2018-Oct

CFD modeling of combustion

Rixin Yu

1
 A general guide for CFD of reacting flow
Know the physics governing the problem of interest:
Important physics includes:
Low/high speed flow, non-negligible acoustic interaction?
Combustion modes: premixed / non-premixed/ auto-ignition?
Laminar/ turbulent flow
Find the characteristic scales (in time and space) of your physical problem.
Turbulence: estimate the largest and smallest flow scale.
Combustion:
Flame dominance: flame thickness/speed, inner-reaction-zone thickness
Auto-ignition dominance : Ignition delay time
Kinetic dominance: time-scale of various elementary reactions
Check the overlapping in scales from different physics
Decouple scales differing by order of magnitude(stiffness remover)
Otherwise, either resolve those scales or use a good model.

Chose an modelling framework

0D, 0.5D, 1D, 2D, Laminar, turbulent, (RANS, LES, DNS)
Estimate how many grid cells you can afford based your accessible computing power

Chose appropriated numerical schemes and solution method, boundary conditions

Shock capture scheme for problem contain discontinuity, FD method for smooth problem
2
 Scales of various nature phenomena

While most natural phenomena affecting human survival are either at large scales (firestorm, glacier movement) or small scales
(lightning, mites) occurring at large or small scale velocities, respectively, technical combustion devices operate at the human
scale of the order of 1 m and at velocities comparable to the laminar burning velocity which is of the order of 1 m/s. [Peters]
3
Scales in the system of turbulent reacting flow

4
What we mean by saying “reacting flow”
Chemical Reaction(Gas phase)
It involves a mixture of multi-components species
Different thermodynamic proprieties
Heat capacity, Molecular weight,…
It is governed by a large (detail) chemical kinetic mechanism
Multi-elementary reactions, Nonlinear reaction rates…
……
Transport-coupling of flow and reaction
Multi-component species
different mass diffusivities, heat conductivity
Reaction releases heat
dilation, density and viscosity variation…
…….
Flow:
Laminar flow of various type
Flow instability, transition to turbulence, ….
Turbulent flow
A wide range of cascading scales, ….
High speed compressible flow
shock wave and rarefaction wave …..
5
…..
 Let first look an “isolated”+“stationary” 0-D reacting system
Neglect transport, or in other words, neglect derivative in space
It is a non-linear dynamical system, i.e. a set of ODE equations solved for (),  ,  (), k=1,,,N)
, starting at  = 0. whose solution is a trajectory in high dimensional phase space, spanned by
N+2 unknown coordinates.

1) There exists intrinsic lower dimensional “attracting” manifold for gas

phase combustion
2) There often exists both fast and slow elementary reactions, the time
scales may differ by several order of magnitude. It is a generally “stiff”
system.

6
 Let we look an ½-D reacting system being divided into multiple
“stationary” zones but sharing the same pressure (i.e. drop “isolate”)

7
Now enable transport, (≥ 1 D) laminar reacting system

Premixed flame Diffusion flame

Different color, because of light emitted by different excited radicals 8

A YouTube video showing the difference between
(1) igniting a premixed H2/O2 balloon (Premixed combustion )
(2) igniting a pure-H2 balloon (Non-premixed combustion)
9
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOTgeeTB_kA#t=03m52s
Non-premixed (diffusion) combustion
Fuel and oxidizer does not mix prior to chemical reaction

Photograph of a non-premixed n-decane

flame stabilized in the counterflow

10
Non-premixed combustion in DIESEL engine
High-speed video of DIESEL combustion.

(Direct injection of fuel into hot compressed air)

In additional to wait for liquid fuel evaporation, the main heat-release

combustion need time to wait for:
(1) Fuel/oxidizer mixing
(2) The chemical auto-ignition delay time
11
to crack large fuel molecules, to prepare radical pools ….
Non-premixed laminar jet flames
Fuel and oxidizer does not mix prior to chemical reaction.

Highest temperature at stoichiometry  = 1

Fuel and oxidizer can not coexist.

Either fuel+product or oxidizer+product.
12
 Model non-premixed diffusion flame
Introduce the concept of mixture fraction 

At any given point (t,x,y,z) what will be the mixture state?

(,  , ∀ - = 1, . . , / − 1) ?

At any point , 1, 2, 3 , the local mixture is either

originated from “the fuel stream” or “the oxidizer
stream” .

