Bangladesh University of Business & Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING
Faculty of Engineering

April 11, 2021

 Project Report
On

Design of a Simple Parking Counter System

Submitted To

Sabbir Hossain
Lecturer
Department of EEE, BUBT

Submitted By

Name ID Intake/Section
Inshira Akhter Sara 18192208018 26/1
Toriqul Islam (Tonmoy) 18192208022 26/1
MD Tohidur Rahman 18192208013 26/1
MD Mahfojur Rahman 18192208014 26/1
Md. Arifur Rahaman 17181208011 22/1
 Acknowledgement

We want to thank Allah for giving us the ability to complete our

research. We want to express our deepest gratitude and appreciation
to our honorable sir Mr. Sabbir Hossain for his continuous effort
to guide us through our research. We want to thank Bangladesh
University of Business and Technology / Electrical and Electronics
Dept. for giving us the Right environment to complete our study.
Special thanks to our families and our friends for their unconditional
love and support for us.
 ABSTRACT

Due to the proliferation in the number of vehicles on the road, traffic

problems are bound to exist. This is due to the fact that the current
transportation infrastructure and car park facility developed are unable to
cope with the influx of vehicles on the road.
To alleviate the aforementioned problems, the smart parking system
has been developed. With the implementation of the smart parking system,
patrons can easily locate and secure a vacant parking space at any car park
deemed convenient to them.

In constructing the parking system for a student project activity, the

proposed design was done using SolidWorks and the control Algorithms
have been done using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Vehicle ingress and egress are also made more convenient with the
implementation of hassle free payment mechanism. With vehicle detection
sensors aplenty on the market, the choices made may defer due to the
different requirements in addition to the its pros and cons.
Subsequently, the various sensor systems used in developing the
systems in addition to the recent research and commercial system on the
market are examined as vehicle detection plays a crucial role in the smart
parking system.
The proposed system illustrates the counter for the cars enter the
park and give the order to the park gate never to open to any entered car
when the number of cars in the car reach the highest number. In addition,
the same counter made for the exit gate (where is the same the entrance gate
in this project) count in reverse order for the cars exit from the park.
The principle of operation of the park is the piezoelectric sensor
depends on the weight of the car (here small push button) when the car
press the button, the counter adds or subtracts one from the counter number.
 CONTENTS
Abstract.....................................................................................1

Contents.....................................................................................3

Chapter One: Introduction......................................................4

1.1 Smart Parking Systems.........................................................5

1.2 Advantages of smart parking system implementation..........5

1.3 Aim of the Work...................................................................7

Chapter Two: Theory of the Project.......................................8

2.1 Arduino Board......................................................................9

2.2 Seven Segment...................................................................12

2.3 The Servo Motor.................................................................13

2.4 Other Components..............................................................15

2.5 The Chronometers counters................................................16

2.6 Counter-connected counter or Johnson counter.................17

2.7 Other Examples of Metering Meters..................................18

Chapter Three: Proposed System.........................................20

3.1 Electronic Circuit................................................................21

3.2 Implemented Project Work.................................................22

Chapter Four: Conclusions....................................................24

References................................................................................25
 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

In the recent years, a large number of new registered vehicles were reported
compared to the previous years, which makes it a rough estimate of 54.5% increase in a
span of 7 years (Malaysian Ministry of Transportation, 2007).
Referring to the aforesaid statistics provided by the Malaysian Ministry of
Transportation, the current transportation infrastructure and car park facilities are
deemed insufficient in sustaining the influx of vehicles on the road.
Therefore, problems such as traffic congestion and insufficient parking space
inevitably crops up. In Asia, the situation are made worse by the fact that the roads are
significantly narrower compared to the West (Inaba et al., 2001). Various
measures have been taken in the attempt to overcome the traffic problems. Although, the
problem can be addressed via many methods, the paper focuses on the car park
management system introduced, which is the smart parking system.
This study will review the evolution of vehicle detection technologies as well as
the detection systems developed over the years.

1.1 Smart Parking Systems:

The smart parking system implemented mainly in the Europe, United States and
Japan (Shaheen et al., 2005) is developed with the incorporation of advanced
technologies and researches from various academic disciplines. With its deployment in
the car park, it is hoped that it would solve the aforementioned problems faced by the
patrons within the car park.

