Garnet

Garnets ( /ˈɡɑːrnɪt/) are a group of silicate minerals that have been

used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.
Garnet

All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal

forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are
pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are
hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite.
The garnets make up two solid solution series: pyrope-almandine-
spessartine (pyralspite) and uvarovite-grossular-andradite (ugrandite).

Contents General
Category Nesosilicate
Etymology
Formula The general
Physical properties
(repeating unit) formula
Properties
X3Y2(SiO4)3
Crystal structure
Hardness Crystal system Isometric
Magnetics used in garnet series identification Crystal class

Garnet group end member species Space group Ia3d

Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in Y site Identification
Almandine Color virtually all colors,
Pyrope blue is very rare
Spessartine
Crystal habit Rhombic
Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change
dodecahedron or
garnet)
cubic
Ugrandite group – calcium in X site
Andradite Cleavage Indistinct
Grossular Fracture conchoidal to
Uvarovite uneven
Less common species Mohs scale 6.5–7.5
Knorringite hardness

Garnet structural group Luster vitreous to

resinous
Synthetic garnets
Streak White
Geological importance
Specific 3.1–4.3
Uses
Gemstones gravity

Industrial uses Polish luster vitreous to

subadamantine[1]
Cultural significance
United States Optical Single refractive,
properties often anomalous
See also
References double
Further reading refractive[1]

External links Refractive 1.72–1.94

index
Birefringence None
Etymology Pleochroism None
Ultraviolet variable
The word garnet comes from the 14th‑century Middle English word
gernet, meaning 'dark red'. It is borrowed from Old French grenate fluorescence
from Latin granatus, from granum ('grain, seed').[2] This is possibly a Other variable magnetic
reference to mela granatum or even pomum granatum characteristics attraction
('pomegranate',[3] Punica granatum), a plant whose fruits contain
Major varieties
abundant and vivid red seed covers (arils), which are similar in shape,
size, and color to some garnet crystals.[4] Hessonite garnet is also Pyrope Mg3Al2Si3O12
named 'gomed' in Indian literature and is one of the 9 jewels in Vedic Almandine Fe3Al2Si3O12
astrology that compose the Navaratna.
Spessartine Mn3Al2Si3O12
Andradite Ca3Fe2Si3O12
Physical properties
Grossular Ca3Al2Si3O12
Uvarovite Ca3Cr2Si3O12
Properties

Garnet species are found in every colour, with reddish shades most
common. Blue garnets are the rarest and were first reported in the
1990s.[5][6][7][8]

Garnet species' light transmission properties can range from the

gemstone-quality transparent specimens to the opaque varieties used
for industrial purposes as abrasives. The mineral's luster is categorized
as vitreous (glass-like) or resinous (amber-like).[2] Main garnet producing countries

Crystal structure

Garnets are nesosilicates having the general formula X3 Y2 (SiO4 )3 .

The X site is usually occupied by divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn)2+
and the Y site by trivalent cations (Al, Fe, Cr)3+ in an
octahedral/tetrahedral framework with [SiO4 ]4− occupying the
tetrahedra.[9] Garnets are most often found in the dodecahedral crystal
habit, but are also commonly found in the trapezohedron habit as well
as the hexoctahedral habit.[2] They crystallize in the cubic system, A sample showing the deep red color
garnet can exhibit.
having three axes that are all of equal length and perpendicular to
each other, but are never actually cubic because, despite being
isometric, the {100} and {111} families of planes are depleted.[2]
Garnets do not have any cleavage planes, so when they fracture under stress, sharp, irregular (conchoidal)
pieces are formed.[10]

Hardness
Because the chemical composition of garnet varies, the atomic bonds
in some species are stronger than in others. As a result, this mineral
group shows a range of hardness on the Mohs scale of about 6.0 to
7.5.[11] The harder species like almandine are often used for abrasive
purposes.[12]

Magnetics used in garnet series identification

For gem identification purposes, a pick-up response to a strong

neodymium magnet separates garnet from all other natural transparent
gemstones commonly used in the jewelry trade. Magnetic
susceptibility measurements in conjunction with refractive index can Crystal structure model of garnet
be used to distinguish garnet species and varieties, and determine the
composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end-member species
within an individual gem.[13]