The “mixture fraction”  denotes fraction of mass

originated from the fuel stream.
Air stream
Air stream
Fuel stream

A constant-pressure , non-premixed jet flame (low Mach number)

13
 Non-premixed laminar flames
knowing the local mixture fraction  can determine the entire states of local mixture.

1 ⋅ 789 + 2 ⋅ <= ⇒ 1 ⋅ 7<= + 2 ⋅ 8= <

mole: 1Δ ∶ 2Δ ∶ 1Δ ∶ 2Δ
mass: 1WBC9 16 ∶ 2WEF (64): 1WIEF (44) ∶ 2WC=E (36)
99 ML
1 : 4 : :
A certain point in KL KL
the domain has a
10% mass percentage originated from the fuel (CH4) stream,
mixture faction
4(5, ) = 0.1
90% mass percentage originated from the oxidizer(O2) stream

Fuel and O2 can

not co-exist
Do not need solve
Temperature is determined similar to species equations.
computing adiabatic temperature

Initial unburned: (10-10*1)%= 0% mass of CH4

10% CH4 (K ) + 90% O2 ( = ) (90-10*4)%=50% mass of O2
99
First law of thermodynamic (0+10*KL )%=27.5% mass of CO2
⇒  (50% 789 , 27.5% 7<= , 22.5% 8= <) ML
(0+10*KL )%=22.5% mass of H2O
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A simple model of non-premixed combustion
mixture fraction equation Z

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 Non-premixed flame
The mixture fraction  can be obtained by solving an simple transport equation.

/ − 1 species
QR4 QRST 4 Q Q4
reduced
+ = (RV )
mass equations
Q Q1T Q1U Q1U
+
Energy equations No source term! Simple to solve

The local mixture state such

as ( ,  ) are then expressed
as functions of 4.
(5, ) = ( 4 5,  )
 (5, ) =  4 5, 

16
Laminar premixed flame

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 Propagating premixed flame in Spark-ignition (SI) engine

A true transparent engine, high-speed video shows propagating flame after spark
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xflY5uS-nnw#t=04m50s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xflY5uS-nnw#t=05m23s

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 Laminar premixed flame
for 1D toy reacting system with Low Mach assumption
Aslo assume equal thermodynamic properties (molecular weight, 7Z ), transport properties (V, h),
Mass fraction of:
Product:  Fuel → Product
Fuel : 1 − 

Conservation law of: Arrhenius reaction

Specie mass: QR QRS Q= 1 b
a bc
+ = V′ = + XY Z[\] XY Z[\] = (1 − ) `
“product”
Q Q1 Q1 ^_
total mass: QR + QRS =0
Q Q1
QRS Q RS= + ef Q=S
Momentum: + =g f
Q Q1 Q1 =
V Q Q=
R7Z − = h = − XY Z Δℎj,Z
k
V Q Q1
Energy:

Low Mach assumption (“incompressible”):

  = R , 1 l(, 1) , ef (1, ) ≠ () 19
 Laminar premixed flame
for a constant-pressure 1D toy reacting system( Low Mach assumption)
Toy reacting system containing only fuel/product [mass fraction: product:  fuel: 1 −  ]

ef 1,  ≠   ; () = rqwx.

Fresh cold reactant Burned hot product

 = 0, n = 300v ? 1  = 1, o = 2000v

Conservation law of: If we assume:

(1) no heat diffusion
Specie mass:
QR QRS Q=
+ = V′ = + XY Z[\]
(2) no species diffusion
Q Q1 Q1
“product”

QR QRS Steady state solution.

+ =0 S(1) = 0 , ef 1 = enf = eof
Q Q1
total mass:

QRS Q RS= + ef Q=S ℎq,  = 1 1, ℎq

 1 =p ;  1 =p
+ =g f
rqst,  = 0 0, rqst
Q Q1 Q1 =
Momentum:

V Q Q=
R7Z − = h = − XY Z Δℎj,Z
k
1 b
V Q Q1
Energy:
a c
XY Z[\] = z{|} 1− ` b
^_
QR Q RS
7Z + 7Z Note: to prevent spontaneous auto-ignition of the fresh reactant after very
Q Q1 long time, a truncation is used to force zero XY at exponent tail of ` ab20
c /b
 Laminar premixed flame
for a constant-pressure ((1, ) = rqwx) 1D toy reacting system( Low Mach assumption)
Toy system containing only fuel/product: mass fraction: product:  fuel: 1 − 

