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100% found this document useful (5 votes)
6K views44 pagesFrenzel Solution Manual
Uploaded by
Justin Acuña DungogCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 44
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4th Edition Frenzel Solutions
Manual
Full clear download (no error formattin;
hittps://testbanklive.com/down!
4th-edition-frenz
Principles of Electronic Communication Systems 4th Edition Frenzel Test Bank
Full clear download (no error formatting) at :
hitps://testbanklive.com/download/principles-of-electronic-communication-systems-
Ath-edition-frenzel-te: ks
Part B
Answers to Questions,
Problems, Critical
Thinking, and Online
Activities Chapt
Answers to Questions
1. Inthe nineteenth century
2. Transmitter, communications channel or medium,
receiver, noise. See Fig. 1-2 in the text
3. Wire cable, free space (radio and light), fiber-optic
cable, water, the earth, The fist hee are de most
widely used
4. Modulator.
5. Demodulator,
6. The combination ofa transmitter and a receiver in a
single package that may share some circuits.
7. Attenuation, adiion of noise
8. Communications channel
9. Noise
10, Lightning, outer space (sun, tars), suamufactared devices
(wots, ear ignions, Muoresoent Ligh, ete).
11, Baxchand signals.
12, Analog and digital
13, Simplex. Broadcasting, paging, telemetry
14. Fullduples. Telephones: standard, cores, cl
15, HalEduples. Two-way rai, fax machine, computer
rode
16, Analog
17. Digital or binary
18. The analog sgn
19, Information or imellgence signals
20. Modulation
21, Demadulatien or detection
22. One that consists of carter modulated by one or mae
‘aschand signals
23. Mulplexing
24. Demukiplexing
25. Radio of wireless
26. Electtic or magnetic Feld,
27. LS kie:1242 miles, 18 ME: 54.67 ft, 22GHz: 1.36.em
28. Antemas would be oolong to be practical, signals
‘wold not tae fa, all signals wot interne with one
smother
29. 20 Hs to 20H
30. 300-3000 Hr
31. Yes, but only a few, wualy miliary o goverment
(navigation.
32, 585-1705 kit
33. Short waves
3. VHF
35. Twooway nid, TY, cellular telephone, radar; satelite,
36. Microwave
37. Millimeter waves
38. Amicon is one-mil
(120 or 10 m,feis wed to expres light wavelength
39, Infrared, visible, uluaviole,
40. Heated objects or LED and lasers.
41 07 w 100 ym
42 An angszom is 10"! m and ip used wo state Lght
‘wavelength
43, 0.410 08 ge,
444. Free space and fiberoptic cable
45. Facsimile and tlevisi
are converte int bs
th of a mer or micrometer
B.2
46.
4.
48
49.
50.
SL
52
33.
Sa
55
56.
57
38
so,
6.
2.
63,
65
Paging.
“Telemetry
Cordless telephones, cellular telephones, microwave
slay, satellites
‘The reflection of radio waves from a distant abject
Sonat. Passive sonar listens vo underwater sounds,
[Active radar sends out an ultrasonic signal and listens
or its reflection or echo to determine range and bearing
Amateur or bam radio.
‘Modem
Local area networks (LANS).
Wireless
Engincer, technologist, technician,
Design and analysis of circuits, equipment, and systems.
achelor’s degree (B.S IEE).
Associates degree (ASEE. A.AS., ec)
achelor’s degree in technology
Usually no.
Install, operate, mainain, woubleshoot, repair, and
service equipment.
Sales, technical writing, waining,
Manutacturers create products, distributors transfer
provincts to resellers who market the products, scrvice
‘organizations install, repair, and maintain the products,
and end users apply the proscts
CCommunicaions standards ensure compatibility and
teroperabilty of equipment
CComminications standards define modulation and/or
multiplexing methods, requencies of operaticn
protocols, and interface methods, including mechanical
Answers to Problems
3
7.5 MHz, 60 Milz, 3750 Miz, or 3.95 GHz
HE.
Radar and satellites,
Answers to Critical Thinking
3
Vary carrier ampliqde, fequeney, or phase,
"TV remote contral (inated), garage door opener
(cadio— VHF or UHF)
‘Stars (suns) radiate radio waves that can be received by
slrectional ancennas that can record azimuth and
elevation wo plot star positions.
Tndividual students choice
Narrow of restrict the bandwidth of same signals and their
channel bandividh, use more multiplexing, share
frequencies at different times or when signals do noc carry
fur. Use mow wise or cable systems. In digital systems,
‘use data compeession techniques, Use the optical range.
‘982.08 fps, 11.8 vas, 3 >< 10" mis
The speed af light is 186,000 miles per second (nis) or
300,000,000 meters per second (ms). The speed of
sound is only a fraction of that, or about 1129 feet pee
second (Us) of 344 meters per second (avs). You cannot
see light cavel Because its speed isso fast that it appears
instantaneous. Over long distances asin space, i takes
light-years to go trom one place to another. The sun is shout 93 million miles sfom earth. It takes light from the
son 93,000,000 mi186,000 mils = 500 seconds, or
about 8.33 minutes to reach us
Sound speed is easily observed. Lightning ata
distance isan example, You see the lighting first, and
them hear i (the dnunder cap) later.
Remete control of auromotile doar locks and alarms by
‘key chain transmitters, wireless speakers for stereo.
Reverse contol ofa cable TV box by the cable company
wing digital sigmils, using cable TV modems for
Internet access, telemetry of signals foe water ga, or
ectric utility monitoring. Radar speed measurement of
baseball pitches
‘Student ideas and innovations,
Call the FOC wo get advice and direction, Search the
FCC website at wwiw tee gov. Communications
‘constants can be hirel ta help you with this, Order
copies or the relevant US. Government Cade of Federal
Regulations (CFR) Title 47 trom the U.S. Government
Priming Office.
IL. Some examples are telephone, cordless telephone,
cellular telephone, CB radio, TV set with remote
‘contol, radio, FM steco system, garage door opener,
PC with modem w on-line service, cable TV converter
hor, fax machine.
12, The “eup and string” communications system is
theoretically sound although very inefficiem.. LF the
string is piled taut, ut not too taut, it will carry sound
waves ffom one eup to the other. Speaking into one eup
‘causes the bottom of the cup to vibrate like a diapiragm
ina microphone. This transmits the sound to the tring,
"The string vibrates the bottom ofthe receiving cup,
‘which acs ike a speaker cone to transfer the sound to
‘your eat. The key 0 the suevess of tis system Lies in
the efficient coupling of the string to the bottom of the
‘cups and the tension on the string. Tension must be
present inorder to pick up and transmit the sound. Ifthe
Tension is ton great, it will inhibit the vibration of the
‘cup bottoms
Chapter 2
Answers to Questions
1
2
3
1B.
14
Xe decteases as frequency increases.
Xe decreases as feyuency decreases.
‘Skin effect isa phenomenon that causes electrons to
flow near the outer surface of a conductor rahe chan at
the center oF uniformly over the eross section. It eedices,
the area fr elecuon flow, thus increasing resistance,
“The effect is frequency-sensitive, causing a resistance
Increase at higher frequencies. Skin effect causes Q to be
lower atthe higher frequencies.
