display, MAX-232 for serial communication, ZigBee

module, LED, Buzzer. The software components are Ardunio IDE compiler.

The proposed system uses the three sided sensor and turning assistance. It

can be summarised that the proposed system has high values of braking system

compared to the existing systems. Hence the vehicle could be stopped in a shorter

distance and turning assistance in the prior direction compared to the existing systems
INTELLIGENT COLLISION PREVENTIVE SYSTEM USING

ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER

kalpana.S 1 , Jerald Roiston.J 2 , Krishna Kumar.S 3 , Rajkumar.S 4 ,Sinto P Davis 5

Associate professor, 2,3,4,5 Students

Department of Electrical And Electronics Engineering,

his project focuses on building a user-friendly device that

specializes in detecting intrusions besides doing close range obstacle detection. Automobile safety

can be improved by anticipating a crash before it occurs and thereby providing additional time to

deploy safety technologies. Warnings can be like buzzer if the driver is approaching a pothole or any

obstruction, driver may be warned in advanced regarding what the road entails. The project’s

ultimate aim thus finalized as, one to build a general, easy-to-use and versatile system that can

prevent fatal accidents.The objective of this project is to develop a safety feature in cars to avoid
colliding with a

vehicle or an obstacle in the way. The main objective of this system is to help driver prevent car

collisions due to blind spots and their carelessness while driving. Collision avoidance systems are

especially useful in bad weather conditions. The sensors in the car would be capable of detecting

even in the poor conditions and would inform the driver distance from the various objects in front of

the car which will help the driver to drive safely in such poor conditions and a central

microcontroller would also be able take decisions according to different situation

The Collision preventive system uses the servo motor to measure and to change the angle of

the wheels of the robotic vehicle. When the distance between the object is less than 30cms and the

car is stopped and the brake is applied. The vehicle is unable move unless the distance is more than

30cms. Servo motor plays the role here, when the angle of the wheel is changed the servo motor

detects and signals the microcontroller.

this collision preventive system also allows the driver to overdrive the braking system in case of

emergencies. An individual button is provided so that, when the button is high the collision

preventive system is overdriven. This helps the user to take the control of the vehicle braking system

manually.
The Intelligent collision preventive system negotiates the accident of the vehicle due to the

carelessness of the driver. The system uses the ultrasonic sensor hence the detection of the vehicle in

long-range can be detected. The driver is alarmed during the detection of the obstacle. This system

will stop the vehicle in case of emergency, thus helping vehicles to avoid accidents in the road. By

integrating the system in the vehicles the accident can be prevented.

Pneumatic Brake Control for Precision

Stopping of Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Fanping Bu + , Han-Shue Tan

the feasibility of providing a smooth precision stopping brake control based

on a conventional pneumatic brake system has not yet been demonstrated. This paper describes the

precision stopping problem, verifies the pneumatic brake model, details the Indirect Adaptive Robust

Control (IARC) design for a pneumatic brake system, and reports the successful implementation of a

bus precision docking demonstration

The purposes of this paper are to provide a detailed analysis on the precision stopping problems

of heavy-duty vehicles using conventional pneumatic brake systems, and to demonstrate its

feasibility under a realistic application environment. To address the difficulties of control design

for pneumatic brake system, a simplified nonlinear model will be identified for the control

design; a control synthesis strategy based on nonlinear models, Indirect Adaptive Robust Control

approach (IARC) [19], [20], will be used in this paper.

This paper focuses on the precision stopping control problem for heavy-duty vehicles equipped

with a pneumatic brake system. It is a control application paper that integrates various control

synthesis tools to solve a real-world control problem. The design process includes system

modeling, model reduction, control synthesis, implementation and successful public demon-

stration. The paper starts with a detailed model and the appropriate model reduction of the

pneumatic brake system with an actuator. The IARC controller is then constructed based on

the reduced pneumatic brake system model. The controller is chosen because it can take into26
account particular nonlinearities and large uncertainties in the heavy-duty vehicle environment.