Garnet group end member species

Pyralspite garnets – aluminium in Y site

Almandine: Fe3Al2(SiO4)3
Pyrope: Mg3Al2(SiO4)3
Spessartine: Mn3Al2(SiO4)3

Almandine

Almandine, sometimes
incorrectly called almandite,
is the modern gem known as
carbuncle (though originally
almost any red gemstone was
known by this name).[14] The
term "carbuncle" is derived
from the Latin meaning "live End member compositions of the
coal" or burning charcoal. garnet mineral group.
Red Garnet The name Almandine is a
corruption of Alabanda, a
region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times.
Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula Fe3 Al2 (SiO4 )3 ; the deep red transparent
stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones (being the most common of the gem
garnets).[15] Almandine occurs in metamorphic rocks like mica schists, associated with minerals such as
staurolite, kyanite, andalusite, and others.[16] Almandine has nicknames of Oriental garnet,[17] almandine ruby,
and carbuncle.[14]

Pyrope
Pyrope (from the Greek pyrōpós meaning "firelike"[2]) is red in color
and chemically an aluminium silicate with the formula
Mg3 Al2 (SiO4 )3 , though the magnesium can be replaced in part by
calcium and ferrous iron. The color of pyrope varies from deep red to
black. Pyrope and spessartine gemstones have been recovered from
the Sloan diamondiferous kimberlites in Colorado, from the Bishop
Conglomerate and in a Tertiary age lamprophyre at Cedar Mountain
in Wyoming.[18]

A variety of pyrope from Macon County, North Carolina is a violet- Almandine in metamorphic rock
red shade and has been called rhodolite, Greek for "rose". In chemical
composition it may be considered as essentially an isomorphous
mixture of pyrope and almandine, in the proportion of two parts pyrope to one part almandine.[19] Pyrope has
tradenames some of which are misnomers; Cape ruby, Arizona ruby, California ruby, Rocky Mountain ruby,
and Bohemian ruby from the Czech Republic.[14]

Pyrope is an indicator mineral for high-pressure rocks. Mantle-derived rocks (peridotites and eclogites)
commonly contain a pyrope variety.[20]

Spessartine

Spessartine or spessartite is manganese aluminium garnet,

Mn3 Al2 (SiO4 )3 . Its name is derived from Spessart in Bavaria.[2] It
occurs most often in skarns,[2] granite pegmatite and allied rock
types,[21] and in certain low grade metamorphic phyllites. Spessartine
of an orange-yellow is found in Madagascar.[22] Violet-red
spessartines are found in rhyolites in Colorado[19] and Maine.

Pyrope–spessartine (blue garnet or color-change garnet)

Spessartine (the reddish mineral)
Blue pyrope–spessartine garnets were discovered in the late 1990s in
Bekily, Madagascar. This type has also been found in parts of the
United States, Russia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Turkey. It changes color from blue-green to purple depending on
the color temperature of viewing light, as a result of the relatively high amounts of vanadium (about 1 wt.%
V2 O3 ).[7]

Other varieties of color-changing garnets exist. In daylight, their color ranges from shades of green, beige,
brown, gray, and blue, but in incandescent light, they appear a reddish or purplish/pink color.

This is the rarest type of garnet. Because of its color-changing quality, this kind of garnet resembles
alexandrite.[23]

Ugrandite group – calcium in X site

Andradite: Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3
Grossular: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
Uvarovite: Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3

Andradite
Andradite is a calcium-iron garnet, Ca3 Fe2 (SiO4 )3 , is of variable composition and may be red, yellow, brown,
green or black.[2] The recognized varieties are demantoid (green), melanite (black),[2] and topazolite (yellow
or green). Andradite is found in skarns[2] and in deep-seated igneous rocks like syenite[24] as well as
serpentines[25] and greenschists.[26] Demantoid is one of the most prized of garnet varieties.[27]

Grossular

Grossular is a calcium-aluminium garnet with the formula

Ca3 Al2 (SiO4 )3 , though the calcium may in part be replaced by
ferrous iron and the aluminium by ferric iron. The name grossular is
derived from the botanical name for the gooseberry, grossularia, in
reference to the green garnet of this composition that is found in
Siberia. Other shades include cinnamon brown (cinnamon stone
variety), red, and yellow.[2] Because of its inferior hardness to zircon,
which the yellow crystals resemble, they have also been called
Grossular garnet from Quebec,
hessonite from the Greek meaning inferior.[28] Grossular is found in collected by Dr John Hunter in the
skarns,[2] contact metamorphosed limestones with vesuvianite, 18th century, Hunterian Museum,
diopside, wollastonite and wernerite. Glasgow