1.2 Advantages of smart parking system implementation:

The smart parking system is considered beneficial for the car park operators, car
park patrons as well as in environment conservation (Shaheen et al., 2005;
Chinrungrueng et al., 2007). For the car park operators, the information gathered via the
implementation of the Smart Parking System can be exploited to predict future parking
patterns.
 Pricing strategies can also be manipulated according to the information obtained
to increase the company’s profit. In terms of environment conservation, the level of
pollution can be reduced by decreasing vehicle emission (air pollutant) in the air
(Shaheen et al., 2005). This can be attributed to the fact that vehicle travel is reduced. As
fuel consumption is directly related to vehicle miles travelled, it will be reduces as well.
Patrons are also able to benefit from smart parking system as parking space are
able to be fully utilized (Kurogo et al., 1995; Sakai et al., 1995) with a safer (Shaheen et
al., 2005; Chinrungrueng et al., 2007), optimized and more efficient system
implemented (Sakai et al., 1995; Shaheen et al., 2005). The system is made more
efficient as vehicle travel time and search time are significantly reduced due to the
information provided by the smart parking system.
With the information provided, drivers are able to avoid car park that are fully
occupied and locate vacant parking spaces with ease elsewhere. The number of vehicles
parked illegally by the roadside which leads to traffic congestion is also reduced as it is
absorbed into the car parks (Kurogo et al., 1995). Most importantly, traffic congestion
can be reduced. All this would eventually lead to convenience for the patrons.

1.3 Aim of the Work:

The purpose of the project is to reduce the number of workers in the garage and
reduce the prevalence of owners of cars because there is in the 7-meter counter at the
entry of the car has a count down. While, when the exit is counting ascending or
according to what is mentioned or written within the programming of Arduino and
determine the absorption of the garage number of vehicles through the owner.
When the highest value of the meter, the door of the garage is closed
electronically and can not be opened until the exit of one of the cars and this project can
be added by several devices that help the person to gain time and reduce the congestion
caused by protrusion such as the depletion of the GPS.
 CHAPTER TWO THEORY OF THE
PROJECT

The project works through a set of instructions and commands placed by the
programmed engineer within the Arduino through the software.
Arduino was feed through DC 12V source and have several blocks as per use,
including a 5-volt, We put the 7segment device and it has 10 blocks and it is divided into
three sections where 7 blocks of it are accompanied by resistance according to its size.
For our project, we chose 470 ohm and 7 resistors of the resistors connect with the
7 secmnet and the second end is connected by wires to the arduino and each son
represents Line in the 7 Sequent. We will have three parties take two parties to the vcc
and the third party to the ground according to the feed board and the engineer
programmer through the program within the Adrienne places all these orders and
definitions.
As for the machine Almator Servea be simple and work through the
programming within the Ardennes and there are three exits to be the outlet to the ground
and the second to the Vcc in the Ardennes and the third director to one of the girls in the
Ardennes and control through the above program and works Almator angle 90. Any
angle list the corner program is preset in the preset program. The last piece is a sensitive
car weight when entering or leaving the car .
The project needs some components to work properly.
Here, all the components will introduced with details.

2.1 Arduino Board:

Arduino is a project made by the largest technical community of engineers,

developers and hobbyists whose goal is to develop ideas and interactive control projects
around the world, based on different types of electronic panels but programmed in a
language Single programming and free.
 Figure 1: Arduino UNO Board.

Sure, Arduino is not the only electronic controller in the market, but there are
many micro-controllers available in the market such as Parallax, Basic Stamp and the
most powerful competitor, Raspberry Pi, all with powerful capabilities and the ability to
work. Full projects, of course depending on the needs of your project, but what
distinguishes the following Arduino Open source platform Open Source Hardware and
Software.
Arduino is made primarily of ATMEGA8 and ATMEGA168 controllers, and all
its designs are licensed under the Creative Commons license. This is the most important
feature for electronic circuit designers because it makes it easier for them to design
anything they wantThe software is written in C ++, and is available to everyone to
download and programmers can modify it according to their needs.
It is the most widely used and widely used one of the many Arduino's. It is the
first choice for beginners. It is easy to learn. It operates with an ATmega328 controller.
This type has 14 digital ports (I / O), 6 of which can be used as ports to control the "
PWM Outputs ", the most important feature of this type is that the control chip"
ATmega328 "is not fixed in the board, but installed on the holder of the integrated
circuit" IC ". This feature makes it the best option for beginners so that if burned the
slide while working on your project by mistake, you can Restore your work on the board
as soon as you change the slide The ATmega328 controller is similar to the same model.
The first-ever type of Arduino's motherboard is the ATmega32u4 controller,
which has a unique feature that contains a built-in USB connection, eliminating the need
to use a secondary processor. The feature allows the panel as soon as it is connected to
your applications that enable you to control your PC.

Advantages of Arduino:

1-Simplicity

Arduino's paintings are designed to suit the needs of all engineers, designers,
professors, students, and interactive
electronics enthusiasts around the world.

2- The price

The Arduino Plate is less expensive than any competitor of the same type. The
most expensive painting is not more than $ 50.

3- Self-Assembly

Easy to deal with and easy to connect circuits, as we mentioned in our first article
that it was an easy solution to the
problem of microcontrollers and complex connections.

