Saint Anthony Academy

Batuan, Bohol, Philippines

Member: Bohol Association of Catholic Schools ( BACS)
Catholic Education Association of the Philippines (CEAP)
DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES 11

Name:___________________________ Year & Section:___________________________

Date:______________________________ Score: __________________
Teacher: Ms. Anabel A. Bahinting, LPT
ACTIVITY NO. 3
(Week 3 & 4)
Topic: Emergence of the Social Science disciplines
Competency: Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of the social science
disciplines
Objective: Identify the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of Social Science
disciplines
Concept Notes:
ANTHROPOLOGY
Anthropology refers to the study of humans. As a social science discipline, it examines all aspects of
human life and culture. It seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity of cultures and
worldviews.
In corollary, anthropology has been defined as that branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific
study of man, his works, his body, his behavior in values, in time and space. It is the study of physical, social
and cultural development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on earth.
It traces its roots from natural history. The discovery and contact to new civilization by European
explorers and colonizers lead to curiosity and questions of who’s these people are, who are their ancestors were,
how they are related to the other people in other places.
The word anthropology itself tells the basic story--from the Greek Anthropos "human" and logia "study
“. It is the study of humankind, from its beginnings millions of years ago to the present day.
Indeed, of the many disciplines that study our species, only anthropology seeks to understand the whole
panorama--in geographic space and evolutionary time--of human existence. In short this could be the study of
human most specifically the human culture. There are also known as Anthropological Perspectives. A
fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible
context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. Theories about the world and reality
based on the assumptions and values of one’s own culture.
Franz Boas is considered as father of modern Anthropology. However, it was Edward Burnett Taylor
coined first the term “culture”.
ECONOMICS
Economics studies the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. It is
derived from the Greek word “oikos” which means Household and “Nomos” which mean management.
Therefore, it is the study of household management. The term may also refer to the financial aspects of
something, as in “the economics of managing a business.
The two branches of Economics:
1. Microeconomics – concerned with individual markets and small aspects of the economy.
2. Macroeconomics – concerned with the whole aggregate economy. Issues such as inflation, economic
growth and trade.
Adam Smith was an 18th-century Scottish economist, philosopher, and author who is considered the
FATHER OF MODERN ECONOMICS. Smith argued against mercantilism and was a major proponent of
laissez-faire economic policies. In his first book, "The Theory of Moral Sentiments," Smith proposed the idea of
an invisible hand—the tendency of free markets to regulate themselves by means of competition, supply and
demand, and self-interest. Became a separate discipline with the publication of Adams Smith’s The Wealth of
Nations in 1776.

GEOGRAPHY
Geography is the science of place. It is the social science that studies the distribution and
arrangement of all elements of the earth’s surface. Geography studies not only the surface of the earth but also
the location and distribution of its physical as well as cultural features, the patterns that they form, and the
interrelation of these things as they affect people. It deals especially with the relationship between the
environment of the earth’s surface and humans, which involves both physical and cultural geographic features.
The two branches of geography:
1. Physical geography a major branch of the science of geography, and it mainly deals with the study of
the natural characteristics of the Earth. It covers both the ones that are on the Earth’s surface as well as
those near it. Physical geography allows us to chart landmasses, but physical geography is also being
used to see what lies beneath the Earth’s ice caps and oceans. Researchers are using satellite technology
to see the landmass that exists under Antarctica; additionally, there is work that continues to be done to
explore and map the physical makeup of the land underneath our oceans.
2. Human Geography. This is a main branch in geography and it mainly covers studies of the human
race. This normally involves their backgrounds, how they interact and the perceptions that they have
for various ideologies affecting them.
 In addition to this, the discipline also studies the way in which the groups of people that inhabit the
Earth organize themselves in the particular regions that they inhabit. As a matter of fact, many other
branches of geography normally fall under human geography. Modern applications of human
geography can include mapping human migration, showing the movement of food resources and how
they impact communities, and the impacts climate change can have on humans living in vulnerable
areas.
Five themes of geography:
1. Location- Where is it located?
2. Place. What's it like there?
3. Human-Environment Interaction. What is the relationship between humans and their environment?
4. Movement- How and why are places connected with one another?
5. Region- How and why is one area similar to another?
No one theme can be understood without the others.
Geography is more than memorizing names and places. Geographers organize space in much the same
way that historians organize time. To help organize space, geographers are concerned with asking three
important questions about things in the world. The themes are connected with one another, as are all
components of our world. No part of our world can be understood in isolation.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c. 276 BCE–192 or 194 BCE) was an ancient Greek mathematician, poet,
and astronomer who is known as the Father of Geography. Eratosthenes was the first person to use the word
"geography" and other geographical terms that are still in use today, and his efforts to calculate the
circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Earth to the Sun paved the way for our modern
understanding of the cosmos. Became academic discipline in Europe during 18th and 19 centuries while many
geographic societies were founded in the 19th century.

