3.4 APPLICATION: DIVISION USING NEWTON’S METHOD Exercises: i. Test the method derived in this section by using it to approximate 1/0.75 = 1.333..., with x9 as suggested in the text. Don’t write a computer program, just use a hand calculator. Solution: We get the following sequence of values: 2, = 1.312500 @2 = 1.333007812 Es 1.333333254 4 = 1333339333 ®5 = 1.333333333 2. Repeat the above for a = 2/3. 3. Repeat the above for a = 0.6. Solution: This time we get: 71 = 1.656 2 = 1,6665984 23 = 1.666666664 4 = 1.666666667 ay = 1.6666666674, Based on the material in this section, write each of the following numbers in the form a=bx2* € [1h where and then use Newton’s method to find the reciprocal of b and hence of a, (@a=7; Solution: We have a= (7/8) x 2, so b= 7/8, Newton’s method produces b* = 1.142857149 in four iterations, therefore a~* = bt 0.125 = 0.1428571429. (b)a=7; (@a=6; @a=5; Solution: We have 2") x 2) = 5/8 x B, sob =5/8 = 0.625. From the text we take — 2(0.625) = 1.75. ‘We get the results in Table 3.5. Notice that we converge must faster than expected, and that we have 1/5 = 1/16 x 8 =0.2, which is the correct result. Table 3.5 Newton iteration for Problem 4¢, Sec. 3.4. fm ousSgeqE-o: o.s5g088Eo2 0.160000E+04 |0.160000E+01 jo.s60000E+04 |0.160000E+01 ae ==) [=(@a=3. Solution: We have a=(3/4) xP, so b = 3/4, Newton's method produces b-* = 1.333333333 in four iterations, therefore a-* = b-! x 0.25 = 0.333333333- Be sure to use the initial value as generated in this section and. only do as many iterations as are necessary for 10~** accuracy. ‘Compare your values to the intrinsic reciprocal function on your computer or calculator. Note this can be done on computer or hand calculator. 5, Test the method derived in this section by writing a computer program to implement it. Test the program by having it it eompute 1/0.75 = 1.333. With x, as suggested in the text, as well as 1/(2/3) =15. Solution: The following is a MATLAB seript that accomplishes the desired task. function r = recip(a) x= 3 - 20a; for kei: = = xe(2 = ax); end r=x; 6. How close an initial guass is needad for the method to converge to within a relative error of 10-4 in only three iterations? Solution: To get the relative error after 3 iterations less than 10-4, we need to have Therefore, the initial error |e,| must satisfy Jeo] < a10~-™/ = 10- 4/5 = 0.0178. 7. Consider the quadratie polynomial go(z) = 4.328427157 — 6.0588745832 + 2. 74516604827, ‘Whatis the error when we use this to generate the initial guess? How many steps are required to get 10-*° accuracy? How many operations?8. Repeat Problem 7, this time with the polynomial go(x) = 5.742640783 — 12.110482522 + 11.142284882? — 3.767IGRSS2". Solution: This time we are looking at the difference oe) = 2 = qa(z) = 2 - s.rapesorss + 12.119489500 — 11.147284882" +3,7679684532" g(x) = (=1/2*) + 12.11948252 — 22.284569762 + 1.303902", Setting this equal to zero and solving leads us to the polynomial equation —1 + 12.119482527? — 22.284569762" + 11.30390r" = 0. Plotting this shows there are three roots on the interval [1/2, 1]: a, = 0.56, a; = 0.73, and a, = 0.92. Using Newton’s method to refine each of these values gives us. @ = 5621750583, ay = .7285533588, ay = 9163783254. ‘These are our eritieal points, at which we need to evaluate the error g(x) (along with the endpoints). We get 9(1/2) = .0025259136 gl) = .002525310 g(a) = =.0025259184 (a2) 002525312 g(as) = ~.002525321 thus showing that the maximum value of |g(x)| — hence, the maximum value of the initial error using g, to compute x, —is about 0.0025, To get 10-*° accuracy now requires only 3 iterations, and a total of 15 operations, again. 9. Modify your program from Problem 5 to use each of p., q,, and q, to compute 1/a for a = 0.75 and a = 0.6. Compare to the values produced by ordinary division on your computer. (Remember to use Horner's rule to evaluate the polynomials!) 10. Modify the numerical method to directly compute the ratio b/a, rather than just the reciprocal of a. Is the error analysis affected? (Note: Your algorithm should approximate the ratio b/a without any divisions at all.) 1. Test your modification by using it to compute the value of the ratio 4/5 = 0.8. seeen