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Problems - I Order Systems

1. The document provides solutions to 6 problems related to process instrumentation and control involving liquid level systems. 2. Problem 1 calculates the time constant for a thermometer placed in boiling water. Problem 2 determines the time required for a thermometer to reach 90% of its final temperature. 3. Problem 3 calculates the time for a tank's liquid level to overflow when the outflow rate changes. The remaining problems derive transfer functions for various liquid level systems.

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111 views

Problems - I Order Systems

1. The document provides solutions to 6 problems related to process instrumentation and control involving liquid level systems. 2. Problem 1 calculates the time constant for a thermometer placed in boiling water. Problem 2 determines the time required for a thermometer to reach 90% of its final temperature. 3. Problem 3 calculates the time for a tank's liquid level to overflow when the outflow rate changes. The remaining problems derive transfer functions for various liquid level systems.

Uploaded by

kindenew
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Programme Name & Branch: B.

Tech Chemical Engineering

Course Title & Code: Process Instrumentation and control & CHE3002
Course Type: EPJ
Slot: L13+L14, L27+L28
Faculty name: Dr.S.Karthika (17025)

Problems – I order systems

1. A thermometer is at a room temperature of 25℃. It is suddenly put into the


vessel containing water at 100℃, what should be the
𝜏 , so that it indicates 99.9℃ in 1 min.

Solution

For step input

Y(t) = A [1- e−t/τ ] + 25

99.9 = 75 [1- e−t/τ ] +25

1- 𝑒 −1/𝜏 = 0.9986.

𝑒 −1/𝜏 = 1.333 × 10−3


1
- = ln (1.333× 10−3 )
τ

𝜏 = 0.151 min 𝑜𝑟 9.06 𝑠𝑒𝑐.


2. A thermometer has a time constant of 15 sec with an initial temperature T
equals 20℃. It is suddenly exposed to a temperature of 100℃. Determine
the time required to attain 90% of the new steady state value.

Solution
𝜏 = 15 sec 𝜏𝑓 = 100℃.

Initial temperature Ti = 20℃

Final temperature = 90% of steady state = [(100-20)*0.9] + 20 = 92℃

y(s) 1
= ⇒ Y (t) = A [1- e−t/τ ]
x(s) τs+1

For the thermometer at the initial temperature of 20℃

Y(t) = A[1- e−t/τ ] + 20

92 = 80[1- e−t/15 ] + 20

⇒ 𝑡 = 34.54 sec

3. A tank having area of 10m2 and height of 10 m has its liquid level at 2 m.
Both the inflow and outflow are 10m3 / min . If outflow is changed to
5 m3 / min. How long it will take before the tank starts overflowing.

Solution
Mass flow rate in – Mass flow rate out = Rate of accumulation of mass

𝑑ℎ
𝑞0 − 𝑞1 = A
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ
10 − 5 = 10
𝑑𝑡

𝑑ℎ 10 t
= 0.5 ⇒ ∫2 dh = ∫0 dt
𝑑𝑡

8 = t (0.5)
⇒ t = 16 min.

4. A tank having a cross sectional area of 2 sqft is operating at steady state with
an inlet flow rate of 2 cubic feet/min. The flow head characteristic is as
shown in the figure. Derive the transfer function H(s)/Q(s). The flow to tank
is increased from 2 to 2.2 cubic feet/min according to step change. Calculate
the level h, 2 min after the change occurs.

Solution

Flow head relation


𝟐.𝟒−𝟏
q-1 = (h-0.3)
𝟏−𝟎.𝟑

The flow head relation

q0 = 2h + 0.4
dh
q − qo = A ----------- 1
dt

dhS
qS − q0S = A ----------- 2
dt

dh
q − 2h − 0.4 = A
dt

dhs
qS − 2hS − 0.4 = A
dt
Ad( h−hS )
( q − qS ) − 2(h − hs ) =
dt

dH
Q – 2H = A
dt

Q(s) – 2 H(s) = A[ sH(s) ]

Q(s) = 2 s H(s) + 2 H(s)

= H(s) [2 s + 2]
H(s) 1
⇒ =
Q(s) 2(s+1)