HISTORY
History is a study of the past, principally how it relates to humans. It describes or narrates and analyzes
human activities in the past and the changes that these had undergone. In its broadest sense, history is the
totality of all past events. History deals also with events which have happened among mankind, including an
account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and
social condition of the human race.
Herodotus is referred to as the Father of History (first by Cicero). He was a Greek historian who lived in
the 5th century BCE. He wrote a book titled The Histories in which he narrated the Persians wars along with
various earlier and contemporary stories about Greeks and barbarians.
Methods of Creating History
1. POSITIVISM- it embraces human agency in history. It uses sources to provide the accurate and
complete version of the past. It also embraces and empathetic approach towards people in the past.
2. NARRATIVE CHRONOLOGY -The creation of narratives of the past analysis plays less role as the
role of accidents is most important.
3. BIOGRAPHY HAGIOGRAPHY - The “great man” method which creates chronological narratives.
Often look at the agency of one individual in history.
4. DIALECTS ANALYSIS-These are created which become orthodoxies. New theses then arrive to
challenge these revisionisms and a synthesis is produced from the old and the new. The synthesis
becomes the new thesis or the paradigm and the process of clashes dialectics repeats.
5. META NARRATIVE TOTAL HISTORY -Works of the Ananales school are characterized by a multi
layered approach these seek to integrate long term, midterm and short term factors in a ‘’total history’’.
There is an effort to explain large amounts of human history through the application of theory and
social sciences and comparative studies of similar events in desperate places.
6. NEGATIVISM IN HISTORICAL AFFAIRS REJECTS ALL RESOURCES. Rejects the possibility of
empathetic understanding of the past.

LINGUISTICS
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It involves the description of languages,
the investigation of their origin, the inquiry of how children acquire language, and how individuals learn
languages other than their own. Linguistics also deals with the relationships between or among languages and
with the manner languages change over time.
Noam Chomsky is known as the Father of Modern Linguistics. Back in 1957, Chomsky, with his
revolutionary book “Syntactic Structures,” laid the foundation of his non-empiricist theory of language.
Areas of linguistics:
1. Historical linguistics. This sub-area of linguistics explores language changes and the relationships of
language spoken by different ethnic group and/ or nationalities.
2. Socio linguistics looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures. This area
includes also linguistic variation, style and prevailing attitudes toward the language.
3. Psycho linguistics explores the imaginative representation of meaning together with the
functioning of the language in the mind.
4. Neuro linguistics explores the imaginative representation of the language in the brain. Practically,
this form of linguistics tells of how it functions in the production, perception and acquisition of
language.
5. Anthropological linguistics is the study of language and culture. It explores how language and
culture interact for the beneficial development in the society where the residents are the developers. It
investigates the relations among languages, cultures and societies.
 6. Applied linguistics. This sub-area has its core in the study of language related issues as applied in
everyday life particularly on language policies on lexicography and translation.
7. Bio linguistics. This has reference to the study of natural communication systems in animals as
compared to human-taught language.
8. Clinical linguistics. This sub field deals with the application of linguistics theory to the field of
speech-language of pathology
9. Linguistics typology. This area explores the study of the common properties of diverse unrelated
languages, properties that, if given much attention, may be taken as an innate aspect of human
language capacity.
10. Stylistics. This area of study delves into the linguistic factors that characterize forms
of discourse in context. It primarily refers to the style of writing or manner of
speaking suitable for an occasion relative to a variety of standard usage on
literary style.

POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political Science is a social science discipline that studies systems of government, and the analysis of
political activity and behavior. It is the systematic study of politics. The word politics comes from the Greek
word “polis” which means “a city state or a state”
Aristotle, the Ancient Greek philosopher known as "the FATHER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE." His
works "The Politics" and "Nicomachean Ethics" among many others evaluated political systems on a
philosophical basis.
. Aristotle one said: “man by nature is an animal intended to live in “polis”, which understood simply
as, man by nature is a political animal.
Methods in studying Politics:
3. HISTORICAL METHOD. A political scientist interprets probable political circumstances phenomena or
situations on the basis of his appreciation of facts, their historical precedents that is largely sharpened by his
keen observation and evaluation of the political environment.
4. SCIENTIFIC METHOD. It refers to the formulation of general theory based on tested hypotheses which are
derived from organized patterns of systematically arranged and collected relevant facts to a political
problem.
5. INDUCTIVE METHOD. A political scientist or analyst may draw his political generalization on useful
theories or insightful doctrines for basic or given facts. Thus, such generalization can be applied in
understanding effectively the existence of a particular political situation.
6. DEDUCTIVE METHOD. A political scientist may deduce particular conclusions or explanations from
probable yet steady premises in interpreting or appreciating a given political situation.
7. THEORITICAL METHOD. It is the study of politics by using the political theories of ancient philosophers
as models of understanding.
8. OBSERVATIONAL METHOD. A political scientist may employ the working of one’s critical observation
of a political situation, and interprets it based on philosophical reflection ‘’prognosis’’..
7. BEHAVIORAL METHOD. It is the study into what men actually do and the meaning they
attached to their behavior rather than into what men ought to do and how they ought to
act. Its emphasis is on the social, economic and political forces rather than on the
political situations, through which such forces operate.
8. Public law is concerned chiefly on the law itself, including the organization of government offices, the
limitation upon government authority and the rules of government offices and public officials.

PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It is the scientific study of behavior
and the mind. Basically come from the two Greek words PSYCHE which means soul or mind and LOGOS
which means to study, therefore, literally psychology means the study of the soul or mind.
Wilhelm Wundt is the man most commonly identified as the FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY. Wundt is
bestowed this distinction because of his formation of the world's first experimental psychology lab , which is
usually noted as the official start of psychology as a separate and distinct science. In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt
established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig (Germany) thereby effectively making Psychology a
formal field of study.
Methods in the Study of Psychology
1. INSPECTION METHOD. Psychologist obtain data from the subject or participants feelings and
experiences.
2. OBSERVATION METHOD. This is both visual and oral. Psychologists applying this method examine the
subject in the laboratory, classroom or institution
3. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD. This is testing a theory by accurate trial of controlled situation;
psychological experiment rechecked how certain belief is.
4. SURVEY METHOD. This method utilizes questionnaire to obtain data from a large group of sample.
5. EMPERICAL METHOD. This is obtaining data by way of direct or indirect experience.
6. GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY. This concerns the basic principle of human behavior. It attempts to explain
the why and how people behave in a way under certain situation.
7. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY. This is also called counselling psychology. It deals with a scientific solution
to a psychological problem. This particular branch also includes control and prevention of some problems
by a process called psychotherapy or counseling.
8. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY. It includes determining of the person who has abnormalities so that
practitioners of this branch are usually found in the human resource department.
9. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY. This focuses on psychological stimulate in human being.
It is about the ability in acquiring linguistics skills, persons state of mind. It works on
how children get cue from the stimuli.
10. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY. It basically deals with capability to solve problem, which also
includes process like thinking, analyzing, memorizing and many more.
11. LEGAL PSYCHOLOGY. Like the clinical and cognitive psychology, legal psychology deals
with handling psychological issues. It only differs on the legal point of view. Legal
psychologist assists investigators to analyze testimonies of witnesses and victims.
12. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. It deals with usual student problems like learning
disorder, sex education, problems on adolescence particularly shyness and many more.
13. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. It deals primarily with human growth and changes.
Early childhood development and later changes in human are concern of this branch.
This branch seeks to identify developmental disorders and prescribes treatment of them.
14. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY. This branch deals with personality as determined using
the subjects I.Q. psychologist applies I.Q test to gauge understanding.