Enabled reactant diffusion

   
Fresh cold reactant 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.9 Burned hot product
 = 0,  = 1,
n = 300v 300v 300v 300v 300v o = 2000v

If we assume now: No heat diffusion, too cold to ignite

(1) no heat diffusion
(2) But now enable
1
species diffusion b
a bc
XY Z[\] = (1 − ) `
(3) Viscosity does not matter
^_

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 Laminar premixed flame
for a constant-pressure ((1, ) = rqwx) 1D toy reacting system( Low Mach assumption)
Toy system containing only fuel/product with mass fraction: product:  fuel: 1 − 

1 b
a bc
XY Z[\] = (1 − ) `
^_

No reactant carrying chemical energy

   
Fresh cold reactant 1 1 1 1
Burned hot product
 = 0,  = 1,
n = 300v 350v 800v 1500v 1900v o = 2000v

If we assume now:
Enabled heat diffusion
(1) Enable heat diffusion
(2) No species diffusion
(3) Viscosity does not matter

22
 Laminar premixed flame
for a constant-pressure ((1, ) = rqwx) 1D toy reacting system( Low Mach assumption)
Toy system containing only fuel/product with mass fraction: product:  fuel: 1 − 

Enable both:
Reactant diffusion
Heat diffusion

 T  
0.1 0.5 0.9 0.92
Fresh cold reactant Burned hot product
 = 0,  = 1,
n = 300v 350v 800v 1500v 1900v o = 2000v

XY < XY ƒ„… > XY

More fuel but cold High T but Less fuel

1 b
a bc
XY Z = (1 − ) `
Highest reaction rate
achieved in the middle ^_

23
 Steady state solution of Laminar premixed flame
for a constant-pressure 1D toy reacting system( Low Mach assumption)
Toy reacting system containing only fuel/product [mass fraction: product:  fuel: 1 −  ]

Conservation laws of: Now: Enable heat diffusion and Enable species diffusion

QR QRS Q = Additional assumptions for problem simplification:

Specie mass: + = V′ + XY Z[\] (1) No heat release from chemical reaction. (i.e. Δℎj,Zk
= 0)
Q Q1 Q1 =
QR QRS R 1 = Rn = Ro ; constant density “toy” flame
“product”
+ =0 (RS = rqwx. ) ⇒ | 5 = Š‹}Œ = Ž . ef (1) = rqwx.
total mass: Q Q1
QRS Q RS= + ef Q =S
+ = gf
(2) Unity Lewis number (i.e. Equal mass/thermal diffusivity)

Momentum: Q Q1 Q1 = = Vf ⇒  1 = rqwx. × (1)
V Q Q = I‘
R7Z − = h = − XY Z Δℎj,Z
k
V Q Q1
Energy:
The system can be reduced to governed by a single equation:
Q Q Vf Q = 
+S = + XY “
QR Q RS Q Q1 R Q1 =
7Z
Q
+ 7Z
Q1 T − TaK U•K − 2U + UaK
‡ˆ = V∗ + X(U )
2Δ1 –1 =

1 … −2 1 … ∗ …
−1 1 UaK UaK UaK
1 V ∗ 1 −2 1 ∗
‡ˆ −1 1 U = 1 −2 1 U + ∗ U
2Δ1 U•K Δ1 =
−1 1 1 −2 1 U•K ∗ U•K
−1 1 … 1 −2 … ∗ …
7 V l

‡ˆ ‰ = 7 aK V + 7 aK l ‰
Laminar flame speed ‡ˆ is the eigenvalue of the Conv./Diff./Reac. Matrix; ‰ is the eigenvector
24
 Laminar flame speed (deflagration wave)
the self-propagation speed relative (normal) to the side of fresh reactants

š V
‡ˆ ~
^_

ƒ
‡ˆ is the laminar flame (deflagration) speed .
˜
ƒF
V is a characteristic diffusivity ˜
,
^_ is time scale of chemical reaction x

Analytic solution of ‡ˆ is given by Zeldovich, Frank-Kamenetski and

von Karman (ZFK) analysis.

›qℎ ^_ and D varies with equviallence ratio , therefore Sž changes!

