Lecture Guide 3 in Heat Transfer

CONDUCTION THROUGH A HOMOGENOUS

CYLINDER WALL
Consider a long cylinder of inside radius ri , outside radius ro , and length L as
shown in Figure 1.7 below

Figure 1.7 Homogenous Cylinder Wall

Determination of the Heat Transfer Equation

dT dT
q k = −kA ( ) = −k2πrL ( ) ; Where, A = 2πrL
dr dr
Then,
q T T q
k
dT = − 2πrL dr ; ∫T o dt = − ∫T o (2πrkL
k
) dx
i i

q qk qk r
T] TTo = − (2πkL
k
) [ln r] rro Ti − To =
2πkL
(ln ro − ln ro ) =
2πrkL
ln ( o )
ri
i i

(Ti − To )(2πrkL) Ti − To Ti − To
qk = r = r = R
ln ( o ) ln o t
ri ri
2πrkL
 r
ln( o )
ri
Where, R t = = thermal resistance of hollow cylinder
2πrkL

Conduction through a Composite Cylinder Wall

Consider the composite cylinder wall shown in Figure 1.8 below

Figure 1.8 Composite Cylinder Wall

Considerations:

𝑘𝐴 = thermal conductivity of material A

𝑘𝐵 = thermal conductivity of material B

T𝑖 = inside temperature

T𝑜 =outside surface temperature

T2 =interface temperature of materials A and B

𝑟1 = inside radius of material A

𝑟2 =outside radius of material A or inside radius of material B

𝑟3 = outside radius of material B

• Conduction Heat Transfer Equation

 Ti − To Ti − To
qk = r r =
ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 ) RA + RB
r1 r2
+
2πk A L 2πk B L

r
ln(r2 )
1
Where, R A = = thermal resistance of material A
2πkA L

r
ln(r3 )
R B = 2πk 2L = thermal resitance of material B
B

Note : derivation of the above equation is the same as for the composite plane
wall.

If Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient or Fluid Film is

considered

Ts − T∞
qk = r2 r
ln ( ) ln ( 3 )
1 r1 r2 1
+ + +
2πr1 Lhi 2πk A L 2πk B L 2πr3 Lho

Where, hi = film coefficient of fluid inside

ho = film coefficient of outside fluid

Over-All Heat Transfer Coefficient

Ts − T∞
q k = UA(∆T) = r r
ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 )
1 r1 r2 1
+ + +
2πr1 Lhi 2πk A L 2πk B L 2πr3 Lho

1
UA = r2 r
ln ( ) ln ( 3 )
1 r1 r2 1
+ + +
2πr1 Lhi 2πk A L 2πk B L 2πr3 Lho

U-Value Based on Inside Pipe Area: 𝐀𝐢 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐢 𝐋

1
Ui = r r
r1 ln ( 2 ) r1 ln ( 3 )
1 r1 r2 r
+ + + i
h1 kA kB r3 h o
U-Value Based on Outside Pipe Area: 𝐀𝐨 = 𝟐𝛑𝐫𝐨 𝐋
1
Uo = r r
r3 r3 ln ( 2 ) r3 ln ( 3 )
r1 r2 1
+ + +
r1 hi kA kB ho

Note : 𝐔𝐢 𝐀𝐢 = 𝐔𝐨 𝐀𝐨

Conduction Heat Transfer Considering the Conductive Heat of

the Fluid

Ex. 1.4 ] Suppose that a fluid flows through a tube which is covered by an
insulating material. The average fluid temperature is known to be 𝐓𝟏 and the
outside surface temperature of the insulation is 𝐓𝟐 . The tube material is
designated by subscript 1 and the insulation is number 2. The convective
resistance is:
𝟏 𝟏
=
𝐡𝐨 𝐀 𝟐𝛑𝐫𝟏 𝐋𝐡𝐨

Given: figure shown

Required: The expression for the rate of heat transfer

Solution:

Let, 𝐑 𝐅 = thermal resistance of the fluid

𝐑 𝐅 = 𝒉𝒐 𝑨 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟏 𝑳𝒉𝒐

𝒉𝒐 = convective heat transfer coefficient or fluid film coefficient

𝐑 𝐀 = thermal resistance of the tube

𝐑 𝐁 = thermal resistance of the insulator

For the Rate of Heat Transfer

𝐓𝐢 − 𝐓𝐨 Ti − To
𝐪𝐤 = (∆𝐓/𝐑 𝐭 )𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = = r r
𝐑𝐅 + 𝐑𝐀 + 𝐑𝐁 ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 )
1 r1 r2
+ +
2πri Lho 2πk A L 2πk B L