‘The inductance of the wire increases, creating a
lowevalue RF choke.
“Toro.
In aseries resonant circuit at resonance, impedance is
‘minimum and current is maximum,
Tn parallel resonant cicuit at resonanes, impadance is
maximum and line current is minimum,
“There isan imerse relationship between Q and
bandwidth. High Q means narrow bandwiddh, and low Q
tnanslates to wider bandwidth.
‘Bandpass filer
‘Notch filer
‘Selectivity is the ability of @cieuit to poss signals on a
desired frequency or range of equencies while rejecting
‘ther signals outside the desired range
Fourier theory staes that any nonsinusoidl signal may
be represented or analyzed as the sum of a fundamental
sine wave at the signal frequency plus ad, even, oF od
plus even harmonic sine waves of different phases and
amplitudes.
‘Time domain tefers to cisplaying or expressing a signal
asa varying voltage, current, or power with respect 10
time, Inthe frequency domain, signals are displayed or
‘expressed as a sequence of voltage or power levels of
sine waves at specific frequencies representing the
Fourier components ofthe signal
2400, 4000, 5400, 7200 Hz
15, Soe text Fig. 2-61, Even harmonics; half-wave rectified
sine wave. Odd harmonies: 50 pereent duty cyele square
16, Tho distortion occurs hocanse harmonics may be fkered
‘out, leaving a different waveshape.
Answers to Problems
1. A= 50,000
2. A= 0.607,
3. 30,397.14
ALAS 2310, Veg (Sage 3) =0.2772 V,
Vig (Stage 2) = 39.6 mV, Vou (stage 1)
5. A=S4, Vy =041 V.
6, 50,000 — 94 dB, 0,607 — 4.34 ab,
30,357.14 896 dB, 2310 67.27 ab,
54 L465 dB,
14 a8,
Pog = 189,757 W,
37 dBm,
Bap.
1379.
7p
13. 4220.
14. 239 Mit
IS Q= 24,
16, 4578 Miz,
17. O97 ptt
18 f-=4 MHz. x,
19, BW =24 Mil,
20, 3.18 mv.
O= 111.116.
589.9 ko.
See text Fig. 2-626). fl) = 1O-fsin 2
100.0001 — ¥3 sin 2z 200,000 + 4 sin
2 300,000" M4 sin 2 400, 0000.
24, 43.75 Mil,
25, 41.67 ns
529.9.0 Answers to Critical Thinking
‘The inductance and capacitance are distributed along, 6
wires, cables, other components, and any related
conductors, j
The cancellation of X; and X_ at resonance and the low 8
resistance produces a high current flow which, in turn, 9.
produces high voluge drops when Q is high (10), 10.
Low-pas filter
High-pass filter.
At resonance, a parallel tuned eiteuit appears to be a
high puce resistance. Placing a resistor in parallel with it
reduces the effective impedance of the circuit, aking
loss which translates to a lower Q. Lower Q gives wider
bandwidth,
(@) f, = 4597 Miz: ) @
(o) BW = 597 kite (a) Z.
3.9K Miz,
C=.0015 uF.
(@) 904 ML: (6) 36.17 MHz
Half-wave rectifier. Tt produces only even harmonies
‘output, Therefore, its second harmonic is stg, making
ita good doubler Since no odd harmonics are presen,
tbe high-level harmonies (fourdh and higher) are easy 10
filter out
1
7.78 KO.
Chapter 3
Answers to Questions -
1. Moin ee pes ing he s
Ghosts oltugndcalsacwrercataniter 26
ieeaton some os ofenminae Me
Strato sg mo fc cnc :
2. Motniation is medcssary because the information signal *
tomy tonic vai commie
medium. mo
a
14.
Is
16.
in
18,
9
20,
2
22,
“Modulator. Carrier Modulating, information, oF
imelligence signal.
“The amplitude ofthe carict varies with the intelligence
signal, but frequency and pase ae not affected.
False
Envelope, Ithas the shape of te modulating information
signal,
‘Time domain signals,
Ve sin Ish
The 1
‘Muldiplicaton, 2
Vn= Ve 3
Percentage of modulation, 4
With overmodulation (>100 percent), clipping ofthe sig 3
‘occurs. Tis inexiuces harmonies, which also modulate a
the cater: The ef is to dist he signa, reduce its ;
imeligibiliy, and increase the bandh ofthe AM signal, 8
psibly causing imerference wo adjacent signals.
Sidebsnds
‘Time domain signal 4.
Frequency domain display. Spectrum analyzer. ia
Nonsinusoidal signals contain harmonics, which are
rmuliples of the fundamental modulating signal. These
also create sidebands that widen the bandwidth of the
signal
Cartier, lower sideband, upper sideband frequencies
Amplitude shift keying (ASK) or ON-OFF keying
(00K).
may help explain the operation of seme types of
False. This is not cypieal, but some kinds of modulator
‘circuit can cause this
66.7 percent cattis, 333 percent both sidebands, 16.7 1
percent one sideband,
No. The carrier is a signal frequency. The intelligence is
inthe sidebands. 2
DDouble-sideband suppressed carrier (DSB),
Balanced modular
A single sideband
Less bandwidth and spectrum space, more power:
cflicient, less noise, les fading.
Vestigial idchand AM. A portion of the lower sideband
is filtered out to minimize bandwidth,
3 and Ad. or ASC
‘Tho handwicth of 2 KH voice modulated AM signal is
44K. The bandovidth of an AM signal modulated by a
binary signal of 2 kHz is theoretically infinite. Assuming.
alternating binary Os and Is for a square wave, the
square wave wall produce od harmonies. Ifthe edd
‘harmonies are significant to the 7th, then the bandwidth
‘would be T >¢2 kis = 14 Kitz 3 2= 28 kHz
Answers to Problems
Woon + ¥
ie
BIS percent
100 percent.
375.
0 perce
V,> V.
3896 kHz, 3908 KFlz; BW = 8 KH
BW =15 kilz, 2098.5 kHz 2101.5 kilz,
2097 kHz, 2103 kHz, 2095.5 kHz, 2104.5 kHz,
2004 KHz, 2106 kHz, 2092.5 kHz, 2107.5 Kz
800 W.
321.125 W.
70. percen
25 19 33.3 Waverage.
2,290,850 102,295,800 He.
Answers to Critical Thinking
‘Yes. In many applicaons. the information or baseband
signal may he transmitted directly over wices as is in
the talephone system.
Peak exvelope power Ba 6
12.4232, 12.4979, 1243, 124321, 12.4968, 12.5632,
125679, 12.57, 125721, 125765 MHz; BW = 1536 KHz
‘You would generate an SSB lower sideband signal with
‘one information signal and an SSB upper sideband
signal withthe ether information sigeal, using dhe same
cartier frequency on both. Since the carrier is
suppressed. there will be no imerierence
sw,
‘Thott
ally, the carrier can be a lower frequency than
the modulation signal, but this is ever done, The
Answers to Questions
1
2
10,
1
Multiplication
Square kw
‘One technique used to produce AM isto have the
modulating signal vary the gain or attenuation ofa inear
Gecuit through which the carrier is passed. Another
technique for generating AM ist linearly mix the
‘cartier and modulating signal and apply them toa
nonlinear circuit with a squate-law response
Field-lfect ransster
(Career, medulating signal, upper and lower sidehands
A Sehortky diode
Since AM is a multiplication process, an analog
multiplier isa natural amplitude modulator
Linea.
