Telecommunications, the Internet,

and Wireless Technology

Chapter 7
 Members :
Afifah Khairunnisa S Sekar Arum N
(C1I019003) (C1I019013)

Meilisa Sonia W Novia Azzahra F

(C1I019008) (C1I019017)

Riko Juliarto Ikka Wulan C

(C1I019012) (C1I019030)
 Discussion Material :
•What are the principal components of telecommunications networks
and key networking technologies?
•What are the main telecommunications transmission media and types
of networks?
•How does the Internet and Internet technology work and how do they
support communication and e-business?
•What are the principal technologies and standards for wireless
networking, communication, and Internet access?
•Why are radio frequency identification (RFID) and wireless sensor
networks valuable for business?
 Networking and Telecommunication
Trends
Now, telephone and computer networks are converging into a single digital
network using shared Internet-based standards and equipment. Example :
Cable companies offer voice service and Internet access.

And more than 68 percent of the 239 million U.S. Internet users have high-
speed broadband connections

Increasingly, voice and data communication, as well as Internet access, are

taking place over broadband wireless platforms
 What is Computer Network?
Network
A network consists of two or
more connected computers.
 Components in Simple Network

- Client Computer
Computer that requests a particular service to a server.

- Server Computer
Computers that offer certain services to other computers or networks

- Network Interfaces
Each computer on the network contains a network interface device to
link the computer to the network.
 Basic Components Network

- A Connection Medium
The connection medium for linking network components can be a
telephone wire, coaxial cable, or radio signal in the case of cell phone
and wireless local area networks (Wi-Fi networks)

- The Network Operating System (NOS)

It routes and manages communications on the network and
coordinates network resources.
 Basic Components Network

- Hub
Simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet
of data to all other connected devices

- Switch
Has more intelligence than a hub and can filter and forward data to a
specified destination on the network.
Components of a Simple Computer Network
- Router
A communications processor used to route packets of data through
different networks, ensuring that the data sent gets to the correct
address.

- Software-defined networking (SDN)

A new networking approach in which many of these control functions
are managed by one central program, which can run on inexpensive
commodity servers that are separate from the network devices
themselves.
 Networks in Large Companies
● Components of networks in large companies
- Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to firmwide corporate
network
- Various powerful servers. Such as web site, corporate intranet, extranet,
and backend systems
- Mobile wireless LANs (Wi-Fi networks)
- Video conferencing system
- Telephone network
- Wireless cell phones
 KEY DIGITAL NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES

Client/Server Computing
A distributed computing model in which some of the processing power is located
within small, inexpensive client computers, and resides literally on desktops, laptops,
or in handheld devices. The Internet is the largest implementation of client/server
computing.

Packet Switching
A method of slicing digital messages into parcels called packets, sending the packets
along different communication paths as they become available, and then
reassembling the packets once they arrive at their destinations. Packet switching
makes much more efficient use of the communications capacity of a network
Packet-Switched Networks and Packet Communications
 TCP/IP and Connectivity
Connectivity between computers enabled by protocol. Protocol is a set of rules and
procedures governing transmission of information between two points in a network.
common worldwide standard called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP).

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) IP (Internet Protocol)

- It handles the movement of data - Responsible for the delivery of
between computers packets and includes the
- Establishes a connection between disassembling and reassembling of
the computers, sequences the packets during transmission
transfer of packets, and
acknowledges the packets sent
 The four-layered Department of Defense reference model
for TCP/IP
1. Application layer.
It enables client application programs to access the other layers and defines the
protocols that applications use to exchange data.
1. Transport layer.
The Transport layer is responsible for providing the Application layer with
communication and packet services.
1. Internet layer.
The Internet layer is responsible for addressing, routing, and packaging data
packets called IP datagrams.
1. Network Interface layer.
Responsible for placing packets on and receiving them from the network
medium, which could be any networking technology.
 The Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) Reference Model
 SIGNALS: DIGITAL VS. ANALOG

An analog signal is represented

by a continuous waveform that
A digital signal is a discrete,
passes through a
binary waveform, rather than a
continuous waveform. VS communications medium and
has been used for voice
communication.
FUNCTIONS OF THE MODEM
 TYPES OF NETWORKS

- Local Area Networks (LAN)

- Campus area network (CAN)
- Metropolitan area network (MAN)
- Wide area networks (WANs)
PHYSICAL TRANSMISSION MEDIA
- Twisted pair wire (CAT 5)
Strands of copper wire twisted in pairs for voice and data communications.

- Coaxial cable
Thickly insulated copper wire, which is capable of high-speed data transmission
and less subject to interference than twisted wire.

- Fiber optic cable

Thickly insulated copper wire, which is capable of high-speed data transmission
and less subject to interference than twisted wire.