If the only known temperature is Tx and To

𝐓𝐱 − 𝐓𝐨 Tx − To
𝐪𝐤 = (∆𝐓/𝐑 𝐭 )𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 = =
𝐑 𝐀 + 𝐑 𝐁 ln ( 2 ) ln (r3 )
r
r1 r2
+
2πk A L 2πk B L

Ex. 1.5] An aluminum pipe carries steam at 110°C. The pipe (k= 185 W/m-k) has
an internal diameter (ID) of 10 cm and an outside diameter (OD) of 12 cm. the
pipe is located in a room where the ambient air temperature is 30°C and the
convective heat transfer coefficient between the pipe and air is 15 W/𝑚2 -K. a.)
Determine the heat transfer rate per unit length of pipe of the pipe is un-
insulated. b.) To reduce the heat loss from the pipe, it is covered with a 5-cm
thick layer of insulation (k = 0.20 W/m-K). determine the heat transfer rate per
unit length from the insulated pipe. Assume that convective resistance of the
steam is negligible.

Solution:
a.) For the un-insulated pipe
• The only significant resistance to heat flow are the conductive resistance of
the pipe and the convective resistance of the room air. Since convective
resistance of steam is negligible.

qk Ts − T∞ 110 − 30 𝐖
= r = r = 𝟒𝟓𝟐
L ln ( 2 ) ln ( 2 ) 𝐦
r1 1 r1 1
+ +
2πk p 2πr2 ho 2π(185) 2π(0.06)(15)

b.) Consider the insulated pipe

qk Ts − T∞ 110 − 30
= r r =
L ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 ) 6 11
r1 r2 1 ln ( ) ln ( ) 1
+ + 5 + 6 +
2πk A 2πk B 2πr3 ho 2π(185) 2π(0.2) 2π(0.11)(15)
𝐪𝐤
= 𝟏𝟑𝟖 𝐖/𝐦
𝐋
If the convective thermal resistance is negligible,
 qk Ts − T∞ 110 − 30
= r r = = 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟖𝟎 𝐖/𝐦
L ln ( 2 ) ln ( 3 ) 6 11
r1 r2 ln ( ) ln ( )
+ 5 + 6
2πk A 2πk B 2π(185) 2π(0.2)

Ex. 1.6] A circular duct carries hot gases from a furnace. The duct has
temperature of 500°C and an outside diameter of 0.5m. Determine the thickness
insulation (k = 0.2 W/m-K) that is necessary to reduce the outside surface of the
insulation to a level that would not injure anyone who touches the surface. The
gases have a specific heat of 1000 J/kg-K, a flow-rate of 1.0 kg/s and experience
a temperature drop of 10°C over length of 40m. Assume that the thermal
resistance of the duct is small compared to the of the insulation and that the
highest temperature that one could be subjected to, without injury, is 65°C.

Given : An insulated circular duct

r2 = 0.25m

k i = 0.2 W/m-°K

cp = 1.0 kJ/kg-°K

mg = 1.0 kg/s

L =40 m

T1 = Tx = 500 + 273 = 773°K

 T2 = 65 + 273 = 338°K

∆T = 10°C = 10°K

Required: The thickness of the insulator

Solution:

Solving for the heat rejected by the hot gases

q g = mg cpg (∆T) =(1.0 kg/s)(1000 J/kg- °K)(10°K) = 10 000W

• Note that this 𝑞𝑔 is also the rate of heat transfer.

Determination of 𝐫𝟑

Tx − T2 2πk i L(Tx − T2 ) 2πk i L(Tx − T2 )

qk = r = r =
ln ( 3 ) ln ( 3 ) ln r3 − ln r2
32 r2
2πk i L

2π(0.2)(40)(500 − 65)
10 000 =
ln r3 − ln (0.25)

2𝜋(0.2)(40)(500 − 65)
ln 𝑟3 = + ln(0.25) = 0.80025 = ln (𝑒)0.80025
10 000
𝐫𝟑 = (e)0.80025 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟔 𝐦

For the thickness of the insulator

𝐭 = 𝐫𝟑 − 𝐫𝟐 = 2.226 − 0.25 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟔 𝐦