‘The gain of a dilferential amplifier is proportional w the
‘emitter current, When the modulating signal is used «
vary the emitter current, the gain can be varied in
Proportion. The differential amplifier is then used to
amplify the carrer, dhe amplitude of which is varied by
‘the modulating signa
‘Final RF power amplifier
Use a half-wave rectifier die detect
‘The flor capacity across the load in adiode detector
rust have a Value tht is high enough to filer out the
carrer frequency and low enough so that t does not
distort the recovered lower frequency information
signal
A suiteh or switches, ether diodes or transistors. A
‘lock ossillator inside the receiver operates the switches,
sidebands produced by modulating a L-kHz carrier
‘with a 1O-KEz signal are | KHz + 10 kHz = 11 kH2
(USB) and I kHz — 10 kilz = —9 kU (LSB). A
negative frequency isnot possible. Some types of
modulators might interpret the 10-KHlz modulating
signal asthe carrier and the I-kHz carrier as the
information signal, resulting in an AM spectrum
Similar to that produced with a 10-KHz eazrier and
[kHz modulating signal
14. Upper and lower sidehands are generated. The halanced
modulator etiminates or greatly suppresses the carrier.
15, Lattice modulator.
16. ‘The crystal filter is the most commonly used
17. Obtaining constant 90° phase shift over the full audio
Frequency range
18, An IC balanced modulator produces more suppression
than a latice type
19, Procuct detector.
20, A signal equal wo the original cartier frequency.
Answers to Problems
1. 288W; 14 Ww.
2. 8.9982 ME,
3. 200 WV.
Answers to Critical Thinking
1. A.yachronous detector produces less distortion, has
better signal-to-noise ratio, and is hetler at reducing the
effects of selective fading than a diode detector
Yes, becatse a balanced modulator isa set of diode or
transistor switehes that are operated by the carrier siznal
3. The recovered tone has a frequency of 250 Hz raher than
400 Hz boeaise the inserted carrier differs fromthe
carrier of | MHz by 150 Hi If the carrier is not exaedy
at the original value, the eccverod signal will be
109)(17.58)
80.85 pF (otal shunt C)
C in network = total C— sray C
SOS — 22 = 5845 pr
4. NIN, = 0.2887.
5. Most moder digital transmitters use aform of
modulation such as OFDM, QAM or, spread spectrum
that requires beth amplitude and phase components be
accurately ampliticd
Chapter 9
Answers to Questions
1
"The bandwidth increases
“The simplest receiver is an antenna, a selective citcuit
‘ad a demodulator.
3. The higher Woquengy_ sidebands would be greatly
altenusted, thereby distorting the sign ‘The shape factor of 1.8 represents the best selectivity
5
4. The selectivity of a receiver is usually determinad by the 6, Thned tale temps GRP)
1
8
TF amplifier filers o in adirect conversion roceiver by
Superheterodyne.
the filters following the dovmconverting mixes. eal eel
‘Mixer and local oscillator,
B-10 10.
IL
12.
13.
18
16.
17
18
9
0
2
2.
23,
24,
25.
26.
28,
2,
30,
31
2.
33.
34.
3s
36,
3
38
39,
40,
Automatic gain control (AGC).
‘Local oscillator frequency and input (received) signal
‘frequency
IF amplifier. RF amplifier.
Image
Poot (fon broad) selectivity in the RF amplifier or
receiver input ned ciscuits
[A dual-conversion superhcterodyse has two mixers and
Jocal oscillators and a first and sevond IF. A dual
conversion supetheterodyme has beer image rejection
than a singlo-comversion receiver.
[Ensure proper selectivity in the receiver font end,
Sisfofi* fo fife
Doubly balanced mixer.
Daal-gate MOSFET.
Amplitude modulation
‘An image reject mixer uses 140 mixers and the concepts
‘of the phasing method of SSB to cancel images but
pussing the desired signal.
Good frequency stability
Frequency synthesizer
"To dowa-convert the VCO to a lower frequency within
the range ofthe variable modulus dividers used to
‘change the frequency.
Manutactured or indostrial, extaterrestial (solar,
‘smi, and atmospheric noise.
A direct conversion or zero IF receiver is a
sipotheterdyne where the local oscillator is st to the
signal frequency so tha dhe mixer produces a difference
‘frequency equal to the haseband signal
‘Acsoftware defined radio is one tha converts the incoming
Signal to an IF, The IF ougpot is digitized im an ADC and
‘the resulting signal is digitally processed (filtering,
‘demodulation, etc). High speed ADC and digital signal
processing (DSP) computers make this posible
‘Quadrature mixers in a ZIF receiver are necessary in
‘uder to preserve any frequency oF phase variations in
‘the signal due o modulation, DSP algorithms foe
demodulation and other processes require quadrature
signals for computation
‘Thermal noise, shot nose, (for Hicker noise, ansit
time noise, correlated noise (inermodulation|
modulation)
Lightning
[Automobile ignitions,floorescent lights, motors, relays,
‘ad solenoid.
“Thermal oF Johnsen noise.
Power decibels.
"The noise increases with temperature.
rlereases the noise level
Shot noise, flicker (Uf) mise, trnsitcime noise.
Fake.
Signal, noise, and distortion
‘The input stage, usually an RF amplifier, contributes the
‘most noise in terms of its relationship to the received
signal level. The mixer isthe nosiest circuit inthe
‘An RF amplifier boosts signal evel before itis applied to
the usually noisy mixer but ads noise of is own. Ia
sery'low-noise RF amplifier can bo wed, itis aivantageous
aL
a
43
4,
a7.
aR
49.
50,
SL.
52
3
SA
55
56.
7
38
39.
oo.
61
we
63
Rae
7.
os
0.
7.
‘boost signal level before the mixer. the signal level is.
usually high, the RF amplifier muy not be meded
GASFETS or MESFETs
Diode, double balanced, singly balanced.
Double-tuned coupled circuits, crystal, ceramic, oc SAW
Filters.
AWGN is a standard random noise crested for the
purpose of testing receivers and comparing selectivity
Limiter
Limiting is allowed in FM receivers that have a
demodulator that rust have a fixed amplitude inpur
signal for proper operation
Collector current
100 aB.
Automatic gain contol (AGC).
In forward AGC. increasing the collector current of an
plficr (nmsistor decreases the gai. In reverse
AGC, increasing the collectar current increases the gain
Bychanging the
Saquelch; muting
‘The local oscillator frequency is equal to the received
signal frequency
CTCSS isa squoteh system that i activated only by the
seceipt of a unique tone signal which provides channel
Privacy and security
CW and SSB.
‘An SDR divides the eceived signal into two paths, ene
in-phase (1) and one in quadrature (90 degrees) so that
te signal may be demodulated by DSP.
