Programme Name & Branch: B.
Tech Chemical Engineering
Course Title & Code: Process Instrumentation and control & CHE3002
Course Type: EPJ
Slot: L13+L14, L27+L28
Faculty name: Dr.S.Karthika (17025)
Problems – I order systems
1. A thermometer is at a room temperature of 25℃. It is suddenly put into the
vessel containing water at 100℃, what should be the
𝜏 , so that it indicates 99.9℃ in 1 min.
Solution
For step input
Y(t) = A [1- e−t/τ ] + 25
99.9 = 75 [1- e−t/τ ] +25
1- 𝑒 −1/𝜏 = 0.9986.
𝑒 −1/𝜏 = 1.333 × 10−3
1
- = ln (1.333× 10−3 )
τ
𝜏 = 0.151 min 𝑜𝑟 9.06 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
2. A thermometer has a time constant of 15 sec with an initial temperature T
equals 20℃. It is suddenly exposed to a temperature of 100℃. Determine
the time required to attain 90% of the new steady state value.
Solution
𝜏 = 15 sec 𝜏𝑓 = 100℃.
Initial temperature Ti = 20℃
Final temperature = 90% of steady state = [(100-20)*0.9] + 20 = 92℃
y(s) 1
= ⇒ Y (t) = A [1- e−t/τ ]
x(s) τs+1
For the thermometer at the initial temperature of 20℃
Y(t) = A[1- e−t/τ ] + 20
92 = 80[1- e−t/15 ] + 20
⇒ 𝑡 = 34.54 sec
3. A tank having area of 10m2 and height of 10 m has its liquid level at 2 m.
Both the inflow and outflow are 10m3 / min . If outflow is changed to
5 m3 / min. How long it will take before the tank starts overflowing.
Solution
Mass flow rate in – Mass flow rate out = Rate of accumulation of mass
𝑑ℎ
𝑞0 − 𝑞1 = A
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
10 − 5 = 10
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ 10 t
= 0.5 ⇒ ∫2 dh = ∫0 dt
𝑑𝑡
8 = t (0.5)
⇒ t = 16 min.
4. A tank having a cross sectional area of 2 sqft is operating at steady state with
an inlet flow rate of 2 cubic feet/min. The flow head characteristic is as
shown in the figure. Derive the transfer function H(s)/Q(s). The flow to tank
is increased from 2 to 2.2 cubic feet/min according to step change. Calculate
the level h, 2 min after the change occurs.
Solution
Flow head relation
𝟐.𝟒−𝟏
q-1 = (h-0.3)
𝟏−𝟎.𝟑
The flow head relation
q0 = 2h + 0.4
dh
q − qo = A ----------- 1
dt
dhS
qS − q0S = A ----------- 2
dt
dh
q − 2h − 0.4 = A
dt
dhs
qS − 2hS − 0.4 = A
dt
Ad( h−hS )
( q − qS ) − 2(h − hs ) =
dt
dH
Q – 2H = A
dt
Q(s) – 2 H(s) = A[ sH(s) ]
Q(s) = 2 s H(s) + 2 H(s)
= H(s) [2 s + 2]
H(s) 1
⇒ =
Q(s) 2(s+1)
At steady state, from equation 2
dhS
qS − q0S = A =0
dt
⇒ qS = q0S
⇒ 2hS + 0.4 = 2
⇒ hS = 0.8 ft
Step change A = 2.2 − 2 = 0.2 ft 3 m
Q(t) = A u(t) = 0.2 u(t)
0.2
⇒ Q(s) =
s
0.2 1
H(s) = x
s 2( s+1)
1
= 0.1 ×
( s+1)
Using partial fractions
0.1 A B A( s + 1 ) + BS 0.1
= + ⇒ =
s( s + 1) s s+1 s( s + 1) s( s + 1)
Put s = 0 ⇒ A = 0.1 and Put s = −1 ⇒ − B = 0.1 ⇒ B = −0.1.
0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1
= − = 0.1 [ − ]
s( s + 1) s s+1 s s+1
⇒ H(t) = 0.1[1 − e−t ]
h - hs = 0.1[1 − e−t ]
h = hs + 0.1[1 − e−t ]
If hs = 0.8
then h = 0.886 ft.
5. A liquid level system is operating at steady state and the following
disturbance occurs. At t=0, 1 cubic feet of water is added suddenly to the
tank and at t=1 min, 2 cubic feet of water is added suddenly. What is the
level at t=0.5, t=1 and t=1.5.
Solution
𝐇(𝐬) 𝐑
The transfer function is =
𝐐(𝐬) 𝛕 𝐬+𝟏
Q(t) = δ(t) + 2 δ (t-1) L[δ (t-a)] = 𝐞−𝐚𝐬
Q(s) = 1+ 2 𝐞−𝐬 . 1 = 1+ 2 𝐞−𝐬
R
H(s) = (1+ 2𝐞−𝐬 ).
τ s+1
𝐑 2 𝐞−𝐬 𝐑
⇒ +
𝛕 𝐬+𝟏 𝛕 𝐬+𝟏
R/𝜏 2 𝐞−𝐬 /𝜏 𝑅
⇒ H(s) = 𝟏 + 𝟏
𝐬+𝛕 𝐬+𝛕
−t −t
𝑅 1
H(t) = e 𝜏 + 2R ∙ 𝐞−𝟏 ∙ e𝜏
𝜏 𝜏
−t −(𝐭−𝟏)
𝑅 2R
H(t) = e𝜏 + 𝐞 𝛕 for t > 1 ----------- 1
𝜏 τ
Time constant 𝜏 = 𝐴𝑅 = 1 min
Now, Substitute t = 0.5 min in equation 1
0.5
0.5 −
= e 1
1
= 0.30326
Substitute t = 1 in equation 1
H (t) = 0.5 e−1 = 0.1839 ft
Substitute t = 1.5 in equation 1
H(t) = 0.5 𝐞−𝟏.𝟓 + 0.5 × 2 e−0.5
= 0.718 ft
6. Derive the transfer function H(s) / Q(s), for the liquid level system when (i)
Liquid level is at 1m. (ii) Liquid level is at 3m.
Data given: hs= 1m, qo= 10 m3/ min
A= 1 m2, R= 0.5
Solution
Taking mass balance on tank when h= 1m
dh
q − qo = A ----------- 1
dt
dhS
qS − q0S = A (at steady state) ----------- 2
dt
d(h−hS)
(q − qs ) − (qo − q0S )= A
dt
d(h−hS)
(q − qs ) = A
dt
dH
Q= A
dt
Taking Laplace transform
Q(s) = A [sH(s)]
H(s) 1
=
Q(s) As
Taking mass balance when h=3m,
dhS
q − (qo + qv ) = A ----------- 1
dt
dhS
qS − (qos + qvs ) = A (at steady state) ----------- 2
dt
d(h − hS)
(q − qs ) − (qv − qvS ) = A
dt
dH
Q - QV = A
dt
H
QV =
R
H dH
Q- =A
R dt
Taking Laplace transformation
H(S)
Q(s) – = A[ sH(s) ]
R
H(s) 0.5
=
Q(s) 0.5s(s+1)