4- Multi-platform

The Arduino program has the ability to work with all the different operating systems of
Windows, Mac and Linux, while most other boards running on Windows only

5- Easy and simple software environment

The "Environment" programming environment is designed to be easy

for beginners and powerful professionals and its programming language "Arduino C" is
easy to learn
2.2 Seven Segment:
The 7-segment display, also written as “seven segment display”, consists of
seven LEDs (hence its name) arranged in a rectangular fashion as shown. Each of the
seven LEDs is called a segment because when illuminated the segment forms part of a
numerical digit (both Decimal and Hex) to be displayed. An additional 8th LED is
sometimes used within the same package thus allowing the indication of a decimal point,
(DP) when two or more 7-segment displays are connected together to display numbers
greater than ten.

Figure 2: Seven-Segment Display.

2.3 The Servo Motor:

The servo engine is a motor that comes with a Gear gearbox and a Shaft
transmission that gives motion greater torque and greater precision. This engine can
rotate 180 degrees and in some types 360 degrees.
The servomotor is internally made up of a "mostly microcontroller" control
circuit. When the engine gives pulses at a certain time constant, the engine rotates to the
angle according to that time constant.
 In each type, the time constant varies from one engine to another according to
the manufacturer and the technical bullet in that comes with the servo engine.

In the Arduino, programming environment there is a library called Servo Library

installed in the program. This library gives us the ability to control most of the 180
degree Cervo drives. At the end of this post, you will have the ability to use the library's
commands through practical examples.

Figure 3: Servo Motor.

2.4 Other Components:

The project uses some other electronic components like:

1- 470 Ω Resistors:
 (a)
2-
Board:

(b)
3-
Connecting wires:

(c)
Figure 4: Other Components.

2.5 The Chronometers counters:

Chronometers counters consist of a row of shutters moving from position to
position in response to the so-called event. This incident can be one hour or more and
the meter is used to count the number of accidents. The number of positions passed by
the meter before returning to the first position is called Modulo. The counter contains a
(n) flop on Modulo equal to a maximum limit, but of course it is not necessary for the
meter to pass through all possible positions. In this case Modulo has less counter than
The ring counter.
This counter is also seen as a displacement log consisting of 4 D - type conductors
connected in a way that allows displacement to the right. The INITIATE is initially
upgraded to a logical one for a short moment to transfer the FFO to the SET position and
the rest of the jumpers to the RESET position. The clock pulse is then applied and the
meter starts to count. Each edge causes a shift of SETT position from one flip to another.
After four successive cycles, the meter returns to the initial position.
Reading the meter recorded in the ring meter is very simple. All we need to do is
determine which flip is in the SET position. For this purpose, the output of each flip (Q)
is connected to a show unit showing the number recorded when the level of (Q) is high
and when the counter begins with the count we will see that the numbers will appear
according to the following sequence: 0_1_2_3_0.
The waves start at the moment of selection where (QO = 1) and (Q2 = Q3 = Q4 =
0). The higher logical level then moves from one output to another, giving a set of serial
pulses that can be used to sequence the execution of a set of processes.

2.6 Counter-connected counter or Johnson counter:

Despite the simplicity of the ring meter, it does not use the pulses economically.
The ring-bearing (n) is flipped to it (MOD-n) while n is a position. The connected end
meter, also known as Johnson Johnson makes better use of thrusters. As is evident from
the figure, this annular counter is similar to one difference: the link between the end of
the meter and its starting point is from 'Q3' instead of 'Q3'.
Assuming that all the shutters have been wiped out (Q0 = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = 0)
when the next open front comes, the zero moves to the shutters (FF3, FF2, FF1). The
FFO will move to the SET position. Because the output (Q3) is connected to the inlet
(FFO). If the meter moves from the position (0000 = Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3) to the position
(1000 = Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3). The sequence of positions that the meter passes, which we note
is equal to eight, twice the number of pulses in the meter. If the connected end meter has
a (MODULO-2n) while the ring counter as we have seen (MODULO-n). To read the
count that the Johnson counter arrived at, there is a need for a number of separate
outputs equal to the number of positions. So that only one out of these exits is at level 1
while the rest are at level (zero). To do this we use the Decoder circuit.
2.7 Other Examples of Metering Meters:
The ring counter and the Johnson meter are the same as the counters, because the
clock is applied to all the pumps simultaneously, but these counters suffer from the
economic non-use of the pumps. Although the Johnson counter is better than the ring
counter in this respect, it needs the circuit to decipher the code while it does not need the
ring counter.
We will now look at other types of counters that take full or near full advantage
of the available positions and start with the counters using () mode. If we set up a table
containing a set of binary numbers arranged in numerical order, we note that the lower
BIT changes with each counting step and that the next BIT is changed with each
counting step where the BIT is equal to one. The BIT () changes when both () and
(BITS) are equal to one. In general, we can say that the top-ranking BIT changes when
all lower-level BITs are equal to one at a time.
These observations lead us to devise the following method to form a counter that
follows the counting sequence correctly: For the lower-order BIT, we use a flip switch to
change its position with each hourly cycle.
For the next BIT, we use a flip switch to change its position when the initial pitch
is in the SET position. In general, the meter will consist of a number of shutters equal to
the number of BITS and each flip will change its position when all the lower-level BIT
is hers are in the SET position. In this way, we obtain the counter shown in Fig. 5a
which uses J-K skips that change from the position when J = K = 1. For example, the
FF3 is replaced by J = K3 = 1 and this condition is achieved when Q0 = Q1 = Q2 = 1 is
required. Figure 5b shows the output currents of this meter.
Note from Figure (5a) that Gate G1 is of no use, but used only to show the shape
consistent. We also note that the number of entrances to AND gates used increases with
the number of shutters and this, of course, leads to the complexity of the circuit.
Therefore, it is usually used for another method of forming the meter. Here, too, it is
possible to make sure that the switch will not change its position until all the
predecessors are in position (SET = Q1 = Q1 = Q2 =1).