25
What is the physics for the self-propagation of deflagration front?

Preheating: heat and radical diffused from hot product side 26

 Structure of laminar premixed flame
Various forms of thickness characterization

ƒF ƒ
Overall laminar flame thickness   = /˜ :
˜
V
s¡ ~ ∶
‡ˆ
Thickness of inner reaction zone   :
s¡
s¢ ~
4`

Non-dimentional Zel’vodich number

¤ b b
4` ≡ ¦b¥ §¨
b
Structure of a lean methane/air flame § §
(equivalence ratio Φ=0.6), including
definition of different layers: inert Also notes, the thickness for different species
preheating layer δT, reaction layer δr layer are also different!
consisting of an inner layer with thickness δ
and oxidation layer with thickness ϵ; dotted
line indicates the heat release profile.
27
 Numerical methods for laminar premixed flame

• Chemistry (t) + transport (x) = P.D.E.

– Determine the steady-state flame-speed ‡ˆ is an eigenvalue problem.
• Chemistry software package usually offers premixed-flame solver.
– The “PREMIX” package in “Chemkin”
• A guess-and-trial algorithm
– Adaptively refined the spatial mesh to capture large gradient
• Require users to adjust some parameters
– Need a reasonable initial guesses
– Sometime it can be quite difficult to converage for complicate kinetic
mechanism.

28
Turbulent premixed flame

29
OH-PLIF image of turbulent premixed flame
 Turbulent combustion
Turbulence
A range of flow scales, “each scale” has a “charactering velocity” and “time”

3D turbulence
Energy cascading down

¬~SkM /©

K ª
Length [ ] © …. ª ≡ « /¬
M 9 = l` aM/9
©
ƒ
velocity [ ˜ ] S®
­kf ­®f = «/ª = l` aK/9
Sk
….

time [x] © ^®
^k = …. ^® = ª/S® = l` aK/=
30
Sk ^k
Turbulence contains a wide range of flow scales
Note, this 2D “turbulence” does inverse energy cascade

Dimitri, summer internship work in LTH, 2018, 31

Turbulence eddies interact with a premixed flame structure

Preheat material reaction zone

32
 Regime diagram characterizing turbulent premixed combustion
Non-dimensional numbers for characterizing the interaction between turbulence and combustion

Assume: « = V

Sk © Sk ©
l` = =
« ‡ˆ s¡
^k ‡ˆ ©
V´ = =
^j Sk s¡
^j s¡=
v´ = =
^® ª =
(l` = V´ = v´= )
s¢=
v´¢ = = = µ = v´
ª
….
….

33
Premixed combustion regime diagram
 Interaction of 3D turbulence with a statistically planar premixed flame

Thommie N. , Yu, R. , Bai.X. Fuel, 2018

Propagation of a
premixed flame at high
turbulence intensity
(High Karlovitch number)

Even the “thinnest”

inner-reaction layer
become “distributed”.

34
 Interaction of 3D turbulence with a statistically planar premixed flame

Thommie N. , Yu, R. , Bai.X. Fuel, 2018

Propagation of a
premixed flame on
relatively low
turbulence intensity
(Low Karlovitsh number)

The local premixed

flame structure stays
largely “intact”.

Ideal for modeler:

Local “flamelet”

35
 A modelling framework for (deflagration) premixed flame
the “flame-let” assumption

If the structure of premixed flame is only weakly disturbed by turbulence:

Assume the profiles of mixture quantities (R, ,  ) along the local normal direction
of a flame element are related to the corresponding 1D laminar solution; one way of
model is to provide a local self-propagation speed (‡¸\_„¸ ) of flame front interface
which separates the product from fresh reactant.

products

fresh reactant

36
 Model premixed flame as a self-propagating interface
using the level-set equation to track the interface

hot, products
(¹sqº xr´s`x >> ¹s´ ` xr´s` ) :
One such a model can be implemented using the
“levelset” equation for a signed distance function
»(5, ) representing the distance from the local point to
the nearest interface.

|¼»(5, )| = 1
Q ¾»
» + | ⋅ ¾» = ‡¸\_„¸ ⋅ ¾»
Q ¾»

cold, fresh fuel Other quantitates (R, ,  ) can be determined from

depends on the value ¿.