SOCIOLOGY
Sociology is the scientific study of human social relations or group life. It primarily deals with social
interaction or the responses of persons to each other.
Social interaction is arguably the basic sociological concept as it is the rudimentary component of all
relationships and groups that compose human society.
Auguste Compte(1798–1857)—, the French philosopher often called the “FATHER OF SOCIOLOGY”—
first used the term “sociology” in 1838 to refer to the scientific study of society. He believed that all societies
develop and progress through the following stages: religious, metaphysical, and scientific.
Four Major Approach in Sociology
1. EVOLUTIONARY APPROACH. This approach seemed to offer a satisfying explanation of how
human groups come to exist, grow and develop. Sociologist using the evolutionary approach as frame of
reference look for patterns of
change. The change may be seen in the context of the development cycle or in terms of levels or stages
of completeness.
2. INTERACTIONIST APPROACH. It suggests no grand theory of society since society, and social and
political institutions are conceptual abstractions, and only people and their interactions can be studied
directly.
George Herbert Mead (1863 1931) and Charles Horton Cooley (1864 1929) stressed the social origin of
personality. Mead concentrated on how important symbolic communication is to personalities and
social systems as well as on how roles interrelate and become the centers of subsystem of personality.
He noted that people interact mainly through symbols, which includes signs, gestures, and most
importantly, written and spoken words. A word has no inherent meaning unless people reach an
agreement that is carries a special meaning when used. People in love know that some meanings can be
exchange without words. People do not automatically respond to the word directly, but they respond to
meaning. The interactionist approach has produced greater depth into personality development and
human behavior.
3. FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH. The functionalist views society as an organized network of
cooperating groups operating groups orderly according to generally accepted norms. Society tends to
maintain a balance and harmonious equating system because most members share a set of rules and
values.
4. CONFLICT APPROACH. The conflict approach stem from the work of different scholars but is mostly
directly based from the book of Karl Marx.

DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the interdisciplinary study of the size, growth, and distribution of human populations. It
examines statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing
structure of human populations.
John Graunt is recognized as the FATHER OF DEMOGRAPHY for his systematic yet critical use of
population data to investigate demographic processes. He originated a number of demographic techniques and
demonstrated a healthy skepticism of his own data. The 19th century saw the emergence of demography when it
separated from statistics as field of study.
Focus in the Study of geography
1. population
2. migration
3. population density
EXERCISES
A. Instruction: Compare and contrast the different social science disciplines by completing the
chart below.
SOCIAL SCIENCE DEFINITION AIMS AND PURPOSE
DISCIPLINES

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

B. Instruction: Identify the appropriate discipline applicable in the given situation. Explain your
answer.
SITUATION APPROPRIATE EXPLANATION
SOCIAL
SCIENCE
DISCIPLINES

1. Evaluation of the
career path with respect
to the qualification of
the individual
employees in your
company.

2. An analysis of the
consumption patterns
among housewives in a
middle-income
community.

3. A description of the
different cultural
practices of the Igorots.

4. An analysis of the
voting behavior among
the young adults.

5. An analysis on the
causes of fraternity
wars and gang
violence.

6. A policy
recommended on how
to raise the incidence
of birth in countries
that have an aging
population.

7. A study on what
causes severe
depression which leads
to suicide.

8. An injury on how
colonial occupation has
changed the values of
the native population.

9. An investigation of
areas or locations
where the incidence of
earthquakes are most
likely to occur.

10. An injury on the

causes of juvenile
delinquency among
adolescents.