CONDITIONALS

Zero conditonal = cause – effect

If + simple present, Subject + simple present

If I work, I have money/ I have money if I work

If I study, I understand/ I understand if I study

If I don’t wash the dishes, my mother scolds me

If I drink cold water, I get sick

If I practice my grammar, I pass my exam/ I pass my exam if I practice my grammar

If I work in the morning, I get money

If I run, I get tired

If I drink a lot, I have a hangover

First conditional = cause – possible effect

If + simple present, subject+ will (sure) + verb in base form

Can (possible)
May (probably)

If I cook Italian food, I will get fat

I can get fat
I may get fat

If I pay attention, I will understand

I can speak better
I may get E

If I go to the gym, I will have well- figured

If I go on vacation, I can get COVID
If I pay attention, I may learn more vocabulary

If I go to the doctor, He will send me some medicine

Second conditional = unrreal situation in present

If + simple past, subject would + verb in base form

Could
might

If I didn´t get sick, I would be happy.

If I won the lottery, I could leave my job.
If I were a bear, I could sleep all the winter

If I had a car, I would be dry.

If I didn’t drink a lot, My girlfriend wouldn’t be pregnant.

Third conditional = urreal situation in past

If + past perfect, subject + would have + verb past participle

Could have
Might have

If I had passed all my exams, I would have slept on my bed.

If I had organized my activities, I would have been relaxed
If I had eaten vegetables, I could have been stronger.

If I had had money, I could have bought new clothes.

If I hadn’t spent all my money in videogames, I would have had food in my refrigerator.

If I had taken my umbrella, I wouldn’t have been sick.

If I hadn’t studied very hard, I couldn’t have gotten an E.
If I had studied gastronomy, I would have cooked better food
If we had studied English at the university, we wouldn´t have to be on Saturdays
If we had studied English at the university, We would have had our degree

REPORTED SPEECH

It is like a gossip

PRESENT – PAST (Did)

PAST – PAST PERFECT (Had + past participle)

PRESENT PERFECT – PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT - PAST PERFECT

WILL – WOULD

CAN – COULD

SHALL – SHOULD
MAY – MIGHT

THIS – THAT

THESE – THOSE

NOW – THEN

TODAY – THAT DAY

YESTERDAY – THE DAY BEFORE

TOMORROW – THE NEXT DAY

THE FOLLOWING DAY

Fernando said “ I worked all night for this reason I arrive late”

Fernando said that he had worked all night for that reason he arrived late. (Reported speech)

Luis said “ I don’t like to learn English”

Luis said that he didn´t like to learn English.

My teacher said “ my students have worked very well this month”

My teacher said that her students had worked very well that month.

Larissa said “ I have a lot of work in my Company”

Larissa said that she had a lot of work in her Company.

Fernando said “ we are going to have an exam tomorrow”

Fernando said that they were going to have an exam the next day.

The teacher said “ Fernando isn’t sick because He is in a party”

The teacher said that Fernando wasn’t sick because he was in a party.

Peter said “ Rosy is really pretty”

Peter said that Rosy was really pretty.

Karla said “ My boyfriend can play soccer very well”

Karla said that her boyfriend could play soccer very well

The students said “the teacher doesn’t explain the lesson”

The student said that the teacher didn’t explain the lesson
Pepita said “ I want to go to Europe next month”
Pepita said that she wanted to go to Europe the next month. – Reported speech

My mother said “ you have to wear a sweater”

My mother said that I had to wear a sweater. – Reported speech

The teacher told the students “ you should study for your exam”

The teacher told us that we should study for our exam. - Reported speech

Diego said “Gabriel is going to get married to Iyari”

Diego said that Gabriel was going to get married to Iyari. – Reported speech

Javier said “the teacher is very bad because she failed me”
Javier said that you were very bad because you had failed him. – Reported speech

Norman told Karen “ I love you”

Norman told Karen that he loved her.- Reported speech

Rosy said “ I want to go to the restaurant”

Rosy said that she wanted to go to the restaurant. - Reported speech

Matt said “ I don´t understand the lesson”

Matt said that he didn´t understand the lesson – Reported speech

Lynn said “ We didn´t live in a big house”

Lynn said that they hadn´t lived in a big house – Reported speech

The teacher said “ Rosy was very rude with me”

The teacher said that Rosy had been very rude with her

Steve said “we took a taxi yesterday”

Steve said that they had taken a taxi the day before

Sophia said “ I have been in France”

Sophia said that She had been in France. – Reported speech

Luis said “ my parents had bought a house by the time they got married.”