CGrystal, ceramic, and SAW filters.
Ina single chip uansceiver the Gequency of operation
is usually changed by sending a unique binary code to
the frequency syathesizer which operated both the
lransmiter and receiver. The unique code is usually
rived ftom an intemal embeded controller according
tosom: frequency scheme associated with the wireless
service involved
Power supply.
Power supply, local oscillators or frequency synthesizer,
IF or sideband filter
Mixer.
“Transmitter carrier, fest local oscillator, second local
‘oseillator,
[AZ receiver cannot in abasic form demadulate FM or
PM. FM and PM can be used ifthe receiver is
implemented with two mixers using quadrature (90
phase shift) local oscillator signals. The two mixer
‘outputs together contain the frequeney and phase
information used to recover FM or PM
Mixing, filtering, demodulation, equalization,
‘The 10.7-Mllz ceramic filter FIL 1
[As the voltage becomes more positive, the capacitance of
the varactor Dy decreases. Varactor D, isi series with
capacitor Cy. This combination resonates with Ly. AS
the capacitance of decreases, the total capacitance
decreases and the resonant frequency increases
MC 1330 IF IC,
Signal-derived
No,
No.
I increases, BAll n.
B
ma.
Pin 5 of Ub,
107 MHz. Input to the ceramie filter FIL
uz,
Answers to Problems
okie
35838 ki,
18.06 and 17.94 ME,
00,
2a,
45 Miz
46 Miz
First IF —9 MHz; second IF =400 kHz,
27, 162, 189, 351 MH
27 MHL isthe most likely IF.
390 Milz
R875 MH, 12.5 kHz
3.44, 537 UB.
1a pv.
Microwave frequencies
22K.
= 126 dBim means the best selectivity.
=151 dBm,
Answers to Critical Thinking
Lower temperature produces less thermal noise
First local osillater = $15.6 MH, second local
‘oscillator = 45.5 MHz, transmitter carrier oslo
39216667 MHz,
Connect a counter to pin 6 oF T ofthe NEAO2 mixer,
‘which isthe local oseilltor output. Subtract 10.7 MHz
from the counter reading to get the received frequency.
The PC video monitor display of an SDR consists of a
frequency spectrum plot a waterfall display, and
numerical froquency display plus any controls
(volume, te),
107.7 a.
“The IF is usually the difference between the local
‘oseillator ffequency and the received signal. In his ease
itis zero, However, the signal has sidehands at 10.8
MEH #70 Hz, which will beat with the local escillator
to produce a 700-Hz output from the diode detecter.
This is called a direcr conversion receiver The TF is the
‘original modulating signal. Ifthe signal is voice, tbe IF
amplifier is a selective audio amplifier.
300 MHz minimum,
Chapter 10
Answers to Questions 20. Low-pass filter.
1. No:itis the process of wansnining muliple signals over 31+ MOSFET:
Nes kee lil i ‘A tinar cod epeseing the eed cane i
tee eee contained in a counter or register which is decoded. The
decade cutpit enables the specific MOSFET.
3. Demtiplexer
23. APAM signal is wansmied by having the pulses
4A Signals fo be muliplexad are wed 10 modulate
See aie Scere eon amplitude modulate a carice which is then amplified by
: ‘near power amplifier Altemaely. the PAM may be
together and transited ina common channel Iperel pte Eon
ry converted to PCM for trnsmission by some frequcicy
5. Linear mixer or analog samme. greta intention, scheme
6 Linear mine. 24. Phase locked loop
nn 25, Byconvrting the analog sina to pital wih a» AD
8. Misile and aieraft esting, space exploration, industrial conve
nnontering and cont ee
9. Spatial multiplexing allows multiple signals ta use the oo ae
sme frequency but prevents interference bewween them 28 8 ils.
Teraclag iy por eal dee geal saicamae 29. Better noise immunity and more easily reconstructed
een binary signals disortad by th trnsmission proces
- 30. 193.
11. L-+8, or monaural signal LR; 19 il pilot carrier;
Eke SIL Baschand techniques are sod to transit TI signa
chat de gta data is placed on the medium (ised
om pair cable, cou, fberopiic cable, or aud ink}, as
14. bondpass filter conerad on the sabcarricr fraquency 5 re ee
15. The signals are sampled sequentially, and the samples Stat caplet ey tome oer
ever giee ae kia oe tae pany transmits and the other listns. Falluplex means
16. aes aabuee teats anh that bot pares may transmit and receive at he same
17. Clock recovery circuits, time
3 Syn spe ei oc noe si 48. Fomeney dvson dling dea gmt of |
SE ee aa spectrum ino chanel some of which are sasigned for
paste etre transmission atone en and wesption at he oor end and
oe ise vena. Time division duplexing defines diferent time
slots in transmissions that ar for transmission or reception. 34. PDD requires much more spectrum where as TDD can
Answers to Critical Thinking
teeny using chanel TDD fs more complex Lani
Tecaue of nig md sjoceolzaton eqekements 3 394 AAR
of the method. 3. “Yes: Separate binary data sources ay medole
aibcarias on dren Gene, Thebans ao
Answers to Problems itn, wal the reaulling compost Hampaiiied iy on
1 FM sina
2 ine
3. Bite 1S Miz 24 chamels (1,
Bitrate 44736 Miz, 672 chal (7)
Chapter 11
“Answers to Questions 27. Motes ae ace to comer iia signals analog
Signs and vice veto to make her compatible with he
1. The telegraph, i
4b Te ler sd eg nee ee
3. Vou canmot disiingalsh tefwcen appoaiad and snsed within commute Mit wns cammamiene, 8
eee ee tater comer Ort lng at ung he
4 ae " BM ve telephone system.
28 Sahn
29. DMT OFDM)
es 40. Ls Mine (nax)
aes 58 ks cau,
Oe 31. Asramblr ensures at long sings of bia Os
8. Toring «bel transmit the BEL code 0100111 are broken up imo replacement ces with ew
9. Serial and pale Seca De
ears 12. DOCSIS Is Da Over Cable Serve Inestace
1, Baud rate. A symbol is any change im the transmitted Specification, the cable TV industry standin fr.
signal during a bit interval such as amplitude, frequency. aurea of TY ene te
ee ie 33 Mie
12. Each symbol can represent two or more bit 34. Upland QOER, 10s; drambaas AM,
combinations #0 sien
13, his per and 35, anid ec,
14 Synchronous transmission is faster Because start and ane oe
ftp Bis am no wed on each uname bye he Scaler every he, uly apse shad
sl abr bs eel ane a ag
15. The megs wosle ae ait ily insist 38. XNOR gi ann dy ipo
apieclti tal of wns n'a iA prctcle aa Bo
precedes the Block anda posuamble enor coe ends he 44 TW
16. Space (0) and mark (1). +
17. NRZ. ays
18. Two ar more successive binary 0 oF Is paren
46. Avo to furl comer ot DYA commen,
19, Bipolar Rand Manchese
20. Nr merge DC bldup am ihe tasmison tine ea
21. Manchester, bphae AE VSD. uluton inafmaf QAM, ws
22. High speeds are obtained by using a small modulation belts eoiesrmendil ction’ a forem ELAR; meet ah ce
index and prefiltering the binary signal Tates of 9600 bps or above, that incorporates a coding
Y teens tht males enor deen an coneaon fat
i a VES ete eo tener I sed feces datas er the
24. Tne telephone sem he it eror ras much higher han at
Oo cmems ‘ee un 300 bp
26. UART, scrambler, modulator, equalizr, line interface, See Qa e His pertend
alptive receive equalizer, demodulator, descrambler. ae
52 The hight eel mdastion in DOCSIS 3.1
microcontroller.