- Wireless transmission media

Based on radio signals of various frequencies and includes both terrestrial and
satellite microwave systems and cellular networks.
 Bandwidth: Transmission Speed
The total amount of digital information that can be transmitted
through any telecommunications medium is measured in bits per
second (bps). One signal change, or cycle, is required to transmit
one or several bits; therefore, the transmission capacity of each
type of telecommunications medium is a function of its frequency.
The number of cycles per second that can be sent through that
medium is measured in hertz—one hertz is equal to one cycle of
the medium.

Bandwidth is the range of frequencies that can be accommodated

on a particular telecommunications channel is called its bandwidth.
 The Principal Tools and Technologies for Accessing Information From
Databases to Improve Business Performance and Decision Making
● Databases provide information to help the company run the business
more efficiently, and help managers and employees make better
decisions.
● Tools for analyzing, accessing vast quantities of data:
● Data warehousing
● Multidimensional data analysis
● Data mining
● Utilizing Web interfaces to databases
 Data Warehouse
● Data warehouse:
● Database that stores current and historical data that may be of
interest to decision makers
● Consolidates and standardizes data from many systems,
operational and transactional databases
● Data can be accessed but not altered
● Data mart:

Subset of data warehouses that is highly focused and isolated for a

specific population of users
The data warehouse extracts current and historical data from multiple
operational systems inside the organization. These data are combined
with data from external sources and reorganized into a central
database designed for management reporting and analysis. The
information directory provides users with information about the data
available in the warehouse.
 Business Intelligence, Multidimensional Data
Analysis, and Data Mining
● Business intelligence: tools for
consolidating, analyzing, and providing
access to large amounts of data to
improve decision making
● Software for database reporting
and querying
● Tools for multidimensional data
analysis (online analytical
processing)
● Data mining
● Example Harrah’s Entertainment
gathers and analyzes customer data to
create gambling profile and identify
most profitable customers
 Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
● Supports multidimensional data analysis, enabling users to view the
same data in different ways using multiple dimensions
● Each aspect of information—product, pricing, cost, region, or time
period—represents a different dimension
● E.g., comparing sales in East in June versus May and July
● Enables users to obtain online answers to ad hoc questions such as
these in a fairly rapid amount of time
 Multidimensional Data Model
The view that is showing is
product versus region. If you
rotate the cube 90 degrees, the
face that will show is product
versus actual and projected sales.
If you rotate the cube 90 degrees
again, you will see region versus
actual and projected sales. Other
views are possible.
 Data Mining
★ Finds hidden patterns and relationships in large databases and infers
rules from them to predict future behavior
★ Types of information obtainable from data mining
○ Associations: occurrences linked to single event
○ Sequences: events linked over time
○ Classifications: patterns describing a group an item belongs to
○ Clusters: discovering as yet unclassified groupings
○ Forecasting: uses series of values to forecast future values
 Data Mining
❏ One popular use of data mining: analyzing patterns in customer data
for one-to-one marketing campaigns or for identifying profitable
customers
❏ Predictive analysis:
❏ • Uses data mining techniques, historical data, and assumptions
about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as
the probability a customer will respond to an offer or purchase a
specific product
❏ • Data mining versus privacy concerns
❏ • Used to create detailed data image about each individual
 Text Mining
➢ Unstructured data (mostly text files) accounts for 80% of an
organization’s useful information.
➢ Text mining allows businesses to extract key elements
from, discover patterns in, and summarize large
unstructured data sets.