Grossular garnet from Kenya and Tanzania has been called tsavorite.
Tsavorite was first described in the 1960s in the Tsavo area of Kenya,
from which the gem takes its name.[29][30]

Uvarovite

Uvarovite is a calcium chromium garnet with the formula

Ca3 Cr2 (SiO4 )3 . This is a rather rare garnet, bright green in color,
Grossular on display at the U.S.
usually found as small crystals associated with chromite in peridotite,
National Museum of Natural History.
serpentinite, and kimberlites. It is found in crystalline marbles and
The green gem at right is a type of
schists in the Ural mountains of Russia and Outokumpu, Finland.
grossular known as tsavorite.
Uvarovite is named for Count Uvaro, a Russian imperial statesman.[2]

Less common species

Calcium in X site
3+ 3+
Goldmanite: Ca3(V ,Al,Fe )2(SiO4)3
3+
Kimzeyite: Ca3(Zr, Ti)2[(Si,Al,Fe )O4]3
4+ 2+
Morimotoite: Ca3Ti Fe (SiO4)3
4+ 3+
Schorlomite: Ca3(Ti ,Fe )2[(Si,Ti)O4]3
Hydroxide bearing – calcium in X site

Hydrogrossular: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x

Hibschite: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x (where x is between 0.2 and 1.5)

Katoite: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3-x(OH)4x (where x is greater than 1.5)
Magnesium or manganese in X site
 Knorringite: Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3
2+
Majorite: Mg3(Fe Si)(SiO4)3
3+
Calderite: Mn3Fe 2(SiO4)3

Knorringite

Knorringite is a magnesium-chromium garnet species with the formula Mg3 Cr2 (SiO4 )3 . Pure endmember
knorringite never occurs in nature. Pyrope rich in the knorringite component is only formed under high
pressure and is often found in kimberlites. It is used as an indicator mineral in the search for diamonds.[31]

Garnet structural group

Formula: X3Z2(TO4)3 (X = Ca, Fe, etc., Z = Al, Cr, etc., T = Si, As, V, Fe, Al)

All are cubic or strongly pseudocubic.

IMA/CNMNC
Nickel-Strunz Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space group
Mineral class
04 Oxide Bitikleite-(SnAl) Ca3SnSb(AlO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

04 Oxide Bitikleite-(SnFe) Ca3(SnSb5+)(Fe3+O)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

04 Oxide Bitikleite-(ZrFe) Ca3SbZr(Fe3+O4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

m3m Ia3d
04 Tellurate Yafsoanite Ca3Zn3(Te6+O6)2 isometric
or 432 or I4132

08 Arsenate Berzeliite NaCa2Mg2(AsO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

08 Vanadate Palenzonaite NaCa2Mn2+2(VO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

08 Vanadate Schäferite NaCa2Mg2(VO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

IMA/CNMNC – Nickel-Strunz – Mineral subclass: 09.A Nesosilicate

Nickel-Strunz classification: 09.AD.25
 Mineral name Formula Crystal system Point group Space group

Almandine Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Andradite Ca3Fe3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Calderite Mn+23Fe+32(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Goldmanite Ca3V3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Grossular Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Henritermierite Ca3Mn3+2(SiO4)2(OH)4 tetragonal 4/mmm I41/acd

Hibschite Ca3Al2(SiO4)(3-x) (OH)4x (x= 0.2–1.5) isometric m3m Ia3d

Katoite Ca3Al2(SiO4)(3-x) (OH)4x (x= 1.5-3) isometric m3m Ia3d

Kerimasite Ca3Zr2(Fe+3O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d

Kimzeyite Ca3Zr2(Al+3O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d

Knorringite Mg3Cr2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

4/m I41/a
Majorite Mg3(Fe2+Si)(SiO4)3 tetragonal
or 4/mmm or I41/acd

Menzerite-(Y) Y2CaMg2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Momoiite Mn2+3V3+2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Morimotoite Ca3(Fe2+Ti4+)(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Pyrope Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Schorlomite Ca3Ti4+2(Fe3+O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d

Spessartine Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

Toturite Ca3Sn2(Fe3+O4)2(SiO4) isometric m3m Ia3d

Uvarovite Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3 isometric m3m Ia3d

References: Mindat.org; mineral name, chemical formula and space group (American
Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database) of the IMA Database of Mineral Properties/ RRUFF
Project, Univ. of Arizona, was preferred most of the time. Minor components in formulae have
been left out to highlight the dominant chemical endmember that defines each species.