4096 QAM, 53,
34,
55,
56
31.
58
59,
oo
61
62.
63,
64,
65,
66.
7
68.
69,
m.
1
81
82
8,
84
85
86,
ST
88,
39,
90,
91
92,
93,
94
‘The process of modifying an intelligence signal in such
‘a way that its spectrum is spread aver a wide frequency
‘ange rather tan being confined 10 a narrow single
‘channel bandwidth,
‘Frequency-hopping and direct-sequence SS,
A frequency synthesizer
‘A pseudorandom sequence generator,
False
Random background noise
‘The idendlying characteristic of a spreal spectrum
signal is the unigue pseudorandom code being used.
Dwell time.
A shit register with NOR feedback oF a specially
Programmed microcomputer.
‘The PSN signal is a unigue binary eode sequence used
fox each station operating over a shared spectrum, It
allows one station to be distinguished from another.
XOR.
The
BPSK.
Synchronizing the receiver to the desired signal,
Correlation,
Data security and resistance to jamming or imerference
‘rom other signals,
Yes.
Cellular telephone, satellite, and rad.
Voice signals are converted serial digital daca before
they are sent co the SS equipment
(Cove division multiple access (CDMA)
Redundancy, special codes, encoding methods, parity,
Hock-check character, cyclical redundancy check
Repeat the waasinission und itis correctly received.
Reed Solomon,
Noise andfor weak signal
Bit eter rate (BER).
RZ-AML
Party bit.
Block-check code, or BCC. The corresponding bits in
‘each word are added without carry to form the black
‘check character,
Vertical redundancy check
XOR gate
Longitudinal redundancy check.
A block of data is reated as if it wore one very large
binary number lis divided by a smaller binary number
called the genemting function, The reslting quotient is
‘bandonel, and the remainder is retained, The remainder
is the CRC.
A shift register with feedback through XOR gates,
Tn.
ACRE is gencrated atthe receiver using the received
‘data block. 11 is then compared to the received CRC. If
the two mate, the data is correct.
Reed Solomon,
‘The sum is zero (0000), indicating no errors ina bit
position,
‘Trellis, Viti, abo (reeusive) codes
Protocol
Handshaking
‘XON and XOFF,
Xmociem
9s
m7.
98,
100.
tol.
102,
103,
“The las field in a protocol frame is usually a lock
check sequence or CRC for error detection
Block,
“They hegin with a series of synchronizing bits oF words
in onder wo set up the veceiver’s clock recovery dicuits
rir to receiving the data,
Bisyne, SDLC, HDLC.
ACRE wort
Interoperability refers tothe ability of one type of
equipment 10 operate compatibly and communicate with
the equipment of another manufacturer
Use protocols based on the OST layers
Applications, presentation, session, transport, network,
lata link, physica
Physical, data link, network, and applications.
Answers to Problems
|. Hamming code bits
ERCDIC.
14.285.71 bps = 14.3 kbps
69.48 us,
2,500,000.
‘60 kbps.
179.89 kbps,
278.95 Mops.
175 Hz
B10
A0:b. Le. 0:4.0.
0010; complete cock
ot1001 101010,
Lis,
Answers to Critical Thinking
‘A temperature Sensor sis a8 a thermistor or resistive
Temperature device (RTD) monitors the temperature
‘The resulting analog signal developd by this sensor is
amplified and sent 10 an A/D converter This signal is
serialized and packaged into a protocol packet by a
micropracesso. tis then sent to modulate a low-power
sadio trnsmicer with antenna,
“The receiving antenna picks up the sign:
recovers the original digital signal, which is then put
back into paral! form and sent 1 an interface on the
‘computer. A program in the computer reads the data
from the interface and stores it in memory. The program
takes the data word and processes it so that it is
«lisplayed asthe correct temperature on the video sereen
of the computer.
Celular telephone. Many phones could share a common,
‘band simultaneously. The conversations would be secure
and private
Remote contmls for TY sets, garage doors, and car
doors, ralio-controlled airplanes or ears—all via AC
pawer lines
ADSL and OFDM have 10 use DSL because it
climinates an enormous number of complex circuits,
Spread spectrum and OFDM are spectrally efficient
because the disperse the very high data rate signals over
abroad spcetrum that is typically less spectrum than
‘other methods use for the same data rate
and Chapter 12
Answers to Questions
1. To permit individual PCS to con
pesipherals, and exchange soltware
micate, share
2. The MAN is smaller.
3. Acable TV network or a large company,
44 About 100 users per LAN.
5. Node
6. Sta, ring, bus.
7. Ring and bus
8. Server
9. ‘The telephone system is a WAN. The fiber optic
‘backbones af the Lmernet are WANS,
10. Fiber optic cable
1. E-mail
12. ASAN isa storage area network, a system made up of a
redundant array of independent disks (RAID) or just a
bunch of disks GBOD) forming a storage fii for
‘company or organization that cam be accessed by servers
‘and users via a high speed network
13, Wieeless is the normal medium used in & PAN.
14. The main advantage of a mesh network isis reliability
because of one node in the network is disabled or out of
‘ange an alternate path can be formed or taken to ensure
‘communications.
15. Coaxial cable is selfshielding and thus less subject 10
noise pickup.
16. Unshielded cwisted pair (UTP) and shielded twisted pair
(STP),
17. AWG 22, 24,26
18, RIS,
19. Network interface card,
20. A tameviver oF repeater.
21. Bridge
22. An Bihernet switch connects or disconnects individual
PCs orsegments of a LAN together as needed. Ifa PC
‘x segment oF LAN is ot aldresed, iti disconnected,
"This reduces the load on the bus and collisions, thereby
greatly improving transmission speed.
23, Ahub isa cenvalized connection poi for ausching
individual PCs to the nctwork bus,
24, PoE means power over Esher, This isa variation of
the Ethernet standard that permits DC power to be
dlstributed aver the twisted pair cable that carries the
high speed data. Ic makes remote access points for
wwieless LANS to be connected to a LAN without access
10 AC power in remote locations.
25. 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbbps, 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps,
100 Gps.
26, Bus. Sar in the newer syst
27. Manchester, It is used because clock recovery is easy
28. Twisted pair and fiberoptic cable.
29. Cutter sense multiple access with collision detection
(CSMAICD)
30. Ethernet nedes complete (contend) forthe bus. Ione
rode transmits, no others can transmit until the first
‘ransmmission is complete. IFtwo stations try to ansmit
‘a the same time, acollsion occurs and both stations
stop sending. They wait a random time and start
31
x2.