CHAPTER THREE PROPOSED

SYSTEM
 The Proposed smart car parking system as the figure 5 explains based on
smgate and number of entrance and exit cars is shown in the sections below.

Figure 5: Smart Implemented Project.

3.1 Electronic Circuit:

The following electronic circuit shown in figure 6 explain the implemented
circuit of the proposed project.
 Figure 6: Electronic Circuit.

3.2 Implemented Project Work:

The project that implemented in this work has three steps to work is shown in the
figure 7 below:
( a)
 (b)

( c)

Figure 7: The project work.

 CHAPTER FOUR CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the various types of smart parking system and has been presented.
From the various examples of the implementation of the smart parking system being
presented, its efficiency in alleviating the traffic problem that arises especially in the city
area where traffic congestion and the insufficient parking spaces are undeniable. It does
so by directing patrons and optimizing the use of parking spaces.
With the study on all the sensor technologies used in detecting vehicles, which are
one of the most crucial parts of the smart parking system, the pros and cons of each
sensor technologies can be analysed. Although, there are certain disadvantages in the
implementation of visual based system in vehicle detection as described earlier, the
advantages far outweighs its disadvantages.

REFERENCES
[1] Barton, J., J. Buckley, B. O’Flynn, S.C. O’Mathuna and J.P. Benson et al., 2007.
The D-systems project-wireless sensor networks for car-park management.
Proceedings of the 65th
Vehicular Technology Conference, April 22-25, 2007,
VTC2007-Spring, pp: 170-173.

[2] Benson, J.P., T. O'Donovan, P. O'Sullivan, U. Roedig and C. Sreenan et al., 2006.
Car park management using wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 31st
Conference on Local Computer Networks, November 14-16, 2006, Tampa, FL.,
USA., pp: 588-595.

[3] Bi, Y.Z., L.M. Sun, H.S. Zhu, T.X. Yan and Z.J. Luo, 2006. A parking
management system based on wireless sensor network. Acta Automatica Sin., 32:
877-968.
[4] Bong, D.B.L., K.C. Ting and K.C. Lai, 2008. Integrated approach in the design of
car-park occupancy information system. IAENG Int. J. Comput. Sci., 35: 1-8.

[5] Bong, D.B.L., K.C. Ting and N. Rajaee, 2006. Car-park occupancy information
system. Third Real-Time Technology and Applications Symposium, RENTAS
2006, Serdang, Selangor, December 2006.

[6] Cheung, S.Y., S. Coleri Ergen and P. Varaiya, 2005. Traffic surveillance with
wireless magnetic sensors. Proceedings of the 12th ITS World Congress,
November 6-10, 2005, San
Francisco, pp: 1-13.

[7] Chinrungrueng, J., U. Sunantachaikul and S. Triamlumlerd, 2006. A vehicular

monitoring system with power-efficient wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of
the 6th International Conference on ITS Telecommunication, June 21-23, 2006,
Chengdu, pp: 951-954.

[8] Chinrungrueng, J., U. Sunantachaikul and S. Triamlumlerd, 2007. Smart parking:

An application of optical wireless sensor network. Proceedings of the International
Symposium on Applications and the Internet Workshops, January 15-19, 2007,
Hiroshima, pp: 66-69.

[9] Ebling, M. and E. De Lara, 2007. New products. IEEE

Pervasive Comput., 6: 11-13.

[10] Farhan, B. and A.T. Murray, 2008. Siting park-and-ride facilities using a multi-
objective spatial optimization model.