At steady state, from equation 2


dhS
qS − q0S = A =0
dt

⇒ qS = q0S

⇒ 2hS + 0.4 = 2

⇒ hS = 0.8 ft

Step change A = 2.2 − 2 = 0.2 ft 3 m

Q(t) = A u(t) = 0.2 u(t)


0.2
⇒ Q(s) =
s

0.2 1
H(s) = x
s 2( s+1)

1
= 0.1 ×
( s+1)

Using partial fractions

0.1 A B A( s + 1 ) + BS 0.1
= + ⇒ =
s( s + 1) s s+1 s( s + 1) s( s + 1)

Put s = 0 ⇒ A = 0.1 and Put s = −1 ⇒ − B = 0.1 ⇒ B = −0.1.


0.1 0.1 0.1 1 1
= − = 0.1 [ − ]
s( s + 1) s s+1 s s+1

⇒ H(t) = 0.1[1 − e−t ]

h - hs = 0.1[1 − e−t ]

h = hs + 0.1[1 − e−t ]

If hs = 0.8

then h = 0.886 ft.

5. A liquid level system is operating at steady state and the following


disturbance occurs. At t=0, 1 cubic feet of water is added suddenly to the
tank and at t=1 min, 2 cubic feet of water is added suddenly. What is the
level at t=0.5, t=1 and t=1.5.

Solution

𝐇(𝐬) 𝐑
The transfer function is =
𝐐(𝐬) 𝛕 𝐬+𝟏

Q(t) = δ(t) + 2 δ (t-1) L[δ (t-a)] = 𝐞−𝐚𝐬

Q(s) = 1+ 2 𝐞−𝐬 . 1 = 1+ 2 𝐞−𝐬


R
H(s) = (1+ 2𝐞−𝐬 ).
τ s+1
𝐑 2 𝐞−𝐬 𝐑
⇒ +
𝛕 𝐬+𝟏 𝛕 𝐬+𝟏

R/𝜏 2 𝐞−𝐬 /𝜏 𝑅
⇒ H(s) = 𝟏 + 𝟏
𝐬+𝛕 𝐬+𝛕

−t −t
𝑅 1
H(t) = e 𝜏 + 2R ∙ 𝐞−𝟏 ∙ e𝜏
𝜏 𝜏

−t −(𝐭−𝟏)
𝑅 2R
H(t) = e𝜏 + 𝐞 𝛕 for t > 1 ----------- 1
𝜏 τ

Time constant 𝜏 = 𝐴𝑅 = 1 min

Now, Substitute t = 0.5 min in equation 1


0.5
0.5 −
= e 1
1

= 0.30326

Substitute t = 1 in equation 1

H (t) = 0.5 e−1 = 0.1839 ft

Substitute t = 1.5 in equation 1

H(t) = 0.5 𝐞−𝟏.𝟓 + 0.5 × 2 e−0.5

= 0.718 ft
6. Derive the transfer function H(s) / Q(s), for the liquid level system when (i)
Liquid level is at 1m. (ii) Liquid level is at 3m.
Data given: hs= 1m, qo= 10 m3/ min
A= 1 m2, R= 0.5

Solution

Taking mass balance on tank when h= 1m

dh
q − qo = A ----------- 1
dt

dhS
qS − q0S = A (at steady state) ----------- 2
dt

d(h−hS)
(q − qs ) − (qo − q0S )= A
dt

d(h−hS)
(q − qs ) = A
dt

dH
Q= A
dt

Taking Laplace transform


Q(s) = A [sH(s)]
H(s) 1
=
Q(s) As

Taking mass balance when h=3m,

dhS
q − (qo + qv ) = A ----------- 1
dt

dhS
qS − (qos + qvs ) = A (at steady state) ----------- 2
dt

d(h − hS)
(q − qs ) − (qv − qvS ) = A
dt

dH
Q - QV = A
dt

H
QV =
R

H dH
Q- =A
R dt

Taking Laplace transformation

H(S)
Q(s) – = A[ sH(s) ]
R

H(s) 0.5
=
Q(s) 0.5s(s+1)

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