Web Mining
➢ Discovery and analysis of useful patterns and
information from the Web
➢ Content mining, structure mining, usage mining
 Databases and the Web
➔ Firms use the Web to make information from their internal
databases available to customers and partners.
➔ Middleware and other software make this possible
◆ Web server
◆ Application servers or CGI
◆ Database server
➔ Web interfaces provide familiarity to users and savings over
redesigning and rebuilding legacy systems.
 The Internet
➔ The Internet is a worldwide network of networks that
uses the client/server model of computing and the
TCP/IP network reference model..
 Working of domain name system (DNS) and IP
addressing system
➔ When a computer is connected with the internet, it is assigned
by a unique IP (Internet Protocol) address, which helps to
identify a specific system over the internet.
● IP addressing system:
• When sending a message over the internet, TCP protocol first
split the message into packets, which comprises its destination
address
• Then message is directed to its network server, which is then
transferred to other servers to reach the destination
• The packets are united into original message at destination
● Domain name system:
• To ease the access of a computer instead of entering 32 bit IP
address domain name is entered
• The domain name is the alias of IP address, and it is created by
the DNS
• DNS converts the IP address to the domain name, which are
stored in database
• When a user enter the domain name, its corresponding IP address
is converted back to connect with a computer
 Internet services
● E-mail (Electronic mail)
It is an internet service, which allows to share the documents and
to communicate in private with a person
● Newsgroups
It is a discussion group, where people can discuss about a topic
publicly on electronic bulletin boards
● Chatting and instant messaging
This service allows chatting interactively
 ● Telnet
This service allows working on a system by logging on another
system
● File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
This service allows transferring files between computers
● World Wide Web (WWW)
WWW retrieve, format, and show information for example audio,
text, video and graphics using hypertext links.
 Voice over IP
● Delivers voice information in digital form using packet
switching, avoiding the tolls charged by local and long-
distance telephone networks.
● Voice calls can be made and received with a computer
equipped with a microphone and speakers or with a VoIP-
enabled telephone.
 Virtual Private Networks (VPN)
● Secure, encrypted, private network that has been configured
within a public network to take advantage of the economies of
scale and management facilities of large networks, such as the
Internet.
● Provides your firm with secure, encrypted communications at a
much lower cost than the same capabilities offered by traditional
non-Internet providers who use their private networks to secure
communications.
 Business value provided VoIP and VPN
● By VoIP:
When sending a message over the internet, TCP protocol first split the
message into packets, which comprises its destination address.
• Then message is directed to its network server, which is then
transferred to other servers to reach the destination.
• The packets are united into original message at destination.
• It provides an efficient network infrastructure to combine both voice
and data network.
● By VPN : It provides an efficient network infrastructure to
combine both voice and data network
 The Web
● Web pages are based on a standard Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML), which formats documents and incorporates
dynamic links to other documents and pictures stored in the
same or remote computers.
● HTTP
is the first set of letters at the start of every Web address,
followed by the domain name, which specifies the organization’s
server computer that is storing the document. Most companies
have a domain name that is the same as or closely related to
their official corporate name.
● Web server
Software for locating and managing stored Web pages. It locates
the Web pages requested by a user on the computer where they
are stored and delivers the Web pages to the user’s computer.
● Searching for Information on the Web
attempt to solve the problem of finding useful information on the
Web nearly instantly, and, arguably, they are the “killer app” of the
Internet era.
 ● Web server
Search Engine Marketing Search engines have become major
advertising platforms and shopping tools.
● Search engine optimization (SEO)
is the process of improving the quality and volume of Web traffic to a
Website by employing a series of techniques that help a Web site
achieve a higher ranking with the major search engines when certain
keywords and phrases are put in the search field.
● Social search
is an effort to provide fewer, more relevant, and
trustworthy search results based on a person’s network of social contacts
 Business value provided by the internet
• By the internet the internal system of a company can be accessed
remotely through the website
• It provides the following advantages:
o It helps to provide best customer service and supplier service
o It reduces the operational cost
o It helps to reach individual customer easily across the globe, which
in turn to have a wide market base
o It increases productivity and operational efficiency
•Compare to other medium for communication such as voice and
postal, cost of internet service is very low and within few seconds
it delivers the message
•Therefore it is the faster, inexpensive medium to communicate
easily
 Internet Addressing and Architecture
➔ Each device on internet assigned Internet Protocol
(IP) address
➔ 32-bit number, e.g 207.46.250.119
The Domain Name System (DNS)
➔ Convert IP address to doma
 The Wireless Revolution
CELLULAR SYSTEMS
A competing standard in the United States is Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA),

➢ 3G networks,
with transmission speeds ranging from 144 Kbps for mobile users in, say, a car,
to more than 2 Mbps for stationary users, offer fair transmission speeds for e-
mail, browsing the Web, and online shopping, but are too slow for videos.
➢ 4G networks,
Also called Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks, have much higher speeds:
100 megabits/second download, and 50 megabits upload speed. Equivalent
to a home Wi-Fi connection, LTE provides more than enough capacity for
watching high definition video on your smartphone.
 WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS AND
INTERNET ACCESS
➢ Bluetooth
Bluetooth is the popular name for the 802.15 wireless networking standard,
which is useful for creating small personal area networks (PANs). It links up
to eight devices within a 10-meter area using low-power, radio-based
communication and can transmit up to 722 Kbps in the 2.4-GHz band.

➢ Wi-Fi and Wireless Internet Access

The 802.11 set of standards for wireless LANs and wireless Internet access
is also known as Wi-Fi. Hotspots typically consist of one or more access
points providing wireless Internet access in a public place.
➢ WiMax
WiMax, which stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access,
is the popular term for IEEE Standard 802.16. It has a wireless access range
of up to 31 miles and transmission speed of up to 75 Mbps.
 RFID AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
➢ Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Radio frequency identification (RFID) systems provide a powerful technology for
tracking the movement of goods throughout the supply chain. RFID systems use tiny
tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to
transmit radio signals over a short distance to RFID readers.

➢ Wireless Sensor Networks

If your company wanted state-of-the art technology to monitor building security or
detect hazardous substances in the air, it might deploy a wireless sensor network.
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks of interconnected wireless devices
that are embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many
points over large spaces.
Thank You