Luis said that his parents had bougth a house by the time they had got married. Reported speech

REPORTED SPEECH QUESTIONS

Rosy asked “Where is the party?”

Rosy asked where the party was.

Charly asked “ what does Rosy like to do?”

Charly asked what Rosy liked to do.

The teacher asked “Does Christian understand the lesson?”

The teacher asked if/ whether Christian understood the lesson.

Barbie asked “what time is it?

Barbie asked what time it was. = RS

Richard asked “ Did Rosy go on vacation?”

Richard asked if Rosy had gone on vacation. = RS

The teacher asked Roger “Where do you live?”

The teacher asked Roger where he lived. - Reported speech

Robert asked Miriam “What is your name?”

Robert asked Miriam what her name was – Reported speech

The doctor asked Susy “Do you like ice cream?”

The doctor asked Susy IF she liked ice cream - Reported speech

WHETHER

He asked Rosy “Do you enjoy being with your family?

He asked Rosy if /whether she enjoyed being with her family.

They asked the teacher “Did you go on vacation yesterday?”

They asked the teacher if/whether she had gone on vacation the day before.
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

The police officer told us “don’t take photos”

The police officer told us not to take photos.- RS

My mother ordered “wash the dishes”

My mother ordered to wash the dishes. – RS

The teacher ordered “don’t use your cell phone in class, please”

The teacher ordered to please not use my cell phone in class. - RS

MY FATHER TOLD ME “DON´T SMOKE IN MY HOUSE”

My father told me not to smoke in his house

The police officer ordered “don’t take pictures in the museum”

The police officer ordered not to take pictures in the museum.

The doctor ordered “eat nutritional food”

The doctor ordered to eat nutritional food.

Personal pronouns

Subject object

I me
You v you
He e him
She r her
It b it
We us
They them

She kisses him

Tell / say – decir

I tell you she says to me

You told her I say that …….
They told me
I say to you

CONNECTORS

Affirmative o negative idea = that

Open question = what, where, when, why, etc.

Close question = If / Whether = empiezan con un auxiliar.

Imperative senteces = not to / to

She is black-eyed

He is well- known

What is a relative pronoun?

It is a question Word functioning as a linking Word.

That girl is talking

That girl is my student

*That girl who is my student is talking

 My friend is very intelligent

Her mother is a teacher

*My friend whose mother is a teacher is very intelligent.

That house is really big

That house is on fire

*That house which/ that is really big is on fire

Relative Pronouns 

relative
use example
pronoun

who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the
woman who lives next door.

Which/ that subject or object pronoun for animals and things Do you see the cat which is lying
on the roof?

which referring to a whole sentence He couldn’t

read, which surprised me.

whose possession for people animals and things Do you know the
boy whose mother is a nurse?

whom object pronoun for people, especially in non- I was invited by the
defining relative clauses (in defining relative professor whom I met at the
clauses we colloquially prefer who) conference.

that subject or object pronoun for people, animals and I don’t like the table that stands
things in defining relative clauses in the kitchen.
(who or which are also possible)

That woman who lives in the corner is a nice person.

That woman whom I love a lot is a nice person.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun? 

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms - who, which,
that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them
as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject

pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the
relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining
relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs 

She loves to go

She met her husband

She loves to go where she met her husband.

She was cooking

The phone rang

She was cooking when the phone rang.

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This
often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.

→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.
 relative
meaning use example
adverb

when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him

where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him

why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him

Defining Relative Clauses 

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive
relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask
somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of
the five girls you mean.

She is a nice woman when her husband looks at her

He is the man who lives next to us

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

She wants to eat where her sister works

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a

relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses 

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-
restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not
define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
My mother, who is 65 years old, is an excellent cooker.

My students, who are very nice, are doing a very important exam

Mozart, who was an excellent composer, started to play when he was 3 years old.

Palace of fine arts, which is one of the most famous places in Mexico city, was
designed as a fort.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and
you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-
defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

She is a girl who loves to help stray dogs. – defining relative clause

My mother loves to go where she met my father the first time – defining relative clause

Palace of fine arts, which is really famous, was constructed as a fort. – no defining relative clause

Mozart , who is very famous, started to play the piano when he was 3 years old. – no defining
relative clause