33
M4
35,
36,
37,
38
39,
40.
aL
43
44
45,
46
4.
transmitting again. The one waiting the shorter time
scapes the bus firs.
1500 bytes,
100 Miz,
Layers 1 and 2
1 Gigabit Ethernet over copper cable is achieved by
encoding the data bits into 2-bits per baud and
transmitting over four parallel twisted pairs in a CATS
cable at 280 Mops each fora total of 1 Gbps
Maximum range fbr optic cable 1 Gbps: 10km
1 Gps: 40 km distance depends on the wavelength of
the Laser Gunsmivers, shorter wavelengths (850 and
1510 nm) for the shorter distances and longer
‘wavelength (1550 nm) for the longer distances,
Backbones connecting large LANs or small mevo area
networks,
RB/JOB. Makes clock recovery easier and permits
implementation of erzor detection and correction,
Passive optical networks (PON).
le mode fiber (SME) and mull-mmode fiber (MMP)
Unshielded wistad pair (UTP),
‘The MAC adeess is a 48-bit address assigned to
themet interfaces to be used in Layer 2 of the OSI
model communications protocol
A ack plane isa printed circuit board that inter
connectors into which ether boards ace plugged. A
router is an example
Four parallel lanes of 10 Gbps paths are combined to
produce 40 Gops, Ten 10 Ghps lanes are combined 10
Pracace a 10K Gps path
‘Tho line rate ofa high speed path is differen from the
actual raw data rte because of the exira overhead bits of
forward erro correction codes added for reliability
Tae.
Cartier Ethemet softwar.
‘A data center isa facility with multiple servers,
switches, and routers that form networks and facilitate
network communications
Answers to Problems
100 Mops; # = 1/100 > 10 = 0.01 x 10% = 0.01
us= 10s
10GH.
125 Gps
Answers to Critical Thinking
Factory automstion, in which multiple computers
contolling robots, machine tals, computer vision
systems, and other equipment are usually networked
[Number of nodes on the network, the amount of waffic
‘orativity om the LAN, and the access method used.
‘The MB/IOB encosing converts each byte to 10-nit
words. Itakes longer to transmit de two extra bits and
that slows the over transmission,
‘Yes, single fiber can support 40 Gbps or 10) Gbps
‘over shorter distnees using NRZ or over longer
distances using multiplexing ce modulation methods.
BAS Chapter 13
Answers to Questions
1
1
2
‘Coaxial exble and open wite line. Coaxial cable is more
widely used
Unbalanced
‘Dwi lead,
Wavelength
L259, 50-239,
BNC.
‘N-type connector.
Feonncctor
EC low-pass
‘The amount of disused inductance and capacitance
per foot, Z)= D(LIC)
Surge impedance.
Velocity factor isthe ratio of the speed ofa signal in a
twansmission line (0 the speed of Tight (radio waves) in
fice space, Since the speed of a signal in a transmission
line is less than tha in free space, the electrical
wavelength of tunsmission line i less than a
‘wavelength or fraction thereof in free space
Figure 7
B-16
13
u
15
“The cutoff frequency decreases with length.
Constant value of yoluge and eursent.
All he power transmitted down the line from the
{generator isnot absorbed by the oad: therefore, some of
the unabsorbed power is reflected back up the line
towaed the generator.
‘The tansmited power atthe antenna is less than that
applied tothe transmission Line by the transmitter
‘necause of cable attenuation as well asthe lass af power
due to reflection of power.
(Open and shorted at the end,
Reflection coefficient (1),
Resonant line.
Length does not affect SWR.
Use an open quarter-wave or shorted half-wave line
“They act as an inductive or capacitive reactance.
One wavelength, Figure 8
Answers to Problems
0857 m
1687 Mla or 1.687 Gils
519,
W530.
VF = 0.6324
<= 2.04.
4.02 t
99.43 1s,
1.325 ws.
oi.
875 dB,
135 dB,
235 W.
sw
(Open or shorted. SWR = 2,0 = 1
SWR = 1.53.
Open or sorted
‘ons Mut.
2515 A.
3847 0.
152 in
See Fig. 7,
Sce Fig. 8.2 = L387 j.73. SWR = 2.1
27425,
[A single poiat at the center of the chart
Answers to Critical Thinking
‘An open quarter wave or shorted hall-wavelength line
tes like a series tuned or resonant LC circuit. A short
‘quarter-wave or open half-wave Line acts ike a parallel
resonant LC circuit
Upper UHF and microwave.
Microstrip #8 a copper line on the insulating surtace of a
Giectri backed up by a ground plane on the other side
ofthe insulating surtace. Stupline 1s copper conductor
Inside an insulating dielectric sandwiched between two
B-I7 ground planes on opposite sides of the diclects
‘Stripling is preferred because it does not radiate, but i is
harder to make
ZH 26-4 )11 = 1304/55; SWR = 3,
Refer co ext Fig. 13-14. Two hundred feet of RG-S8AUU
comtial cable has a —3-4B cutoff froquency of
approximately § MHz. Therefore a 10-MHz square
vvave, which is made up of a 10MHz fundamental sine
‘wave and all odd harmonics, willbe ateruated) and
stored. The third, fh, seventh, and higher harn
vvill be greatly atlenuated. The output of the coaxial
cable will be a nearly sinnsoidal signal at 10 MHz. Some
‘of the harmonic energy will sill be present but in lower
levels, so thar tho ouipnt wave will bear some
resemblance wo asquare wave but will be highly filtered
“until i almost a sine wave
66. A shorted half wavelength of transmission line acts lke
a series resonant ceuit, Connecting this transmission
Tine across the receiver front end will eanse ito shart
‘out the imveriering frequency of 102.3 MHz. One half
‘wave at 102.3 MHz is 492/102.3 = 48 ft x velocity
Factor of 0.66 = 3.17 ft
Chapter 14
Answers to Questions
1
2
10.
2
4
15.
18,
19.
A radio wave isthe combination of electric and
magnetic fields varying at the signal frequency.
‘Maxwell's equations state the relationship and
interaction of the electric and magnetic fields that are
radiated from an antenna. These equations state that an
electric field varying overtime sets up a magnetic field
‘which, in ror, ses up an electric field, both of which
‘ae propagated in space without energy los.
‘The electric and magnetic fields setup by the antenna
‘ae at right angles to one another, an hath are at a right
‘angle to the direction of propagato
“The orientation of the electric field determines the
polurization—ventical, horizontal, or circu
Vertical
Antenna reciprocity means that an antenna will receive
as well as transmit atthe operating frequency.
Hert2 or dipole, One-half wavelength,
A transmission Line connecs the antenna tothe receiver
‘or trinsmitter, The most common transmission Line 1
‘counial cable
(One-half wavelength
no
eight ofthe antenna above ground and length
A resonance, resistive (73); above resonance,
Inductive; below resonance, capacitive.