37
 A second model of turbulent premixed flame
(b) solving a single reaction-progress variable equation (ANSYS Fluent)
Instead of solving the detailed, heavy-duty system
composed of (N+1) number of transport equations, this
model solve a single transport equation for a reaction
progress variable r, r = 0 and 1 denotes fresh
burned products reactant and the burned products, which is basically
similar to a globally reprehensive specie (or
r=1 Temperature) equation, model should be introduced
for the reaction source term to yield a correct ‡¸\_„¸ .
r = 0.5
r = 0.9 l`´r´w → ÃqtSr

r = 0.1  − (_Àk) ¦Á„_Â

r= = 1−
(_ÀK) − (_Àk) ¦Á„_Â(_Àk)
r=0
General in
QRr QRST r Q Qr Arrieuhus
+ = RV + XY _
cold, fresh reactant Q Q1T Q1U Q1U expression

Any model should

yield a correct ‡ˆ\_„¸
Ä_ ¼_
R Ä + R| ⋅ ¼r ≈ R_Àk ‡ˆ\_„¸ ¼_ ⋅ ¼r 38
 Premixed combustion at low and high speed
Fuel and oxidizer are mixed prior to combustion.

Low speed, incompressible flow High speed compressible flow.

(deflagration wave) Shockwave+heat relaseDetonation wave

also responsible for engine knock!

39
 A illustrative video, showing the difference between
deflagration and detonation in a spark igntion (SI)engine

-Deflagration (Normal combusiton)

-Detonation (Abnormal)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ZysyokEU60

40
 Analyze a detonation wave and a deflagration wave in 1D
Physical conservation laws in a control volume moving together with the wave

Apply physical laws over the 1D control volume to relate

A detonation wave the state quantities on the left-side and right-side:
(1) Mass conservation
(contain discontinuous interface)
(2) Momentum conservation
(3) Energy conservation

three unknowns matches three equations

A deflagration front Remove one unknown S

(No discontinuous interface)

Solution is the intersection of two curves:

Rayleigh line
No change as for pure shock.
Hugoniot curve
A new tweak to account for burning liberated41heat.
Theory: detonation and deflagration
Rayleigh line, Hugoniot curve in the p-v digaram

Burning-liberated-heat “raises” the Hugoniot curve

Slides taken from Matalon’s princeton lecture (2011). 42

 Supersonic detonation and subsonic deflagration
Rayleigh line, Hugoniot curve in the p-v digaram

(no heat release)

(with heat release)

Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) detonation: A minimum wave speed (i.e. slope)

Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) deflagration: A maximum speed.

43
Slides taken from Matalon’s princeton lecture (2011).
Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT)

44
 Zel’dovich, von Neuman, Doring (ZND) Theory
1D detonation wave structure

What is the physics for the self-propagation of detonation front?

Shockwave compressed heating!

Numerical requirement to resolve an detonation wave?

45
Viscosity? Diffusivity? Heat conduction? Ignition delay time?
 Premixed combustion at low and high speed
• Fuel and oxidizer are fully mixed prior to combustion
– The flame fronts propagates into the fresh reactants mixture in a self-sustained
manner
• Subsonic: Deflagration:
– First ignition.
» external heat source (Spark)
– Self-sustained propagation
» Diffusion of heat and reactant.

• supersonic: Detonation
– Detonation Initialization :
» Auto-ignition of high-reactivity reactant mixture pocket.
» Compression by the pressure spike due to travelling pressure waves
wall reflected at wall ; or local hot spots heating.
– Self-sustained propagation
» The leading (non-reacting) shock compresses and heat up the reactants.

46
Combustion instability in premixed combustion
When self-propagating premixed flame goes above “1D”

47
 Intrinsic flame instability
– Mechanisms of premixed flame instability
• 1) Landau-Darrieus instability(hydrodynamic
instablity)
– Heat relased caused dillation
gas expansion and density difference
• 2) Diffussive-thermal instabilty
– Heat diffuses differently with the reactant mass
• 3) Rayleigh-Taylor instability
– Accelerate light matter into heavy matter
(velocity difference + density difference)

48
 Landau-Darrieus instability
Sketch explanation of mechanism

A>A01 SL
A01
u<SL
u0=SL
A<A02
u>SL A02
Flame

49
Landau-Darrieus instability

Shape
characteristics:

Cusps,
troughs,
Cells (3D)

50
Numerical simulation of fractal flame front structure in wide channel developed
due to Landau-Darrieus instability

51
 Diffusion-Thermal instability
Sketch explanation of the mechanism

A
Where is your tip?
cold fresh reactant
Hot products

Le=1 Le<1

52
 Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Wikipedia

Top heavier

”fingers” ”mushroom”