Synthetic garnets
Also known as rare-earth garnets.

The crystallographic structure of garnets has been expanded from the prototype to include chemicals with the
general formula A3 B2 (C O4 )3 . Besides silicon, a large number of elements have been put on the C site,
including Ge, Ga, Al, V and Fe.[32]

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG), Y3 Al2 (AlO4 )3 , is used for synthetic gemstones. Due to its fairly high
refractive index, YAG was used as a diamond simulant in the 1970s until the methods of producing the more
advanced simulant cubic zirconia in commercial quantities were developed. When doped with neodymium
(Nd3+), YAG's may be used as the lasing medium in Nd:YAG lasers.[33] When doped with Erbium, it can be
used as the lasing medium in Er:YAG lasers. When doped with Gadolinium, it can be used as the lasing
medium in Gd:YAG lasers. These doped YAG lasers are used in medical procedures including laser skin
resurfacing, dentistry, and ophthalmology.[34][35][36]

Interesting magnetic properties arise when the appropriate elements are used. In yttrium iron garnet (YIG),
Y3 Fe2 (FeO4 )3 , the five iron(III) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites, with the yttrium(III)
ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit
different spins, resulting in magnetic behavior. YIG is a ferrimagnetic material having a Curie temperature of
550 K. Yttrium iron garnet can be made into YIG Spheres, which serve as magnetically tunable filters and
resonators for microwave frequencies.

Lutetium aluminium garnet (LuAG), Al5 Lu3 O12 , is an inorganic compound with a unique crystal structure
primarily known for its use in high-efficiency laser devices. LuAG is also useful in the synthesis of transparent
ceramics.[37] LuAG is particularly favored over other crystals for its high density and thermal conductivity; it
has a relatively small lattice constant in comparison to the other rare-earth garnets, which results in a higher
density producing a crystal field with narrower linewidths and greater energy level splitting in absorption and
emission.[38]

Terbium gallium garnet (TGG), Tb3 Ga5 O12 , is a Faraday rotator material with excellent transparency
properties and is very resistant to laser damage. TGG can be used in optical isolators for laser systems, in
optical circulators for fiber optic systems, in optical modulators, and in current and magnetic field sensors.[39]

Another example is gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG), Gd3 Ga2 (GaO4 )3 which is synthesized for use as a
substrate for liquid-phase epitaxy of magnetic garnet films for bubble memory and magneto-optical
applications.

Geological importance
The mineral garnet is commonly found in metamorphic and to a lesser extent, igneous rocks. Most natural
garnets are compositionally zoned and contain inclusions.[40] Its crystal lattice structure is stable at high
pressures and temperatures and is thus found in green-schist facies metamorphic rocks including gneiss,
hornblende schist, and mica schist.[41] The composition that is stable at the pressure and temperature
conditions of Earth's mantle is pyrope, which is often found in peridotites and kimberlites, as well as the
serpentines that form from them.[41] Garnets are unique in that they can record the pressures and temperatures
of peak metamorphism and are used as geobarometers and geothermometers in the study of
geothermobarometry which determines "P-T Paths", Pressure-Temperature Paths. Garnets are used as an index
mineral in the delineation of isograds in metamorphic rocks.[41] Compositional zoning and inclusions can mark
the change from growth of the crystals at low temperatures to higher temperatures.[42] Garnets that are not
compositionally zoned more than likely experienced ultra high temperatures (above 700 °C) that led to
diffusion of major elements within the crystal lattice, effectively homogenizing the crystal[42] or they were
never zoned. Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories.[42]

In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism, garnets can be used to date certain geologic
events. Garnet has been developed as a U-Pb geochronometer, to date the age of crystallization[43] as well as a
thermochronometer in the (U-Th)/He system[44] to date timing of cooling below a closure temperature.