Antenna bandwidth isa function of antenna conductor
size; the larger the conductor the lower the Q and the
wider the bandwidth
See Fig. 4-15 in the text. Donut-shaped,
Ditectvity refers co how an antenna “shapes”
ectromagnetic waves $0 that they are emitted (or
received) in a specific direction in rolaion to the antenna
‘conductors,
Signal stength in relative power or decibels over a given
‘wimuth
Antenna gain isthe apparent signal strength incrcase
‘over an isotopic antenna or dipole caused by the
sdectivity of the antemna that comes from concentratn
for focusing the signal into narrow beams
‘An isouopic radiator isan imaginary point source of
ectromagnetic enemy that radiates equally in all
slrectons,
1.64 power gain or 2.15 dB.
92a
20, Antenna gain is expressed as a power rato or in decibels
referenced 10 an isouopic source or a dipole
Eective mdiated power. This is the apparent power
radiated by a dizectional antenna whieh is a product of
the power applied tothe antenna and the antenna gain.
A folded dipole isa continuons-loop conductor formed
ino a half wavelength center-fed dipole. It has a 300-0
characteristic impedance that makes ita good match to
300-0 iwin-Lead eable and broader bandwidth,
23. Marconi and ground plane
24. Acrcle.
25, Omnidirectional
26. Radha
27. A counterpoise array of conductors.
28. SUL coaxial cable
29, Bidirectional
30, Am antenna that transmits essentially im one direction or
‘over a narrow range of azimuth,
31, A directional antenna amplifies because
radiated energy into a narrow beam or Beams.
32, A directional antenna with gain usually consists of at
least two separate conductors that together help direct oF
focus the radiation. Antennas longer than one-half
wavelength also exhibit gain and directivity.
33. Driven and parasitic
34, Driven element, reflector, and director.
435. Reflector and director.
36. Theoretically there is mo upper limit, but the number is,
usually limited by the size ofthe antenna af the operating
frequency and any esulting physical restrictions. ‘The
sired beamwidth, gain, and froncso-back ratio are also
Factors
37, 2010 40"
38, Number or directors and their spacing.
539, The front-to-hack ratio isthe rato of the power of the
signal sent forvaed in the mai ditestivity patern of the
antenna to the power delivered to the opposite (180°)
‘end of the antenna,
40. Tae.
AL. Horizont
2 Broadside, collinear, end fie
43. The resulting radiation pattern will semble a very
narmow and tall “figure 8° design,
HA Yes
focuses the 49,
50
31
2
53
sa
55
56,
3
58.
9
oo
61
2.
63,
64
65
66,
61.
68.
0,
mo
1
B.
14,
‘Log periodic
‘Very wide bandwidth
0a
“To achieve low SWR and maximum power transfer to
the antenna
‘Toroid balun,
Q section,
4:1 of Lt
[An antemna tuner consists of ane oF more variable
‘apaeitors and inductors that may be connected in a
variety of configurations to mate transmitter to the
Toad, reduce SWR, and increase transmitted power
‘Tune for low SWR and maximum output pover.
Ratio signals are reflected by any conductive surface
‘The beer the conductor the greater the amount of
reflection and the leser the amount of signal absorbed.
by the reflecting surface
‘Theoretically no, bu inthe real word verically polwsized
‘yas wll induce a small signal into horizontal antenna
Circular polarization isthe orietation of a radio wave
so that its electric and magnetic fields continuously
rotate in a citcle, Clockwise rotation is called right-hand
Gevular polarization (RCP), and counterclockwise
rotation is called left-hand ciular polarization (LHCP)
Yes, but eception will not be optimum.
Refraction is the bending of radio waves caused by the
‘waves passing from the aemsphero into differently
charged layers of the ionosphere
Diffraction isthe hending of light oF rao waves around
the edges of objects blocking the waves. Diffuetion is
beneficial in that it permits communications when
‘bstactes might prevent propagation,
Ground, sky, and space waves
Ground wave or surfice wave, The waves must be
vertically polarized.
SO Kitz 19 3 MHz
Sky wave,
310 30 Miz.
‘The ionosphere isan area 30 10 250 mi above the earth
sich has been highly ionized by the sun, making it
{oem of conducting medium that affects radio. waves.
The F layers.
False, It reflects or bends them in such a way that
Took as if the waves have heen reflected.
‘Muliple-skip transmission; the wave refracted back to
‘earth is reflected by the earth back tothe ionosphere and.
again refracted back to earth for another election, and
‘The angle of entry into the ionosphere and the frequency
of the wave,
A space or direct wave.
‘VEE, UHR, and microwave, or approximately 30 MHz
and above
Increase the height of the ransmiting. andfor receiving
Use a repeater ofa chain of retransmiting repeaters
Atepeater is usually located at a high poiat w permit
‘maximum receiving and transiting distances. 1 consists
‘of a receiver that picks up signals on one frequency,
demodulates them, and remodulates a high-power
‘ansmitter on another frequency for retransmission.
75. Multipath signal reflections,
76. Rayleigh fading
7. A requires muliple sets of transceivers and multiple
frequencies
78. Spatial diversity wes two oF more anennas spaced as far
pact as practical sa that each receives slightly
lfferent version ofthe signal. The best signal is selected
for the signals are combined.
79, Wideband signals,
Answers to Problems
1. 0.1 wavelength, 200; 03 wavelength, 90 0
(see text Fig. 14-12)
468/16 = 29.25 f
468/27 = 17.333 Mil; bandwideh
Lod Mr,
Horizontal.
Si or 75-1 coaxial eable
1256 W.
1922 8,
01.2 R= 624 in
Les
10. One-half wavelength = 1.734 ft
U1, 24in
12 Ad
13. 235 mi
L. 179.4 4B,
Is) B45 dB.
16, 9.09 1,
Answers to Critical Thinking
‘The antenna made with tubing bis a wider bandwidth
Antenna length = 400 tan 30° = 231
f=204231 = 1.01 Mi
3. The center consdctor attaches atthe hase of the vertical
antenna element; the shield braid is connected 10 a good
arth ground, radials, oF a counterpoise array of
‘conductors,
4. The quarter-vave vertical and dipole perform in exactly
‘the same vay. Polarization is diferent, but gain isthe
5. ‘The impedance is $65 ©. The angle oF “droop” of the
radials affects the impedance, a does the heigh« of the
antenna above ground
66. Add an inductive Joading col atthe base of inthe center
‘of the vertical radiator.
7. Add a capacitor in series with the antenna, oF add a
capacitive wp hat,
8. 20" atthe -3dB down points. Front-o-back ratio
0 dB ~ 24 dB = 24 dB: x=? log (20348) = 2.013;
ain = 10r = 20.13 UB.
9. 0.687 mW, 1784 pV.
10, 188.2 mi,
625 wavelength =
ier cannot be accessed or changed in
any way, some improvements can be made atthe
receiver: Add a low-noise RF amplifier to de receiver
front end, ald a directional gain antenna pointed atthe
‘transmitter, increase antenna height, and/or add bandpass
Filering that might improve the signal-to-noise rato. Chapter 15
Answers to Questions
aL
1.
13
14
Is
16.
1.
18
19
20,
1
22.
23,
24,
25,
26,
21.
28,
2,
30,
ML
33,
34
35,
36
31.
38
39,
a0.