53
 Various types of Combustion instability
Diffusive-thermal, Darrius-Landau, Rayleigh-Taylor

Darrius-Landau

Law, 2000
Diffusive-thermal

Spiral waves over propagating H2/Air

flames (Jomaas, Law & Bechtold ,2007) 54
Rayleigh-Taylor
Recap of turbulence modelling
RANS, LES, DNS

RANS models all

LES model smaller eddy

DNS models nothing

55
 Average a turbulent flame front
Your eye indeed High speed Average
does the averaging single-shot using math

56
 Equations to model turbulent reacting flow
we need introduce Favre-average
Use a general average-operator directly on all the governing equations
RANS : Reynolds (time) average operator
LES : Spatial-filtering operator
DNS : null operator
For example:
QR QRSU 
Take average

+ =⋯
Q Q1T
Problems
Average breaks,
QR QRSU  enters derivative
+ =⋯
Q Q1T

Q QSU 
For two variables, this is
already solved issue + =. .
for incompressible eq. Q Q1T
57
 Introduce Favre averaging ( É )
Previously: R = rqwx. apply Reynold average ( )

´ ⋅ Ê = (´ + ´′)(Ê + Êf ) = ´ Ê + ´Ê′ + ´′Ê + ´f Ê′ = ´ ⋅ Ê + 0 + 0 + ´f Ê′

QSU Q(SU ST ) 1 Qe 1 Q^UT
+ =− +
Q Q1T R Q1U R Q1T
Now : R = R + Rf

R ⋅ ´ ⋅ Ê = R + Rf ´ + ´f Ê + Êf = R ⋅ ´ ⋅ Ê+R ⋅ ´f Êf + ´ ⋅ R′Êf +….+R′´f Êf

QRSU Q(RSU ST ) Qe Q^UT Too many non-zero terms !

+ =− +
Q Q1T Q1U Q1T
Still want to keep as simple as
the two-variables-average?

Ë́ = R´/R
p
Solution:
Faver average ( É ):
A new decompsoition ( ′′): ´ = Ë́ + ´ ff
58
 Equations for turbulent reacting flow
Solve for Favre-averaged unknowns quantiles, put all complexity into a turbulent flux term

R ⋅ ´ ⋅ Ê = R[ Ë́ + ´ff ÊÐ + Ê ff ]
= RË́ÊÐ + 0 + 0 + R´ff Ê′′

QRÌ QRST Ì
+ =⋯ Ì = [1, ℎ qà ` ,  ,  ]
Q Q1T
Exact

ÄÍÌÉ ÏÌ
ÄÍn É Ä
+ = ⋯− (RSTff Ì′′)
Averaged formed Î
Ä ąΠąÎ

Turbulence flux
term to be modeled
59
 Equations for turbulent reacting flow
One more issue: the average reaction rate term

QR QRST 
+ = ⋯ + XY
Q Q1T

ÒÑ
Ä͓ ÄÍnÎÒ
ϓ Ä
+ = ⋯− (RSTff  ′′) + XY
Ñ
Ä ąΠąÎ

Øc
XY ÓÔ , ,  = … YÖ× exp − …
¦b
This term is highly nonlinear, difficult to model.
Some methods:
(1) Assumed we know the PDF , then do the averaging

(2) For turbulent premixed flame, it is often the grid is too coarse to resolve
the flame thickness, this term is then usually model together with the
turbulent flux term to yield a correct turbulent flame speed. 60
…
 Other reacting flow topic
diffusion
• Partially premixed combustion flame

– Some regions are premixed combustion, other premixed

regions are non-premixed combustion. flame

• Quenching and Auto-ignition

– Toward “clean”, low-emission combustion
• Combustion at very lean (<1) condition, low
temperature
– Development of partially premixed
compression ignition (PPCI) engine.
• Diesel + SI + HCCI
• Combustion acoustic interaction
– The Rayleigh criterion , which measures the
correlation between pressure and heat release
(Resonance).
• ….
61
 supersonic combustion

The scramjets 6 ≤ Ú´ ≤ 15 , ramjet 3 < Ú´ < 6 , normal jet engine 0 < Ú´ < 3

Combustion of fuel release in a supersonic flow

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=COCDKWeU2Fw#t=04m52s 62