Garnets can be chemically altered and most often alter to serpentine, talc, and chlorite.[41]

Uses
Gemstones

Red garnets were the most commonly used gemstones in the Late
Antique Roman world, and the Migration Period art of the
"barbarian" peoples who took over the territory of the Western
Roman Empire. They were especially used inlaid in gold cells in the
cloisonné technique, a style often just called garnet cloisonné, found
from Anglo-Saxon England, as at Sutton Hoo, to the Black Sea.
Thousands of Tamraparniyan gold, silver and red garnet shipments
were made in the old world, including to Rome, Greece, the Middle
East, Serica and Anglo Saxons; recent findings such as the
Staffordshire Hoard and the pendant of the Winfarthing Woman
skeleton of Norfolk confirm an established gem trade route with Garnet var. Spessartine, Putian City,
South India and Tamraparni (ancient Sri Lanka), known from Putian Prefecture, Fujian Province,
antiquity for its production of gemstones.[45][46][47] China

Pure crystals of garnet are still used as gemstones. The gemstone

varieties occur in shades of green, red, yellow, and orange.[48] In the
US it is known as the birthstone for January.[1] It is the state mineral
of Connecticut,[49] New York's gemstone,[50] and star garnet (garnet
with rutile asterisms) is the state gemstone of Idaho.[51]

Industrial uses

Garnet sand is a good abrasive, and a common replacement for silica

sand in sand blasting. Alluvial garnet grains which are rounder are c. 8th century AD, Anglo-Saxon
more suitable for such blasting treatments. Mixed with very high sword hilt fitting – gold with
pressure water, garnet is used to cut steel and other materials in water gemstone inlay of garnet cloisonné.
jets. For water jet cutting, garnet extracted from hard rock is suitable From the Staffordshire Hoard, found
since it is more angular in form, therefore more efficient in cutting. in 2009, and not fully cleaned.

Garnet paper is favored by cabinetmakers for finishing bare wood.[52]

Garnet sand is also used for water filtration media.

As an abrasive, garnet can be broadly divided into two categories; blasting

grade and water jet grade. The garnet, as it is mined and collected, is crushed
to finer grains; all pieces which are larger than 60 mesh (250 micrometers) are
normally used for sand blasting. The pieces between 60 mesh
(250 micrometers) and 200 mesh (74 micrometers) are normally used for
water jet cutting. The remaining garnet pieces that are finer than 200 mesh
(74 micrometers) are used for glass polishing and lapping. Regardless of the
application, the larger grain sizes are used for faster work and the smaller ones
are used for finer finishes.

There are different kinds of abrasive garnets which can be divided based on
their origin. The largest source of abrasive garnet today is garnet-rich beach
sand which is quite abundant on Indian and Australian coasts and the main
Pendant in uvarovite, a rare
producers today are Australia and India.[53] bright-green garnet.
This material is particularly popular due to its consistent supplies, huge quantities and clean material. The
common problems with this material are the presence of ilmenite and chloride compounds. Since the material
has been naturally crushed and ground on the beaches for past centuries, the material is normally available in
fine sizes only. Most of the garnet at the Tuticorin beach in south India is 80 mesh, and ranges from 56 mesh to
100 mesh size.

River garnet is particularly abundant in Australia. The river sand garnet occurs as a placer deposit.[54]

Rock garnet is perhaps the garnet type used for the longest period of time. This
type of garnet is produced in America, China and western India. These crystals are
crushed in mills and then purified by wind blowing, magnetic separation, sieving
and, if required, washing. Being freshly crushed, this garnet has the sharpest edges
and therefore performs far better than other kinds of garnet. Both the river and the
beach garnet suffer from the tumbling effect of hundreds of thousands of years
which rounds off the edges. Gore Mountain Garnet from Warren County, New
York, USA is a significant source of rack garnet for use as an industrial abrasive.[2]
A cut and polished
garnet gemstone,
Cultural significance possibly of the
almandine variety.
Garnet is the birthstone of January.[55][56] It is also the birthstone of Aquarius and
Capricorn in tropical astrology.[57][58] In Persia this birth gem was considered a
talisman from nature's forces like storm and lightning. It was widely accepted that garnet could signal
approaching danger by turning pale.

United States

New York has garnet as its state gemstone,[59] Connecticut has almandine garnet as its state gemstone,[60]
Idaho has star garnet as its state gemstone,[61] and Vermont has grossular garnet as its state gemstone.[62]

See also
Tsavorite
Mineral collecting
Abrasive blasting

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Further reading
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, ISBN 0-
471-80580-7
Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones, ISBN 0-442-20333-0

External links
http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and
garnet magnetism.
USGS Garnet locations – USA (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/gemstones/
sp14-95/garnet.html)
http://gemstone.org/education/gem-by-gem/154-garnet
http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
Blog post on garnets (http://blogs.loc.gov/law/2012/01/garnets/) on the Law Library of
Congress's blog
https://www.birthstone.guide/garnet-birthstone-meaning Garnet birthstone stories

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