An Indirect Adaptive Control design technique is used to decouple the feedback control design

from the parameter estimation design. This method improves the accuracy of the unknown

parameter estimation which is crucial for maintaining the final stopping accuracy when it is

possible that the sensor information on the vehicle velocity and position can become unavailable

just before the vehicle is fully stopped. This precision stopping control design was implemented

on two 40-foot CNG buses and was demonstrated at a precision docking demonstration in Wash-

ington DC during June 24-26, 2003. The successful 3-day public demonstration showcased the

smooth stopping performance with consistent 15cm stopping accuracy under different operational

conditions without a single failure. Experimental data from the demonstration further illustrated

the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed controller design.

nternational Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE)

ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-3 Issue-7, May 2015

Design of Ultrasonic Radar

Haitham K.Ali, Jihan S. Abdaljabar, Sura M.Abdullah

The aim of this work is to build an ultrasonic

transceiver which is basically one kind of a radar system to get

exact distance and angle for fixed objects placed around the

device based on the speed of ultrasonic waves in open air. An

Arduino microcontroller was used to transmit and receive the

ultrasonic waves through 40 KHz in order to provide the

flexibility of usage requirements. A delay occurred between the

transmitted and the received waves govern the reflection of

sound. Some tests were done using two kinds of alarms first: the

visual alarm which done by a personal computer screen designed

to be a radar screen. Second the audible beep alarm which done

by an LCD digital screen.

CITATION: Haggag, S. and Mansouri, A., "Aerodynamic Forces Impact on Vehicle Braking Longitudinal
Dynamics with a Sliding

Mode Controller," SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-0460, 2016, doi:10.4271/2016-01-0460.

Haggag, S.(2016)Aerodynamic Forces Impact on Vehicle Braking Longitudinal

Dynamics with a Sliding Mode Controller

In this paper, a new longitudinal rolling/braking

lumped-vehicle model that takes vehicle aerodynamic forces in

consideration is presented. The proposed model takes the rolling

resistance force, the braking force and the aerodynamic lift and drag

forces in consideration and investigates their impact on the vehicle

longitudinal dynamics especially vehicle braking distance and time.

An anti- lock sliding-mode controller is designed to provide wheel

slip control during vehicle motion. This type of controller is chosen

due to its expected robustness against varying road friction

coefficient. The controllers provide an optimal braking torque control

which minimize the braking distance by maintaining a desired slip

ratio corresponding to the road condition. Based on this optimal

braking control method, the impact of the vehicle aerodynamic forces

(lift and drag) are investigated and presented.

During vehicle braking, vehicle deceleration depends on the opposing

friction force generated between the vehicle wheel and the road and

also the vehicle resisting aerodynamic forces. These are mainly the

wheel rolling resistance force, vehicle lift and drag forces and the

wheel braking force. Vehicle aerodynamic forces cannot be neglected

due to its impact on vehicle longitudinal dynamics especially at high

vehicle speeds. Although a vehicle braking dynamics control system

is nonlinear and time varying, the nonlinear mathematical model in

this study is shown to approach real braking very well. The presented

model use the concept of instantaneous center in its mathematical

formulation. This leads to a clear understanding of the impact of thevehicle aerodynamic resisting forces
on the vehicle longitudinal

braking dynamics. Simulation results imply that effective regulation

of the wheel slip during braking can be achieved by implementation

of sliding mode control. Elimination of chattering is achieved by

implementation of pulse with modulation. The simulation results

show the extensive impact of the vehicle aerodynamic forces (lift &

Drag) on both vehicle stopping distance and time especially at high

vehicle speed. It also prove the validity of the proposed model and

highlights its potential benefits if it is used in braking system control

system design.