B-20
rail, fle transfer, accessing websites, searches
ecommerce, IPTV, and Vo.
“The demain is an Intemet service provider (ine) an the
bostis qu
"The @ symbol designates an email address
Dial up modem via the phone line, a DSL, modem via
the plone line oF a cable modem via a cable TV system.
Internet service provider (ISP),
A browser
‘Opsical wanspost network (OTN).
SB octets,
ATM switches.
“The main advantages of OTN are higher maximum data
ae, asynchronous operation compatible with Ethernet
and TCPAP, encapsulation formal to carry any other
notwork technology:
Ring topology,
0C-768, 40 Ghps (39.81
Router
slo.
Tae.
‘The fastest OTN rate is 112 Gops ine race and 100 Gbps
deta rate
‘Maximum OTN puyload is 15.232 octes.
"The OTN FEC is Reed-Solomon (255, 259).
TP destination acess,
‘The router stores information about connected routers
‘and networks in routing tables.
Line cards
Sitch matrix
‘The nes data rate is lower than the line rate because of
the added FEC overhiid,
‘SERDES.
Internet backbone.
Fiber optic sysgems like ATM and Sonet using TCPAP.
In packet switching systems, each packet is handled by a
router and can be transmitted over one of usually several
Paths depending upon the trafic being handled. Packets
‘ae transmitted from router 10 router ati the destination
is reached
Router.
‘Transmission contrl protocol (TCP),
Inernet protocol (IP)
‘ree.
‘TEP is mot use daring packet transmission that is
Indled by the Internet prococal
25 and 10 Gbps
Docted decimal.
Scclasses, A through E.
‘Workstations (PCS), outers, and switches
‘Chass C, network ID is 133.46, host ID is 182.9,
Ausk is asequence of bits used by a router to
‘determine if a packet is destined to that rower.
Logical AND.
A subnet is a smaller segment of larger network
‘defined 0 more efficiently eoute packets in very large
networks.
4
a
43
M4,
45,
46.
4.
48
49.
530.
SL
32.
38
Sa
55,
56
sr
sa.
70.
n
n
Redundant array of independent disks (RAID) and just a
‘munch of cisks BOD).
Direct atached storage (DAS)
Small computer systems interlace (SCSI), skuzzy:
[Network attached storage (NAS) and storage area
networks (SAN). NAS disk drives are connected to the
‘computers via Ethernet and ace given an TP address
SAN is a complete separate network that connects 19
servers and PCs via interface cards
Fibre Channel (FC).
Fiber optical cable
12,4, and 10 Gps.
Host bus adapter (HBA).
Switch fabeic
Tntemet SCSI (SCSN.
iSCSI is low in cont because it uses standard inexpensive
and readily avaiable Ethernet incerface cards, iSCSI is
more vulnerable to hacking, virus, and other security
problems.
Ethemet and wwisted pair cable
Viruses, spam, spyware, and denial-ot-service (DeS)
attacks,
‘Worms replicate themselves
False.
Spyware monitors a users application of the Internet
then sends relevant ads and other information,
Special security software is avilable to minimize
Viuses. spam, spyware. and DoS attacks
‘Soctet key encryption (SKE) and public key encryption
(PKE
Input is plaintext and output is ciphertext.
Alay isa long unigue binary bit pate used in
encryption and decryption
‘With SKE, sharing or disibucing the key is difficult and
prone to detection
KEE uses two keys one public and the other private. The
public key is realy shared and dstibuted and is
usually sent by the receiving party tothe transmitting
Pariy. The private Key is kept secret. Both ate used in
encryption and decryption,
SKE: DES, 3DES, AES and RC
PKE: Diffie Hellman and ellipie curve eryposystem
(ECC).
{Use of very Tong keys
Hash functions detec if message has been chany
any way during transmission. MD-S, SHA-USHA2
7A digital signature isa foom of authentication that
proves who you say you are.
Socure socket layer (SSL).
A firewall isa piece of soltware used on a network to
sercen all incoming data to ensure it conforms to what
the nerwork is allowed to admit
A virtual private network (VPN) is a software technique
‘that is used to create a private secure conection
between computers or networks over an unsecured link
such as the Internet.
see and SSL
‘Tre Answers to Problems
1
2
4
5.
11011110.1001 1011-00001000,00010001, DESBR!
ew in all cases.
BD hex digits, 16 octets, 128 bit
Chapter
Answers to Questions
1
IL
2
B.
14
15.
GHz to 300
Geoater spectrum space for more services, signals, oF
stations, and wider bandwvidth for video, data, or other
information signals requiring alarger spectrum. Main
disadvantages are shorter ranges and more complex and
costly components.
‘Standard components do not work well, if at all
Standard semiconductors do net work; itis difficult,
to implement resonant citcuits and fi
standard paris: conventional analysis and design
practices do not apply; different and more difficult
‘and expensive measurement techniques and
‘equipment are needed; line-of-sight transmission
distances limit transmission range; and signals are
more easily reflected and absorbed by objects and
atmospheric phenomena
‘The L hand, 1-2. GHz
Millimeterwave bands
Multiplexing. single-sidehand operation, improved
receiver selectivity, we of special modulation techniques
with digital data such as PSK and QAM, and digital data
‘compresion techniques.
“The primary architccture is in-phase (1) and quadrature
(Q modulation and demodulation,
Generate abase cartier with acrystal oscillator or a
fiequency synthesizer and then use a chain of frequency
rmulkipliers to boost it into the desied niowave range
Genetate abase carrier ata lower frequency and use
mixing to translate the frequency to the desired higher
frequency.
Receiver: RF amplifier, mixer, local oscil
leansmiuer: RF power amplifier and frequency
multipliers.
“Microstrip and stripline. Microstrip is more widely used
because itis easier to work with and the materials are
cheaper.
Inductors, capacitors, tuned or resonant eieuits.
Hybrid ring
Iniernal geometries are designed to lower interelement
‘capacitances, and large flat leads ae used to minimize
lead inductances
GAS, InP, SiGe, Ga,
Microstrip lines are used in amplifiers for impedance
matching as well as for noeded inductance, capacitance,
snd tuned circuits
100 GHiz for small-signal amplifier and oscillator
applications, und up wo 20 GHz for power amplificaon.
swith
Answers to Critical Thinking
1
3
4
V.
18
io
20.
24
25,
26,
2,
30.
3L
32.
33
rs
3s
36.
¥.
Local area networks, metro networks, anl even WANS.
SKE: one, PKE: to,
‘Yes. The RAID connected to a SAN can be accessed via
‘server connected to the Intemet.
Highly directive antennas, limited RF power to restrict
range, rules to restrict the transmission of highly
sensitive information
16
Linear amplifiers used in microwave work are usually
biased with a constant-curtent source that is not only
‘atiable to optimize bias but also more stable sth
lemperature and minimizes damage to the devise due to
thermal problems.
‘Very high auenuation per foot
{6 Giz. Higher for short lengths.
Rigid or “hard” line coaxial cable made from tubing
with a gas. This line cnnet be easily bent of routed
A-small quarter-wave probe or antenna or a loon 1