Sensors 2011, 11, 661-673; doi:10.3390/s110100661

Ultrasonic Sensors in Urban Traffic Driving-Aid Systems

Luciano Alonso 1, *, Vicente Milanés 2 , Carlos Torre-Ferrero 1 , Jorge Godoy 2 ,

Juan P. Oria 1 and Teresa de Pedro 2

n this paper the use of ultrasonic sensors in active safety systems

for urban traffic is proposed, and the advantages and disadvantages when compared to

other sensors are discussed. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) for urban traffic based on

ultrasounds is presented as an application example. The proposed system has been

implemented in a fully-automated prototype vehicle and has been tested under real traffic

conditions. The results confirm the good performance of ultrasonic sensors in these systems.This paper
proposes the use of ultrasonic sensors in driver assistance systems, at speeds less than

50 km/h and distances less than 10 m, typical in urban traffic. These sensors can detect any obstacle

within a distance range of a few tens of m, including both vehicles and pedestrians. Ultrasonic sensors
are inexpensive and their hardware is simple, compared with other systems, such as those based on

radar sensors or computer vision.

n the present work, a prototype of an ultrasonic ACC for low speeds and short distances typical of

urban traffic, where the systems available on the market do not work, has been designed, built and

experimentally tested. An ultrasonic sensor, cheaper and less demanding of hardware than other types

of sensors currently used, such as those based on radar or computer vision, is used to measure the

distance between vehicles. The relative speed is estimated using consecutive samples of this distance.

These two quantities are used by the control system to calculate the actions on both the accelerator and

the brake, and to adjust the speed in order to maintain the safety distance. As ultrasonic sensors can

detect any kind of obstacle, this system can also prevent collision with pedestrians, or at least reduce

the injuries sustained.

Since the control system does not use the absolute speed to calculate the safety distance as do the

currently existing systems, interaction with automotive electronics is limited to actions on the

accelerator and brake. This fact, coupled with the lower cost of ultrasonic sensors compared with other

kinds of sensors, could facilitate the mounting of the system in low-end vehicles, helping to improve

comfort and safety at a reduced cost.

ournal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Design of ACC Adaptive Cruise System Based on Ultrasonic Ranging

and Internet of Vehicles

To cite this article: Xinyu Sun 2020 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1650 022029

Guanghua Cambridge International School, Shanghai, China

An ACC adaptive cruise system using ultrasonic ranging

and Internet of Vehicles can share driving information between vehicles via Bluetooth

to ensure identification of the speed and accuracy of the front vehicle, and able to

avoid the front vehicle without driver's intervention, enhancing emergency response

capabilities. At the same time, unlike the existing ACC adaptive cruise system, most
of which can only be activated when the speed is higher than 25km/h or 30km/h. This

system can work at full speed of the vehicle, automatically follow the front vehicle,

and automatically brake or accelerate reverse, increasing the convenience of daily

driving.This design mainly researches the functions that the ACC adaptive cruise system, such as

automatically following the front vehicle, adjusting the speed and distance. Through the hardware and

programming, the vehicle can determine the movement status of the front vehicle and take

corresponding measures to adjust its own vehicle moves. Based on the programming of this system,

the designed system was downloaded into two model vehicles to test the stability of the system.

In addition, currently existing problems in the ACC system are the need for the driver to take over

the vehicle at low-speed situations etc. Corresponding improvements are made in the design, and two

vehicles were used as experiment to test the practicability.he system is mainly composed of MCU
control chip, ultrasonic ranging module, motor drive module,

infrared communication module, Bluetooth communication module and others.

The infrared communication module installed in front of the front vehicle collects information and

transmits it to the MCU control system.

The system analyzes the input signals and outputs the processed signals to the motor drive module

to control the movement of the front vehicle. The Bluetooth communication module installed in the

behind of the front vehicle receives the signal from the MCU control system and transmits it to the

MCU control system via the Bluetooth module of the back vehicle. After the signal is processed, the

signal is output to the motor drive module to control the back vehicle move.

This design improves the shortcomings of current active braking and ACC adaptive cruise system,

enabling the vehicle to stop automatically, cruising at full speed, following the state of the front

vehicle, and increasing the response procedure of the back vehicle to the reverse of the front vehicle,

improving situations this system can handle. In addition, the system introduces the concept of Internet

of Vehicles, and realizes information sharing between vehicles through Bluetooth, which improves the

speed and accuracy of vehicle status recognition.